AFV refueling stations and the complexity of freeway intersections: the scale dependency of network representation

As interest for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in urban areas continues to build, there has been a corresponding focus on the development of methods that can locate initial refueling stations on regional transportation networks in an optimal manner. Recent studies suggest that the behavior of early adopters of AFVs is consistent with the objectives of flow-capturing station location models. One outstanding issue with the further use of these models to locate AFV stations is the relationship between the relatively coarse geographic representation of regional transportation networks used in flow-capturing models and the complexity of the sites they recommend, which are often nodes that represent freeway intersections. Since AFV refueling stations cannot be built directly at freeway intersections, a network GIS method entitled the freeway traffic capture metric (FTCM) is developed to identify locations on proximate local street networks that can effectively capture all traffic passing through a freeway intersection. The FTCM considers deviation from a shortest travel path specifically through a freeway intersection as its metric of convenience for all possible travel routes that pass through it, computing a score for each candidate site on the nearby local street network. The FTCM is tested on nearly 45,000 candidate sites within one mile of 72 freeway intersections in greater Los Angeles, California. Locations that can capture all traffic passing through the nearby freeway intersection are shown to generally be near the intersection’s center, but not necessarily next to freeway entrances or exits. In total, 6.7% of possible station locations near these 72 freeway intersections are convenient for all traffic passing through them, and 22 out of the 72 freeway intersections lack such a site altogether. This indicates that there is high likelihood of inconsistency between regional modeling results and station location effectiveness if this scale dependency between coarse representations of transportation networks and the complexity of local street networks near freeway intersections is not considered when building initial AFV stations near these locations.     

城市的网络优势--中国互联网骨干网络结构与节点可达性分析

过去十余年,中国的互联网得到飞速发展,新的基础设施空间架构也已经基本形成。本文在回顾有关通信网络与城市体系的文献基础上,尝试建立一种评价中国互联网城市可达性的方法,并对五大骨干网络的空间结构和节点可达性进行了分析。结果表明:中国互联网基础设施的空间格局整体上趋于均衡,节点可达性基本遵循原有的城市等级体系;北京、广州和上海三大国家交换中心和几大区域核心节点城市的可达性位列顶层;节点可达性的高低与城市地理区位存在紧密联系。     

Hierarchy,clusters, and spatial differences in Chinese inter-city networks constructed by scientific collaborators

The Chinese urban system is currently experiencing a fundamental shift, as it moves from a size-based hierarchy to a network-based system. Contemporary studies of city networks have tended to focus on economic interactions without paying sufficient attention to the issue of knowledge flow. Using data on co-authored papers obtained from China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJNPD) during 2014-2016, this study explores several features of the scientific collaboration network between Chinese mainland cities. The study concludes that: (1) the spatial organization of scientific cooperation amongst Chinese cities is shifting from a jurisdiction-based hierarchical system to a networked system; and (2) several highly intra-connected city regions were found to exist in the network of knowledge, and such regions had more average internal linkages (14.21) than external linkages (8.69), and higher average internal linkage degrees (14.43) than external linkage degrees (10.43); and (3) differences existed in terms of inter-region connectivity between the Western, Eastern, and Central China regional networks (the average INCD of the three regional networks were 109.65, 95.81, and 71.88). We suggest that China should engage in the development of regional and sub-regional scientific centers to achieve the goal of building an innovative country. Whilst findings reveal a high degree of concentration in those networks - a characteristic which reflects the hierarchical nature of China’s urban economic structure - the actual spatial distribution of city networks of knowledge flow was found to be different from that of city networks based on economic outputs or population.     

基于创新企业的中国城市网络联系特征

多部门创新企业的跨城布局能够增进城市间的知识流动与创新联系,大量创新企业部门关联构成的城市网络是理解国家创新格局的重要认知基础.本文运用1778家国家级创新企业部门关联数据和“总部-分支机构”方法建立中国城市间有向关系矩阵,借助社会网络分析、GIS技术及空间交互模型方法,对创新企业建构的中国城市网络联系特征进行分析.结...     

