三工河流域农户灌溉效率及影响因素

通过三工河流域农户访谈和问卷调查,基于DEA方法,从作物类型和地域空间两方面评价了农户灌溉效率,利用Tobit 模型探讨了农户灌溉效率差异产生的影响因素及不同因素对灌溉效率的作用程度.研究结果显示：①不同作物类型的灌溉效率不同,平均灌溉效率的大小依次为棉花(0.95)>葡萄(0.89)>葵花(0.88)>打瓜葫芦(0.80)>玉米(0.78)>小麦(0.72).②不同地域空间的灌溉效率具有差异,同种作物的平均灌溉效率在兵团与地方间差异显著,兵团略大于地方;上、中、下游进行比较,上游与中下游作物平均灌溉效率差异显著,下游>中游>上游.③灌溉方式、作物类型、收入、灌水量、水价、灌溉管理、技术培训对灌溉效率影响显著.其中灌溉量与灌溉效率呈负相关;灌溉方式、灌溉管理规范程度、水价、技术培训、收入与灌溉效率呈正相关;灌溉效率随种植作物类型和区域不同存在显著变化.最后基于研究结果提出了提高灌溉效率的政策建议.     

灌区渠系特征与灌溉水利用系数的Horton分维

灌区渠系和自然河流水系存在着诸多相似之处,因此,对于灌区渠系体系是否存在及在何种程度下满足Horton 河系定律值得研究。以2010 年广东省53 宗样点灌区为研究对象,分类进行了适用性分析,发现只有四级渠系类灌区满足Horton 河系定律。在此基础上计算了各级渠系类灌区的渠系特征参数和分维值,并利用2007-2011 年实测数据,对其与灌溉水有效利用系数之间的作用关系进行了定性和定量分析,结果表明：渠系工程状况参数（0.1084） >下垫面参数（-0.3554） >渠系结构参数（-0.5189） >面积尺度参数（-0.5392） >渠系分维特征参数（-0.5536）。本研究对于定量表征灌区形态和渠系特征对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响提供了新的途径,研究结果对于指导灌区渠系规划建设,提高用水效率具有积极现实意义。     

新疆实施参与式灌溉管理的对策和建议

新疆农业的发展完全依赖于引水灌溉事业的发展与有效管理。农民参与灌溉管理是当今世界各国灌区管理机制改革的一个热门话题。世界上有许多中小型灌区已经成功地实施了参与式灌溉管理。参与式灌溉管理于20世纪90年代初随着世界银行贷款项目传入我国，并取得了初步的成果和经验。新疆结合世界银行贷款“塔里木盆地灌溉与环保二期工程”项目，分别在其五个子项目区建立了建立经济自立灌排区，开始进行参与式灌溉管理的试点工作。本文通过对参与式灌溉管理的基本模式、新疆的灌溉管理问题及实施参与式灌溉管理的内外部条件的分析，提出了新疆实施参与式灌溉管理的对策和建议。     

极度干旱区不同灌水量下沙枣防护林根系分布特征

研究滴灌条件下极端干旱区防护林的根系生长, 对研究制定科学的防护林灌溉制度和维护绿洲防护林稳定性有重要意义。以塔里木河下游尾闾绿洲--喀拉米吉绿洲滴灌沙枣防护林体系为研究对象, 设置了3 个滴灌量梯度(18 L、30 L、48 L), 分析了极端干旱区沙枣防护林在不同灌水量处理下的根系分布特征。结果表明:①长期采用滴灌后, 沙枣根系大部分分布在较浅的土层(以地下0～40 cm为主), 越往下分枝能力越小, 沙枣根系生物量在0～60 cm土层中累计百分比达86%。②灌水量梯度不断增加后, 导致了根系总生物量随之增加, 但不会导致深层土壤根系持续增加, 因此, 即使用48 L的灌水量形成更深的土壤湿润层, 林木根系下扎能力与深度没有表现出随之增加的趋势。48 L滴灌量处理下, 土层根系含量20～40cm/0～20cm的比值较小(仅为0.6), 生物量主要集中在表层;30 L处理下, 土层根系含量20～40cm/0～20cm的比值较大(0.75)。③粗根(φ≥5 mm)数量随着滴灌量的增大而增多, 30 L滴灌量处理下, 5 mm>φ>2 mm的根最多;18 L滴灌量处理下, φ≥5 mm的根与φ≤2 mm的根系数量均最少。建议大规模防护林的灌溉中应采取多样化的灌溉制度, 才可达到极端干旱区防护林体系的可持续发展:棉林争水季节(5-7 月)适当亏缺灌溉, 8月以后可增加灌水量或1～2 次灌水。     

