澜沧江源区气温与降水对径流变化的影响

为研究澜沧江源区水文气候变化特征,采用线性回归拟合分析方法、M-K非参数检验法对1960—2010年间澜沧江源区的水文气候变化趋势进行分析,计算了各季节气温变化对年气温变化的贡献量,并基于Pearson相关分析法和贡献率的计算讨论了降水量和气温对径流量变化的影响。结果表明:澜沧江源区年平均气温和各季节平均气温均呈显著上升趋势,其中,冬季的增温对年平均气温增加贡献最大(38%)。澜沧江流域源区年降水量无明显增减趋势,但春季降水量显著增加。澜沧江流域源区年径流量未呈现显著变化趋势,冬季和春季径流量呈现出显著的增加趋势。年际尺度上,径流量的主控因素是降水量,降水量对径流量年内变化的影响主要发生在降水相对丰沛的6—10月份;冬季和初春季节气温上升对径流量的改变存在一定的影响,且气温的贡献率要比降水的贡献率大,原因是气温升高加剧研究区内冰雪的消融,进而导致澜沧江源区的径流增加。     

Estimating the level of territory vulnerability and climate-related risk of significant grain crop failure in grain-producing regions of Russia

A term ofclimate-related risk ofcrop losses due to adverse hydrometeorological conditions is introduced. The level of territory vulnerability in terms ofcrop production is defined by the relationship between the yield of a given crop and the bioclimatic potential of a territory. The estimates of vulnerability and crop failure risks for some grain crops are presented for the period of 1994–2013. Average for Russia crop failure risk for spring and winter wheat computed taking into account the cultivated areas is 12.5 and 10.6%, respectively. It is revealed that the most parts of the Southern and Volga federal districts are located in the high-risk zone. Areas ofrelatively low risks in terms ofcrop failure for spring and winter wheat are the Siberian and Central federal districts.     

Water and energy fluxes in the lower Mackenzie valley, 1994/95

Abstract

The 1994/95 water year in the lower Mackenzie Valley was an extraordinary year hydrologically, with the important winter to summer transition being the earliest on record. Unlike more temperate areas, the northern water year is dominated, to a great extent, by this onset of spring which results in the melting of nearly half of the annual precipitation over a period of a few weeks, initiates the thawing of the river and lake ice and the soil active layer, and marks the beginning of the evaporation season. An early winter to summer transition occurred at two small research basins in the Inuvik area and at the East Channel of the Mackenzie River Delta. At the research basins, for example, the spring of 1994/95 had the earliest onset of continuous above‐freezing air temperatures, removal of the snow cover, and initiation of runoff. Consideration of the entire water year at the research basins demonstrates that rain and snow were nearly equal in magnitude, evaporation exceeded runoff, and the annual change in storage was negative to near zero. This negative change in storage was related to the long, snow‐free evaporation season, above‐average air temperatures, and below‐normal precipitation. The unusual winter to summer transition on the Mackenzie River in the eastern portion of the Mackenzie Delta was, in many ways, even more remarkable than that in the research basins. Earlier work had suggested that the timing of the spring breakup was very consistent from year to year. An analysis of the timing of breakup from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, however, shows a trend towards earlier spring breakup, with the mean for the 1990s being nine days earlier than that for the 1960s, and with the 1995 breakup being the earliest on record. Such an early breakup is not only an indication of warm local conditions, but of warm temperatures and an early runoff event over the more southerly areas of the Mackenzie basin. A companion Mackenzie Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment study illustrates the importance of a high pressure circulation pattern centred east of the basin to this early melt event.     

A spatial model of snowmelt-rainfall runoff formation of the mountain river (by the example of the Upper Kuban River)

A spatial model is proposed of snowmelt-rainfall runoff formation of the mountain river enabling to take account of spatial inhomogeneity of the river catchment and vertical zoning of physiographic and meteorological conditions. The model describes the processes of snow cover formation at various altitudes and snow melting, infiltration into the soils, evaporation, and overland, subsurface and riverbed flows. The verification of the model was carried out from the observational data in the Kuban River basin up to the town of Armavir.     