基于空间计量模型的城市网络外部性定量测度

在经济全球化、区域一体化的背景下,城市发展动力由内部功能集聚转向外部关系协调,城市间的关联作用愈发重要,成为“城市的第二本质”。通过文献计量分析,发现空间计量模型逐渐成为城市网络外部性定量测度的主要方法之一。从研究设计角度,空间计量模型作为城市网络外部性的定量建模工具,存在至少两方面的问题：城市网络外部性的非对称效应和城市网络的多尺度问题。本文结合城市网络外部性测度与建模,首先阐述如何规范地解读空间计量模型参数及其与网络外部性测度的对应关系;其次基于蒙特卡洛模拟实验论证非对称城市网络外部性和多尺度城市网络外部性的建模方法。研究表明：(1)忽视城市网络外部性中潜在的非对称效应会显著降低模型参数估计的准确性,本文开发的非对称空间效应模型（Asymmetric Spatial Econometric Model,ASEM）可以准确识别网络外部性的非对称效应,给出更加准确的参数估计;(2)忽略现实存在的多尺度网络效应,只在单一尺度对网络效应建模会造成参数估计失真,而空间多尺度统计模型（Hierarchical Spatial Autoregressive model,HSAR）为多尺度网络外部...     

Developing open space networks in shrinking cities

Urban green spaces provide essential ecosystem services and improve resident quality of life, but open space networks are often fragmented by urban development, and it is difficult to reclaim natural lands after they have been built up. Shrinking cities (i.e., cities experiencing population decline) typically contain an abundance of vacant and abandoned residential buildings that are demolished for safety and maintenance reasons. The resulting empty lots can potentially be reclaimed as natural areas to defragment the green network and increase open space connectivity. To date however, planning efforts have largely ignored post-demolition land uses for these lots, allowing many to become empty wastelands. This research approaches this gap by presenting an alternative plan for residential demolition sites using landscape ecology principles and methods to incorporate them into the open space network. Using Buffalo, NY – a typical rustbelt shrinking city – as a case study, areas most at risk for experiencing demolitions are identified using a clustering technique, and each building within the cluster is assigned a likelihood it will be demolished using a logit model. Properties with the highest risk for demolition are then prioritized based on their ability to contribute to and connect the open space network using landscape connectivity metrics. Results indicate the approach can foster large increases in green network connectivity using small parcels (a 356% increase in total open space area was observed in this study after three years of purposeful selection), allowing cities to reclaim unused urban areas and defragment the open space network.     

新冠疫情对中国国际航空网络连通性的影响及空间差异

航空运输在实现各国互联互通、推动全球经济发展中发挥着重要作用。突发公共卫生事件或恶劣天气等均易对航空网络的连通性造成影响。本研究以新冠疫情为例，从全球航空网络视角探讨新冠疫情对中国国际航空网络连通性的影响及地区差异。研究结果表明：疫情期间，中国境外通航城市、国际航班、国际航线数量均大幅缩减，航空网络连通效率显著降低，但其空间格局未发生根本性变化，东亚和东南亚仍是中国对外主要联系地区，经济联系与贸易仍然起着重要作用。航线停飞对中国与中亚、西亚和大洋洲航空网络的连通性影响最大，而航班缩减对中国与东亚、中亚和东南亚航空网络的连通性影响最大。在国内，北京、上海和广州仍然是中国对外联系的枢纽城市，且其聚集度在疫情期间得到提升。     

Yesterday's Freeway Network of Tomorrow

In 1939, the Futurama exhibit at the New York World's Fair amazed visitors with its diorama showing futuristic freeways crossing the countryside and reshaping cities. After the fair, the exhibit's designer, Norman Bel Geddes, elaborated the model into a proposal for a national freeway network. This paper examines the network structure and geographic dimensions of Bel Geddes's vision and compares it to the Interstate Highway System, created several years later. Despite the futuristic trappings inherited from the Futurama model, the two networks are surprisingly similar except in their relation to cities, which Bel Geddes's network avoids. The majority of elements in Bel Geddes's system have been incorporated into actual routes and networks, and it can be expected that his system would have gone through many of the same adaptations to changing economic, environmental, and political circumstances as the Interstate Highway System.     

