西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带的物源分析:来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及重矿物的证据

西湖凹陷是东海陆架盆地重要的含油气凹陷,其中平湖组是该凹陷内重要的勘探目的层段。目前平湖组油气发现多集中于凹陷西部斜坡带,由于其他地区钻井资料较少,对于西湖凹陷平湖组砂体展布以及物源区一直存在争议,严重制约了西湖凹陷平湖组的油气勘探。主要通过碎屑锆石U-Pb定年,同时结合重矿物组合特征、重矿物ZTR指数分析和碎屑矿物成分成熟度特征,对平湖组沉积物源区进行追踪,分析结果显示研究区锆石年龄分布相对分散且跨度大,包括中生代、古生代和前寒武纪3个年龄段,且以前寒武纪为主。平湖组主要发育3个物源区,其中北部虎皮礁隆起为主要物源区,西部海礁隆起与东部钓鱼岛隆褶带为次要物源区。对平湖组物源体系的研究为西湖凹陷的油气勘探开发提供借鉴。     

西湖凹陷平湖组碳酸盐胶结物形成机制及其对储层的影响

碳酸盐胶结物是西湖凹陷平湖组储层砂岩中含量最多,对储层质量影响最大的自生矿物.通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光、元素成分分析及碳氧同位素分析结果表明,西湖凹陷平湖组储层砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的主要矿物类型是方解石、铁方解石、白云石和铁白云石,偶见菱铁矿.碳酸盐胶结物的碳同位素(δ13C)值分布范围较集中,为-7.80‰～1...     

东海盆地中央洼陷带花港组优质储层特征及其主控因素

中央洼陷带是东海盆地西湖凹陷重要的油气勘探开发区域之一,寻找优质储层发育区、明确优质储层主控因素是油气勘探开发深入的关键。本文综合运用钻井岩心、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、物性分析等技术方法,结合钻探成果,分析西湖凹陷中央洼陷带花港组储层特征,探讨了优质储层主控因素。认为中央洼陷带花港组发育辫状河—辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系,优质储层主要受沉积微相和有机酸溶蚀双重控制,多期叠置水道储层厚度大、粒度粗、分选好、杂基低,孔候连通性好,物性较好;花港组储层主要岩性为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩,下伏平湖组煤系烃源岩早期产生的有机酸和晚期生成的CO2顺断层向上运移至花港组砂岩储层中,大量长石和碳酸盐胶结物被溶蚀,形成大量铸模孔和粒间溶蚀,有效改善了砂岩储层的渗流能力。     

柴达木盆地鱼卡地区中侏罗统石门沟组砂岩碎屑组分特征及其物源构造环境分析

利用砂岩碎屑骨架成分统计和碎屑颗粒结构特征分析,研究柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统石门沟组碎屑岩的源岩类型及其构造环境。石门沟组砂岩成分成熟度中等、结构成熟度较低,具有近源物源的特点。砂岩碎屑骨架成分统计结果表明石门沟组的物源区构造背景属于再旋回造山带。结合柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗统古地理特征,确认鱼卡地区石门沟组物源区为祁连山造山带。砂岩碎屑组分可能来自于南祁连山上石炭世宗务隆山群火山岩和达肯达坂山群变质岩。     

胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷莱阳组储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

以野外露头、岩心观察为基础,综合采用普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析、黏土矿物X衍射等多种测试手段对胶莱盆地莱阳组砂岩储层特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化进行了研究。研究结果表明：受物源差异影响,凹陷东部以长石砂岩为主,凹陷西部以岩屑砂岩为主,富含各种塑性岩屑,莱阳组砂岩总体以低成分成熟度、中等结构成熟度为特征。压实作用、压溶作用和胶结作用是造成砂岩储层致密的主要原因。凹陷东部以胶结作用减孔为主,压实程度较弱,碳酸盐胶结物是造成砂岩孔隙度降低的主要胶结物。凹陷西部以压实作用为主,但绿泥石薄膜胶结物的存在有利于保存部分原生孔隙。莱阳组砂岩储层原生孔隙残留较少,多以次生孔隙为主。溶蚀作用,尤其是长石的溶解作用,对改善储层物性有重要作用。次生孔隙发育带主要在K₁llw、K₁ls中,成岩演化达中成岩A期,溶蚀型次生孔隙成为这一阶段主要的孔隙类型,其发育带往往是有利储层发育区。     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷腰滩地区古近系阜宁组储层物性特征及其影响因素

苏北盆地金湖凹陷腰滩地区古近系阜宁组储层岩石类型以岩屑长石砂岩和长石砂岩为主,其成分成熟度中等,结构 成熟度中等到好。腰滩地区储层成岩作用主要包括压实、胶结、溶蚀和交代四种类型, 目前处于晚成岩阶段A期。研究区储 层的储集物性受成岩作用和构造运动的共同影响,主要表现为对孔隙度和渗透率的影响, 其中压实和胶结作用使储层原生 孔隙迅速减少、渗透率降低、储集物性变差,而溶解作用则是导致次生孔隙发育及改善砂岩储集性能的主要因素。压实作 用主要表现为刚性颗粒发生脆性破裂、塑性颗粒挤压变形或刚性颗粒嵌入塑性颗粒中、颗粒之间呈线接触和凹凸接触、碎 屑颗粒呈明显的定向排列等; 溶蚀作用表现为碳酸盐矿物的溶解; 胶结物主要为自生黏土矿物、碳酸盐和自生石英。交代作 用主要为碳酸盐胶结物交代石英、长石及岩屑颗粒及碳酸盐胶结物之间的相互交代等。构造运动使局部的储层物性得到改 善。     