Different Irrigation Methods and Their Comparisons Based on the Parametric Evaluation Method in Khosouyeh Dam Subbasin,Iran

Today, the world's population is rising dramatically, and in line with this increase in the population of food and agricultural products, there must be an increasing in the number of problems associated with this process of agricultural land. Then it is necessary to use the maximum potential of this lands that product maximum yield without any damage. To reach this objective, land suitability evaluation is the most important way that can reach human to this objective. The main objective of this research was to compare different irrigation methods based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 221402 ha in the Khosouyeh Subbasin of the Fars province, in the south of Iran. After preparing land unit map, 37 points were selected for sampling. Soil properties were evaluated and analyzed. Suitability maps for drop and gravity irrigation were generated using GIS technique. The results revealed land suitability of 98.42% of the case study was classified as permanently not suitable (N₂) and 1.52% currently not suitable (N₁) for gravity irrigation. On the other hand, land suitability of 77.73% of the case study was classified as permanently not suitability (N₂), 6.05% currently not suitable (N₁), 12.43% marginally suitable (S₃) and 3.79% moderately suitable (S₂) for drop irrigation. The limiting factors for both kinds of drop and gravity irrigation are soil depth and slope of land.     

灌溉管理方式的转变及其对作物用水影响的实证

采用三年的面板数据实证研究了我国黄河流域灌区灌溉管理方式的转变及其对作物用水的影响。结果表明：2001年以后,黄河流域灌区灌溉管理改革的推进速度进一步加快,而且用水协会转变的速度超过承包管理,成为改革的主导方式。在一些村中,用水协会或承包管理也可能又返回到原来的集体管理。最后,定量分析结果显示,在用水协会转变初期,作物...     

灌溉方式对现代绿洲影响的数值模拟

灌溉是农业发展的根本,没有灌溉就没有荒漠区农业。利用美国NCAR中尺度模式MM5V3模拟了喷灌与不同水量地灌以及没有灌溉对绿洲土壤湿度、地下径流以及感热、潜热通量的不同影响。结果表明:①地灌后地表蒸发与植被层的蒸腾更旺盛,散失的水分更多;而喷灌可以抑制地表蒸发与植被层的蒸腾,对土壤水的保持更有利。②喷灌试验要在土壤湿度达饱和以后才会形成地下径流量,而地灌试验则是土壤湿度与地下径流量同时增长。总之,喷灌方式是一种高效节水的灌溉方式,它比其它灌溉方法更有利于绿洲农业生态系统的温度整体降低,不论土壤湿度还是大气湿度都会相应增大,抑制地表土壤水分的蒸发,有利于绿洲农业维持。     

水泥罐渗罐的研制及应用

水泥罐渗罐具有工艺简单，成本低，渗水速率易控制，取材易等优点．罐形以直径和高度相等时的圆柱体、罐壁厚度以２ｃｍ、水泥沙子比以１：６为最佳．水泥罐罐渗灌溉技术简单、节水节肥，效益显著，利于保护土壤，提高产量，不受地形条件限制，适合我国国情．     

半干旱区涌流畦灌模型应用研究

涌流灌溉作为一种先进的节水灌溉方式,非常适用于水资源匮乏,经济基础薄弱的干旱和半干旱地区。通过对辽宁西部半干旱褐土区的涌流畦灌进行的试验研究,在应用ＹＳＭ畦灌分析模型的基础上,建立了简便易解的涌流畦灌模型并通过模型仿真对灌水质量进行评价,得到藻水技术要素的优化组合。     

Water-saving potential in aeolian sand soil under straight tube and surface drip irrigation in Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China

Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip irrigation (DI). Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation (STI), the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in Aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI (1) improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; (2) achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; (3) had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and (4) formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.     

膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉量对番茄根系分布和产量的影响

采用分层挖掘法,对膜下滴灌5 426 m³·hm^-2（W1)、4 419 m³·hm^-2（W2）、3 700 m3·hm^-2（W3）3个灌溉量下番茄根系分布特征和产量进行了研究。结果表明：随灌水量的减少,番茄根系表现出向深层发展的趋势,符合“水大根小”的特征,根长、根表面积、根长密度随着土壤深度的增加均呈“单峰型”曲线：即灌水量愈少,根长、根表面积、根长密度的峰值愈位于土壤的深层;番茄根冠比也随着灌水量的减少而呈增大的趋势,W2处理、W3处理分别比W1处理提高了26.53%和70.71%;适度的控制灌溉水量可以促进根系的生长发育,扩大水分吸收空间,有利于番茄增产,4 419 m³·hm^-2灌溉量是膜下滴灌最适宜灌溉水量。     