Geometric-based approach for integrating VGI POIs and road networks

Integrating heterogeneous spatial data is a crucial problem for geographical information systems (GIS) applications. Previous studies mainly focus on the matching of heterogeneous road networks or heterogeneous polygonal data sets. Few literatures attempt to approach the problem of integrating the point of interest (POI) from volunteered geographic information (VGI) and professional road networks from official mapping agencies. Hence, the article proposes an approach for integrating VGI POIs and professional road networks. The proposed method first generates a POI connectivity graph by mining the linear cluster patterns from POIs. Secondly, the matching nodes between the POI connectivity graph and the associated road network are fulfilled by probabilistic relaxation and refined by a vector median filtering (VMF). Finally, POIs are aligned to the road network by an affine transformation according to the matching nodes. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method integrates both the POIs from VGI and the POIs from official mapping agencies with the associated road networks effectively and validly, providing a promising solution for enriching professional road networks by integrating VGI POIs.     

长三角地区多尺度城市网络空间演化及互馈效应研究

基于2003—2018年长三角地区跨国、跨区以及区内企业异地投资数据,融合社会网络分析、面板向量自回归模型和地理加权回归模型等方法,探究长三角地区多尺度城市网络空间演化及其动态互馈效应。结果表明：① 全球、全国和区域尺度城市网络分别处于初步发展、稳步发展和完善发展阶段,各尺度网络均呈现出区域化倾向,以沪宁合杭甬发展廊道为支撑的网络空间结构正在形成。② 城市的全球与全国功能联系之间存在相互促进的关系;城市的区域功能联系提升能够促使其融入全球和全国尺度城市网络,反之,城市的全球与全国功能联系提升却未能促进其进一步融入长三角内部城市网络,融入全球尺度城市网络甚至对城市的区域功能联系产生显著的抑制作用。此外,多尺度城市网络互馈效应具有明显的空间异质性,并与区域经济发展格局相耦合。     

Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management: An International Perspective

This article explores the conceptual and empirical relationships among connectivity, employment, and specialization in advanced business services (ABS) in major cities in the United States. Correlation and regression analysis produces three chief empirical conclusions: First, the distribution of employment predicts and explains the level of connectivity; second, specialization does not predict connectivity; and, closer examination shows that these results vary by sector, which might relate to the informational characteristics of different types of ABS agglomerations. These conclusions demonstrate the continued relevance of agglomerative dynamics as they influence the networks and hierarchies of the ABS and corporate spatial structures.     

A Review of: “Three Dimensional Applications in Geographical Information Systems”. Edited by J. RAPER. (London: Taylor & Francis, 1989.) [Pp. 189.] Price £30·00. ISBN 0850667763.

Studies on the structural properties of road network and its close relationship with the traffic flow distribution have received intensive interdisciplinary attention. However, most of these attempts were theoretical. It is also a challenge to understand the relationship between the structure and morphology of a road network and peoples' movement. We developed a new methodology to deal with this challenge in this study. The first attempt was to apply the ego network analysis (which is rooted in social science) to the formation of hierarchical road networks. Then, the ego network was improved to become weighted ego network by assigning a weight to each of the links in a network. A measure called weighted average centrality rank is developed to define the order of links in a complex network. The ego network and the weighted ego network are both evaluated with a notional network and two sets of real-life road networks. Traffic flow data were used as a benchmark for the evaluation of the two approaches. The results show that they both perform well. But the hierarchies formed by weighted ego network analysis are more consistent with the real-life traffic flow, and the improvement is clearly observable.     

珠江三角洲城际轨道网络结构：基于连接、容量和流量的对比

城际交通网络包含提供联系可能性的基础设施连接网络（铁轨等）,反映承载容量的组织网络（列车班次等）与实际需求的流量网络（客货流等）3类,分别从连接可能性、潜力容量和实际流量三方面映射了网络发育的不同特征。理清城市在这3种维度网络中的不同位置,对分辨城市的节点位势和城市系统构造具有重要意义。以珠三角城市群城际轨道网络为研究对象,本文系统分析了3种网络整体结构、城市的节点位置和城际连接性的差异。结果表明：虽然3种网络城镇地方中心度均呈现出显著的等级差异特征,相较于需求网络,设施网络和组织网络扁平化特征更为显著;组织网络和需求网络均表现出了以广深为核心、以广深、广珠和广佛为主要联系的结构体系,设施网络则呈现出明显的“沿线效应”,突出了珠江口西岸广珠城际沿线的骨干地位;与组织和设施网络相比,需求网络突出了肇庆、江门等城市的重要性,轨道沿线中小城镇位势则逐渐降低。研究一方面通过区分3种铁路交通网络强调了城市网络研究中明确“刻画何种网络”的重要性;另一方面通过对比城市节点和城际连接在不同网络中的位置,识别出可能性、利用潜力和实际流量的差异,为交通线路规划和区域空间优化政策制定提供依据。     