Correlation between the total precipitation and the mean and maximum runoff during the snowmelt flood in the Belaya River basin

Presented are the results of analyzing the correlation between the total winter and autumn precipitation and the parameters of spring water runoff in the Belaya River basin for the period of 1936–2000. Five regions are defined, and major factors influencing the runoff formation in each of them are listed. The correlation between the runoff characteristics and the total precipitation is estimated; it can be used for developing the methodological instructions for the runoff forecast in different areas of Bashkortostan.     

博斯腾湖流域气候变化对开都河径流量的影响

利用线性回归分析法、突变检验法等分析博斯腾湖流域1980～2018年的年均气温、年降水量、年蒸发量等气候因子变化趋势和突变现象及其对开都河径流量的影响.结果表明:1980～2018年博斯腾湖流域年均气温呈波动中上升趋势,其变化速率为0.15℃(10a)-1,年降水量则以0.765mm(10a)-1的速率增加,而年蒸发量...     

1953—2011年信江流域径流量变化特征及归因分析

利用信江流域梅港水文控制站1953—2011年径流量观测资料和11个气象站同期气象观测资料,采用统计方法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法、Morlet小波分析法,对信江流域径流量年内、年际变化的不均匀性、长期趋势、周期变化,及其与气候因素的相关性等进行分析。结果显示,信江流域多年平均径流量呈缓慢增大趋势,但具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,振荡周期明显,年际变化的主要周期为6—8 a,年代际变化的主要周期为准22 a,在20世纪70—90年代最明显。年流量以主汛期(4—6月)为最多,春、夏季(3—8月)径流变差系数小,水量稳定,冬季变差系数大,水量不稳定。流域径流量与气候因素中的降水、蒸发具有显著的相关性,而人类活动中的城镇化、经济、人口等因素对径流变化起到了一定的辅助作用。     

博斯腾湖流域气候变化及其对径流的影响

利用博斯腾湖流域开都河、黄水沟和清水河的出山口水文站月径流量和气象站月平均数据，开展变化特征分析和径流变化对气候因子的响应研究。结果表明，博斯腾湖流域年际气候变化以气温上升为主，降水量增加趋势不显著；域内主要河流径流量持续上升。突变检验发现，三条入湖河流90年代之前径流量增加主要是域内降水量增加的结果，随后受气温上升导致冰雪消融加快也对径流量的增加有贡献。相关分析结果显示，博斯腾湖三条入湖河流年径流量变化主要受4月和7月降水因子影响。此外，开都河的径流变化还表现出对8月气温和降水的显著响应，同时开都河流域集水区冰川的面积和占比均大于黄水沟和清水河流域，这表明冰川融水补给对开都河径流的影响大于黄水沟和清水河。所建立的气候因子-径流量多元线性回归模型，能够很好的模拟开都河、黄水沟和清水河的径流变化过程，证明了博斯腾湖流域水文变化受气候因子的显著影响。     

植被冠层截留对地表水分和能量平衡影响的数值模拟

利用NCAR_CLM4.0模式,通过有无植被冠层截留的试验对比分析,讨论了植被冠层截留对全球陆面水分和能量平衡产生的潜在影响.结果表明:就全球水分平衡而言,不考虑植被冠层截留时,全球平均土壤总含水量、表面径流和次表面径流增加,蒸散发减少.空间分布特征表明,低纬地区各水分平衡分量全年维持较高的差值分布,并随季节变化沿赤道南北振荡;北半球中高纬高值区有春季扩张、夏季极盛、秋冬季撤退的趋势.冠层截留消失后冠层蒸发的消失是蒸散发减弱的主要原因.对于能量平衡而言,不考虑冠层截留时,全球感热通量增加,冠层感热的增加明显大于地面感热的减少;潜热减少.此外,不同植被类型对不考虑冠层截留后产生的响应存在明显差异.     

Development of generalized integral index for estimating complex impact of major factors of winter runoff formation

Considered is a method of using the generalized integral index for the complex taking account of major factors of the winter runoff formation. An expert-statistical regression model is proposed and a method is worked out of optimizing the selection of its coefficients objectively taking account of the degree of the impact of each factor.     