干旱气候条件下灌溉方式与灌水定额对辣椒生长的影响

以色素辣椒“美国红”为试验材料,研究了干旱气候条件下两种灌溉方式（畦灌和膜下滴灌）和6种灌水定额（30.0、37.5、45.0、52.5、60.0、67.5 mm）对辣椒生长的影响。结果表明：采用畦灌方式时,45.0 mm灌水定额下的辣椒株高、茎粗、地上部干重、产量等指标综合表现较好,最终产量达到12 655.890 kg·hm-2,比52.5、60.0、67.5 mm灌水定额下的产量分别高11.7%、14.2%、27.1%;采用膜下滴灌方式时,45.0 mm灌水定额下的辣椒长势最好,最终产量高达14 843.295 kg·hm-2,比52.5、60.0、67.5 mm灌水定额下的产量分别高10.0%、12.3%、15.4%。相同灌水定额（45.0 mm）下两种灌溉方式比较结果显示,膜下滴灌方式下的辣椒株高、茎粗和产量分别比畦灌方式下高出11.39%、3.79%和17.28%。这说明在干旱气候条件下,色素辣椒全生育期采用“膜下滴灌,45.0 mm灌水定额,灌水五次”的灌溉组合方式较为适宜。     

Soil erosion processes in subtropical plantations (Diospyros kaki) managed under flood irrigation in Eastern Spain

Persimmons (Diospyros kaki) are trees cultivated under subtropical environmental conditions but are also found in other regions such as the Mediterranean. However, no research has been conducted to investigate soil erosion processes under Mediterranean soil management systems characterized by flood irrigation and/or tillage. The Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) for assessing long-term soil mobilization was applied to two fields, one under tillage and the other under no-till with herbicide within a 25-year old Mediterranean persimmon plantation. Replicating methods used in vineyard studies, graft unións on persimmon plants were used as passive bio-indicators of soil surface changes in this study. The tilled field showed a total soil mobilization volume of 48.4 m³ on a 408.5 m² plot, representing a total soil loss of 52.6 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1. For the plot (468 m²) managed with no-till and herbicide, the results indicated total soil mobilization of 33.6 m³ which translates to 31.9 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1. It is concluded that flood irrigation is able to modify the runoff pathways and landforms in Mediterranean persimmon plantations, and the flood impact is more extensive when combined with tillage. For the first time, ISUM has been successfully applied to estimate soil erosion in a plantation under flood irrigation.     

人工牧草需水量的模拟计算及其有效性检验

 较高精度的模拟计算作物需水量对制定节水高效灌溉制度、灌溉排水规划和水资源合理配置至关重要。目前模拟计算作物需水量的主要方法有FAO-56双作物系数法、双涌源能量守恒模型、根系层水量平衡模型和SWAP模型。任何方法计算的作物需水量用于生产实践时,都应进行模拟结果的有效性检验。基于灌溉试验数据,应用联合国粮农组织推荐的FAO-56双作物系数法模拟计算了人工牧草——披碱草、冰草的需水量。并采用拟合相关图法、回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法对需水量模拟值进行了有效性检验。拟合相关图法给出统计相关趋势,属定性检验; 回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法给出了模拟值与实测值间的拟合优度和残差估计误差的范围,属定量检验。这种定性定量相结合的方法客观的检验了需水量模拟值与实测值的一致性,经有效性检验后的需水量模拟值可用于生产实践。     

引黄灌区节水灌溉分区与节水途径初探

依据气候、地形、地貌、土壤、植被、地质等自然地理条件的基本一致性、水资源条件基本相似、水资源利用水平大体相当、农业自然条件和作物布局基本一致、经济发展水平大致相当和照顾行政界限、流域边界等固有分区等 6个基本原则 ,将黄河流域引黄灌区节水灌溉分为河源至兰州、兰州至河口、河口至龙门、龙门至花园口、花园口至河口等5个大区 ,并对各分区的基本特点和节水灌溉的发展方向和主要途径作了深入的分析.     

民勤咸水灌溉及SWAP模型模拟研究

 采用0.8 g·L-1和5 g·L-1浓度咸水对民勤传统作物黄河蜜进行咸水灌溉试验。通过野外试验和实验室分析,评价了咸水灌溉对土壤性质和作物产量的影响,校正了SWAP模型并对相关因子进行了模拟分析。研究结果显示,尽管基于当地种植经验的灌水量与基于潜在蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）及根据田间持水量计算的需水量有一定差异,但灌溉水质和灌水量与田间产量具有较好的一致性;0.8 g·L-1处理的水利用效率高于5 g·L-1处理,湿润年的水利用效率高于干旱年;模拟结果显示,SWAP模型对不同试验处理和不同气候条件下的土壤性质和作物产量模拟效果较好。由此得出结论,在民勤可以利用SWAP模型模拟不同环境条件下的土壤水分状况及作物产量,为农田耕作提供理论支撑。     