Electrical anisotropy and conductivity distribution functions of fractal random networks and of the crust: the scale effect of connectivity

All explanations of the high-conductivity layers (HCL) found by magnetotellurics in the middle or lower crust incorporate a mixture of a low-conductivity rock matrix and a highly conductive phase, for example graphite or saline fluids. In most cases the bulk conductivity of the mixture does not depend on the conductivity of the rock matrix but rather (1) on the amount of high-conductivity material and, in particular, (2) on its geometry. The latter is quantitatively described by the parameter 'electrical connectivity'. Decomposition of the observed bulk conductivity of the mixture into these two parameters results in an ill-posed problem. Even if anisotropy occurs in the HCL, three output parameters (highly conductive phase fraction, connectivity with respect to the X direction, connectivity with respect to the Y direction) have to be estimated from the two bulk conductivities of the anisotropic HCL. The additional information required for solving this problem is provided if instead of single-site data the conductivities from many field sites are evaluated: a sample distribution of the conductivity can then be obtained. Ensembles of random networks are used to create theoretical distribution functions which match the empirical distribution functions to some extent. The use of random resistor networks is discussed in the context of other established techniques for the treatment of two-phase systems, such as percolation theory and the renormalization group approach. Models of embedded networks explain the discrepancy between 'small' anisotropy (2-3) on the laboratory scale and large anisotropy (10-100) found in electromagnetic field surveys encompassing volumes of several cubic kilometres. Strong anisotropy can indicate low electrical connectivity, and a possible explanation is that a network stays close to the percolation threshold.     

上海市城市景观生态网络连接度评价

城市是典型的人工景观系统,具有景观破碎化现象严重、高连通性低连接度等特征。本文运用景观生态网络连接度理论,探讨我国生态城市建设中景观生态连通性和连接度的内涵和特征,在城市景观生态网络构成分析的基础上,采用连接度指数、廊道密度和引入交通网络指数等建立起景观生态连接度评价方法和体系,对上海市城市景观生态网络中道路网络、绿地网络、水系网络及其形成的"三网合一"的复合网络连接度进行评价。目的在于为我国生态城市发展建设和城市景观生态网络规划提供理论基础。从评价结果来看,单个网络的连接度较高但特征各不相同。将水系网络、路网和绿地网络进行复合的一体化网络的连接度却急剧下降,揭示出上海城市景观生态网络存在分割多、连接少的网络平面化特征。     

流动量与关注度视角下的城市网络结构——以广州、深圳为例

在城市与区域转型发展的背景下,城市网络经历着剧烈的重构,广州和深圳是推动粤港澳大湾区一体化的主导力量,明晰其在网络中的发展定位与动态联系,对于引领区域协调发展具有重要的战略意义。然而,现有城市网络研究较缺乏对多尺度差异与实虚映射关系的关注,因此论文基于微博数据,从流动量、关注度出发,运用社会网络分析,探究了广深在粤港澳大湾区、全国、全球网络中的节点地位与联系特征。结果表明：① 多尺度网络下,广深不同的联系导向塑造了差异化的要素组织能力,广州辐射范围较广、联系相对均衡,深圳联系相对集中、与香港联系尤为紧密;② 实虚网络之间,广深的对外联系存在协同补充、路径依赖效应,且在各尺度下具有不同程度的体现,多重效应的叠加交融推动着区域联系趋向柔性化;③ 基于上述网络格局,广深应立足于不同的联系模式与发展实际,分别发挥区域交通枢纽及创新制度高地的优势,引领打造有序高效的区域网络系统。     

On models for landscape connectivity: a case study of the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta

The models for landscape connectivity are distinguished into models for line connectivity, vertex connectivity, network connectivity and patch connectivity separately. Because the models for line connectivity, for vertex connectivity, and for network connectivity have long been studied and have become ripe, the model for patch connectivity is paid special attention in this paper. The patch connectivity is defined as the average movement efficiency (minimizing movement distance) of animal migrants or plant propagules in patches of a region under consideration. According to this definition, a model for landscape connectivity is mathematically deduced to apply to GIS data. The application of model for patch connectivity in the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta shows patch connectivity has a negative interrelation with human impact intensity and landscape diversity.     