Correlations of Climate and Streamflow in Three Minnesota Streams

Correlations between four climate parameters and streamflow in three Minnesota streams were investigated. Runoff values measured over periods of up to 37 years were correlated with precipitation, air temperature, wind, and dew point temperature. The overall objective was to examine if relationships can be obtained which require only readily available input parameters without calibration. Such relationships would be of great use, e.g. to compute future lake water budgets without recourse to more detailed and complex hydrologic runoff models. Monthly, seasonal, and annual time frames were investigated. A seasonal time frame using 3 month averages gave the closest fit for the linear regressions without time lag. Although the watershed sizes varied from 360 to 49,600 square kilometers, the 3 month period seemed sufficiently long to average long term hydrologic processes such as infiltration, evaporation, and groundwater flow. An equation was found for each season (3 months) for each of the rivers. Winter (December, January, February) regressions required only precipitation data; spring regressions required air temperature and precipitation; summer and fall regressions were found with precipitation, air temperature, dew point temperature, and wind speed. The coefficients in the regression equations were related to the watershed characteristics. The r² values were highest for the Zumbro River in spring (0.69) and lowest for the Baptism River in winter (0.14). Root mean square error values ranged from 2.8 mm/mo for the Mississippi River in winter to 18 mm/mo for the Baptism River in spring. The coefficients of variability (CV) ranged from 0.24 to 0.52. Overall the results were disappointing but not all bad. Climate parameters without watershed parameters can characterize runoff only within limits. To project possible future runoff averages the GISS GCM-values for the 2 × CO₂ climate scenario were applied to the seasonal runoff regression equations. The projections were that the spring runoff values would decrease by up to 35% while in the other seasons streamflows would increase by up to 50%. Annual runoff would not change significantly enough to be predictable. The results were in the range of changes predicted by other investigations using very different techniques. Since predictions were based on equations found with past records, it was implied that the land cover would remain unchanged in the 2 × CO₂ environment. This may be unrealistic and needs further investigation.     

气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流变化影响定量研究

以永定河流域为研究对象,在对永定河流域1957-2010年降水、实际蒸发和气温实测资料进行趋势分析的基础上,建立SWAT模型,验证了还原径流的必要性,对气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流的影响进行了定量研究。结果表明：20世纪60、70年代为永定河流域的丰水期,80年代至今为枯水期。永定河流域80年代后的实测径流资料受气候变化和人类活动影响显著,需进行径流还原后才能保证径流资料的一致性。气候变化是80年代后期径流减少的主要原因,其贡献量约占总减少量的65.4%,人类活动的贡献量占34.6%,也是不容忽视的因素。     

甘肃省河西内陆河径流量对河西地区春小麦产量的影响

利用甘肃省河西地区3条主要内陆河昌马河、黑河、西营河流量以及酒泉、张掖、武威3个地区的春小麦产量资料,分析了甘肃省河西地区内陆河流量对河西地区春小麦产量的影响。结果表明：河西的粮食产量除了受灌溉水利发展、农业技术和优良品种等生产力水平提高,呈现波动上升趋势外,还受到灌溉水源的影响。春季径流的差异会导致春小麦单产的明显年际波动。年径流短期波动对产量影响较小,但径流长期波动的影响要大于短期波动。特别是春季径流的长期趋势决定着调节水库的蓄水量多寡,这在一定程度上反映出目前的农业生产仍受气候变化的影响。     

Simulation of Formation and Melting of Ice in the Kerch Strait

The optimized (all iterative procedures are excluded) local one-dimensional thermody-namic model of the formation and melting of ice is proposed. The numerical computation of ice cover evolution in the Kerch Strait under the influence of thermodynamic factors for the period of 5 months is carried out for the real conditions of winter of 2011/12. Thec results agree well with the available obser-vational data on the timing of ice formation and on ice thickness in the southern part of the Sea of Azov and in the Taman Bay. In combination with the full three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and taking into account diurnal variations in external factors, the model simulates the spatial distribution of ice cover formation.     

不同气候情景下华北平原蒸发与径流时空变化分析

基于中国气象局国家气候中心生成的IPCC第四次评估报告中23种气候模式的情景集成数据,采用Schreiber公式和Thornthwaite方法计算实际蒸发和径流,分析了2001-2060年SRES A1B、A2和 B1这3种情景下,华北平原气温、降水、蒸发与径流的时空变化。结果表明：未来华北平原气温呈升高趋势,且冬半年升温幅度大于夏半年;降水亦呈增加趋势,而冬半年降水增加幅度小于夏半年;与此相应,华北平原蒸发和年径流呈增加趋势,增幅和空间差异随时间推移而增大,到2041-2060年蒸发将上升7.1%～9.4%,径流将增加8.7%～10.7%。     

Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern Climate and Streamflow

Interannual to decadal variations in Middle Eastern temperature, precipitationand streamflow reflect the far-field influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a dominant mode of Atlantic sector climate variability. Using a new sea surface temperature (SST) based index of the NAO and availablestreamflow data from five Middle Eastern rivers, we show that the first principal component of December through March streamflow variability reflects changes in the NAO. However, Middle East rivers have two primary flooding periods.The first is rainfall-driven runoff from December through March, regulated on interannual to decadal timescales by the NAO as reflected in local precipitation and temperature.The second period, from April through June, reflects spring snowmelt and contributes in excess of 50% of annual runoff.This period, known locally as the khamsin, displays no significantNAO connections and a less direct relationship with local climatic factors, suggesting that streamflow variability during this period reflects land-cover change, possibly related to agriculture and hydropower generation, and snowmelt.     

呼伦湖湿地消长对气象水文因子变化的响应

利用1961—2005年呼伦湖湿地的气象及水文资料,基于灰色关联度分析、Mann-Kendall检验及小波分析、回归统计等方法,分析了湿地消长对气象水文因子变化的响应特征。结果表明:年与夏季气候在湿地消长中起主导作用。区域年降水量每增加10 mm,年降水量的直接作用是使湿地水域面积和水位深度分别增加2.6 km2和1.6 cm;年径流量每增加1×108 m3,湿地水域面积和水位深度分别增加4.8 km2和3.0 cm。45年来,湿地消长对影响因子连续变化过程的响应特征具有一致性,特别在20世纪90年代后响应更显著,湿地萎缩加快;气温与降水量变化在湿地水域面积、水位深度消长中的贡献率分别为33.1%与66.9%,22.5%与77.5%,降水量变化起主导作用。湿地消长对影响因子的多时间尺度周期性具有很好的响应。在27年的年代际尺度主周期与11~16年次周期、2~10年年际尺度准周期的叠加作用下,45年来,湿地消长出现了2次减少、1次增加的周期过程,并呈现短周期波动特征。     

广东大尺度大气水汽汇的年际及年代际变化特征

用1958～2004年实测降雨量和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了广东地区大尺度水汽汇的年际和年代际变化特征及其与水汽通量变化的关系。结果表明，气候平均而言，广东春夏季大气向地面输送较多水资源，秋季地气间相互交换的水分相当，冬季由地面向大气输送较多的水资源。四季和年水汽汇的年际分量方差贡献均占主导地位，秋、冬季水汽汇的年际分量有约3年的显著周期。除了显著的年际分量外，冬、春季和年水汽汇的年代际分量方差贡献也较显著，占总方差的40％以上，以30多年的长周期变化为主，目前正处于由正位相向负位相转变的过渡期，预示今后广东有偏旱趋势。广东冬春季水汽汇的异常有显著的同相关系。另外，夏、秋季水汽汇的年代际分量有10～15年的显著周期。广东各季大气水汽汇偏强（弱）是由于从热带低纬输送到南海北部至华南地区的水汽增强（减弱），并伴随着水汽通量的辐合的增强（减弱）造成，但各季水汽通量异常分布型是有差别的。     

INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE MOISTURE SINKS OVER GUANGDONG

The interannual and interdecadal variations of moisture sinks over Guangdong are discussed with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observed precipitation data from 1958 to 2004. The results indicate that climatically, the amount of precipitation is larger than that of evaporation in spring and summer.Precipitation and evaporation almost balance each other in autumn and the amount of evaporation is larger than that of precipitation in winter. The interannual signal dominates the variations of moisture sinks in all seasons in Guangdong with a period of three-year oscillation in autumn and winter. Remarkable interdecadal signal characterized by a period of three-decade oscillation can be identified for winter and spring from seasonally averaged moisture sink data and from annually moisture data, with variance percentage larger than 40%. This result indicates that Guangdong is at a transitional stage from positive anomalies to negative anomalies. The moisture sink anomalies in winter and following spring over Guangdong are usually in-phase. Besides, there exist periodic oscillations with periods of 10 to 15 years in summer and autumn. The positive (negative) anomalies of moisture sinks over Guangdong are due to the intensified (weakened) moisture from the tropical areas being transported to the Southern China, accompanied by an intensified (weakened) moisture convergence.