位山引黄灌区浅层地下水资源调控研究

在论述位山引黄灌区水资源基本特点和利用现状的基础上,分析了区域地表水供水系统和地下水供水系统供需平衡状况。研究表明,位山引黄灌区上、下游地区水资源极不均衡,上游地区水资源丰富,地下水未充分利用,下游地区水资源贫乏,地下水被过度开采。为解决区域水资源供需矛盾,文章提出了该灌区内要加强管理、统一调控地表和地下水资源,在灌区上、中、下游地区分别设立井灌区、井渠结合区、限制开采区。并对不同区域的渠灌、井灌要制定不同的经济负担政策。     

绿洲灌区小麦水分生产率及其影响因素的灰色关联分析

以黑河流域的洪水河灌区为例,利用1995—2006年的灌溉用水量、农作物产量、气象等资料,分析计算了绿洲灌区的小麦水分生产率。结果表明,1995—2000年小麦水分生产率为0.983 kg\5m-3,节水改造项目实施后的2001—2006年为1.070 kg\5m-3,提高了8.9%。水分生产率是衡量农业生产水平和农业用水科学性与合理性的综合指标,其影响因素比较多。根据洪水河灌区小麦生长发育期的实际情况,选取了11个影响因素进行灰色关联分析,结果显示,≥10 ℃积温、农药费用、劳动力和管理费用、化肥施用量、水费依次是影响水分生产率的前5位主要因素。研究表明,在有限的水资源利用条件下,绿洲灌区小麦生产应加大生产资料、劳动力和管理费用等的投入力度,才能生产更多的粮食,以确保区域粮食供给安全。     

Woodlands and Agrobiodiversity in Irrigation Landscapes Amidst Global Change: Bolivia, 1990–2002

The global shift to small- and medium-scale irrigation is potentially compatible with high-agrobiodiversity production. A case study of the Cochabamba region in central Bolivia between 1990 and 2002 is designed to examine new interactions of irrigation with agrobiodiversity through change and continuity of landscape structures and functions. Irrigation change contributed to increased commercial potato and peach farming. Still persistent interactions of canal woodland habitat (landscape matrix including uncultivated or “wild” agrobiodiversity) with patches of cultivated agrobiodiversity helped ensure nutrient transfer and likelihood of gene flow. Farmers' field-level responses continued to include agrobiodiversity, especially multiple farmer varieties (FVs) of Andean maize. Capacities of social–ecological resilience in the period from 1990 to 2002 are estimated to have been moderate in anthropogenic canal woodlands (> 95 percent continued cover, albeit with reduced connectivity) and cultivated agrobiodiversity (viable with local loss of Andean potato FVs) and moderate-high in wild agrobiodiversity (viable with reduced capacity due to modified weed management). Indigenous “ethnodevelopment” applied to Andean community irrigation contributed positively to social–ecological resilience, albeit with significant limitations. Findings recommend that global change policies build emphasis on the interactions of water resource and agrobiodiversity management.     

Measuring and modeling two-dimensional irrigation infiltration under film-mulched furrows

Furrow irrigation with film-mulched agricultural beds is being promoted in the arid region of northwest China because it im-proves water utilization. Two-dimensional infiltration patterns under film-mulched furrows can provide guidelines and criteria for irrigation design and operation. Our objective was to investigate soil water dynamics during ponding irrigation infiltration of mulched furrows in a cross-sectional ridge-furrow configuration, using laboratory experiments and mathematical simulations. Six experimental treatments, with two soil types (silt loam and sandy loam), were investigated to monitor the wetting patterns and soil water distribution in a cuboid soil chamber. Irrigation of mulched furrows clearly increased water lateral infiltration on ridge shoulders and ridges, due to enhancement of capillary driving force. Increases to both initial soil water content (SWC) and irrigation water level resulted in increased wetted soil volume. Empirical regression equations accurately estimated the wetted lateral distance (R_l) and downward distance (R_d) with elapsed time in a variably wetted soil medium. Optimization of model parameters followed by the Inverse approach resulted in satisfactory agreement between observed and predicted cumulative infiltration and SWC. On the basis of model calibration, HYDRUS-2D model can accurately simulate two-dimensional soil water dynamics under irrigation of mulched furrows. There were significant differences in wetting patterns between unmulched and mulched furrow irrigation using HYDRUS-2D simulation. The R_d under the mulched furrows was 32.14% less than the unmulched furrows. Therefore, film-mulched furrows are recommended in a furrow irrigation system.