武汉城市圈城乡道路网的空间结构复杂性

以武汉城市圈为研究区,借助ArcGIS9.3、Pajek2.7和SPSS16.0等软件,从节点重要性、可达性、集聚性3个方面定量揭示了复杂城乡道路网的空间异质性:①高度节点重要性呈幂律分布,表现出无标度性,低度节点重要性则基本呈钟型泊松分布,呈现一定的随机性,导致整个圈域节点的重要性分布曲线既不遵循钟型泊松分布也不遵循幂律分布,出现"涌现"性;节点度值空间分布较均匀,呈现点状特征和弱集聚性,具有明显间断性和跳跃性,表现出一定的"中心-边缘"和"等级圈层"的复合结构;②节点的可达性主要由网络平均路径长度、紧密度和介数指标表达,其中道路网平均路径长度较大,节点交通联系呈线状组织,遵循距离衰减律,成等级圈层分异,但受快速干道影响明显,空间收敛减慢,发生"摄动"变形,形成两条以南北京珠高速和东西宜黄高速为轴的城市交通走廊;节点的紧密度系数较随机网络小,但高紧密度节点在空间分布上较为集中,呈现出一定的"中心-边缘"空间格局;节点的介数指标相对较高,呈现指数分布,空间分布较均匀,但仍呈现出一定的"等级圈层"分异;③网络的集聚性空间差异显著,形成多个大型网络社团,网络的聚类系数近似为零,局部呈现耦合性质,高聚类系数节点集聚成"半月形"展布,低聚类系数节点分布较为离散。     

On models for landscape connectivity:a case study of the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta

The models for landscape connectivity are distinguished into models for line connectivity, vertex connectivity, network connectivity and patch connectivity separately. Because the models for line connectivity, for vertex connectivity, and for network connectivity have long been studied and have become ripe, the model for patch connectivity is paid special attention in this paper. The patch connectivity is defined as the average movement efficiency (minimizing movement distance) of animal migrants or plant propagules in patches of a region under consideration. According to this definition, a model for landscape connectivity is mathematically deduced to apply to GIS data. The application of model for patch connectivity in the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta shows patch connectivity has a negative interrelation with human impact intensity and landscape diversity.     

中国-丝路国家基础设施连通性评估方法与格局

基础设施互联互通是不同区域之间空间网络形成的支撑,对区际生产要素流动、市场融合和资源配置具有重要作用,也是“一带一路”建设的重点内容和前提条件。立足于综合基础设施网络,以“一带一路”沿线国家/地区为分析地域,设计数理模型,评价了中国与沿线国家的基础设施网络连通性,考察其基本特征与空间格局,然后分别从铁路、公路、航运、通讯、能源等各种基础设施方式的视角,分析了不同基础设施网络的互联互通水平,探讨了基础设施连通的类型分异及其主导因素,凝练基础设施连通的空间模式。主要结论如下：① 从海陆属性来看,岛屿型国家与中国设施连通性最高,其次为综合型国家,内陆型国家最低。对国际区域而言,俄蒙和东南亚地区与中国的设施连通性最高,中东欧地区连通性最低。从国家尺度来看,俄罗斯和越南是与中国设施连通水平最高的国家,巴勒斯坦、东帝汶等5个国家与中国尚未形成设施连通性。从连通方式的构成来看,航运网络的连通性最高,其次为航空和光缆。② 空间距离、连通方式和重大交通走廊共同主导了设施连通性的类型分异。③ “一带一路”沿线国家/地区与中国的设施连通形成了四种典型模式,包括海陆融合型外缘连通模式、陆路通道直接连通模式、陆心内生性低水平连通模式、远距离不均衡连通模式。