山东省牛庄洼陷古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段储集层成岩作用研究

山东省牛庄洼陷古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段储集层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,岩石结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低。砂岩成岩作用包括压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用、溶解作用等。压实作用主要有刚性颗粒发生脆性破裂、颗粒之间呈线接触和凹凸接触、岩石碎屑颗粒呈明显的定向排列、塑性颗粒挤压变形或刚性颗粒嵌入变形颗粒中、粘土质碎屑被挤压变形发生假杂基化等五种表现形式。胶结物主要有泥质胶结物、碳酸盐胶结物、自生粘土矿物和自生石英、长石。交代作用主要有石英交代长石颗粒、碳酸盐胶结物交代石英、长石及岩屑颗粒、碳酸盐胶结物之间的相互交代。发生溶解作用的主要是石英、长石和岩屑颗粒,胶结物中主要是碳酸盐矿物。目前研究区沙三中亚段储集层成岩演化处于晚成岩A期。影响成岩作用的主要因素为岩石成分、沉积环境、孔隙流体性质等。成岩作用对储集物性的影响主要表现在孔隙度和渗透率的变化,其中压实作用和胶结作用使储层原生孔隙迅速减少、渗透率降低,使得储集物性变差;而溶解作用是次生孔隙发育的主要因素,从而改善砂岩的储集性能。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖组-花港组沉积层序

东海陆架盆地地处欧亚板块东部边缘,勘探开发实践表明,盆地内西湖凹陷天然气圈闭资源雄厚,具有很好的勘探前景。利用Vail层序地层学理论,依托钻录井、地震资料等,将新生代7次全球海平面显著下降所形成的不整合界面判别为7个二级层序界面。平湖组和花港组组成2个二级层序（SSQ3-SSQ4）和6个三级层序（SQ1-SQ6）,坡折带之下可识别出低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域,坡折带之上仅识别出海侵体系域和高位体系域。西湖凹陷西缓坡带发育物源来自海礁隆起-渔山隆起的三角洲-陆棚（平湖组）或湖泊（花港组）沉积体系,东陡坡带发育物源来自钓鱼岛隆褶带的扇三角洲或近岸水下扇-陆棚（平湖组）或湖泊（花港组）沉积体系,沉积中心在东次凹。构造运动和物源供给决定西湖凹陷构造沉积格局,古气候和海平面升降对三级层序及其内部体系域发育的影响更大。     

东海盆地西湖凹陷天然气来源探讨

关于西湖凹陷天然气的来源是很多学者争论的问题,主要原因在于计算出来的西湖凹陷部分天然气的成熟度与源岩的热演化程度不一致,因此准确确定天然气成熟度是关键。利用甲烷碳同位素演化二阶段分馏模式,计算出的天然气成熟度则明显分为两类:一类与西湖凹陷已钻遇渐新统花港组和中上始新统平湖组煤系烃源岩演化程度一致;另一类高于其演化程度,可能来自古新统-下始新统烃源岩。同时从天然气的地球化学参数:iC4/nC4、碳同位素分布、碳同位素系列倒转、煤型气δ13C—R o关系、热模拟实验5方面论证了西湖凹陷天然气存在2种不同来源的天然气。同时分析了天然气的运移特征,认为西湖凹陷的天然气具有垂向运移特征,垂向运移为西湖凹陷下部深凹部位和上部煤系烃源岩产生的天然气混源提供了前提。     

东海盆地西湖凹陷凝析气藏成藏特征及分布控制因素

实际勘探证实西湖凹陷油气藏具有上油下气的特征,油气资源分布表现为南多北少。通过西湖凹陷凝析油和凝析气地球化学参数的分析,认为西湖凹陷的凝析油和凝析气具有相同的成因类型和成熟度,均为平湖组煤系源岩生成的油气。根据西部斜坡带和中央反转带油气藏类型、油气成藏期次及圈闭形成时间研究成果,认为：西部斜坡带油气首先充注在平湖组中,后期由于断层开启调整至花港组中,因压力降低油气分离和天然气散失而在花港组中形成凝析油藏;在中央反转带,由于圈闭定型时间晚,油气主要经历一期成藏再通过断层运移至花港组,花港组上部压力低,使油气分离、天然气散失而形成纯凝析油藏。通过对油气成藏和分布特征的研究,认为生烃中心的分布控制着油气藏的分布,断层分布和断穿层位控制着油气藏丰度,超压控制着西部斜坡带凝析油和凝析气藏的分布界面。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.