吉林省城市生态建设现状评价及对比分析

建设生态经济城市是吉林省建设生态省过程中的一项重要内容,对我省国民经济和社会发展具有重要作用和意义。本文针对吉林省各主要城市生态建设的基础条件和实际情况,采用层次分析方法构建了包含生态经济、生态环境、社会发展3个子系统32个评价指标因子在内的评价指标体系。应用模糊综合评判法和综合指数法对吉林省9个主要城市从经济水平、产业结构等方面进行了生态建设现状评价,从而为城市生态建设规划等科学决策提供理论依据。     

南充市城区地质环境质量分区模糊评价

在收集了大量的地质资料的基础上,结合地理信息系统的数据库和空间分析功能,通过专家一层次分析法确定权重,运用模糊评判法对南充市城市地质环境质量进行分区评价。地质环境是城市建设和发展的基础,随着城市化进程加快,城市地质环境问题越来越突出。因此,对城市地质环境条件进行定量评价,对于城市规划和建设具有重要的指导意义：评价的结果将南充市城市地质环境划分为3个区11个亚区,各区地质环境质量有明显的差异,并提出城市建设合理的发展方向。     

基于模糊综合评判的高原盆地城市水源地脆弱性评价

根据高原盆地城市水源地脆弱性内涵, 评价指标可量化性及不同水源地之间可比性, 选取了水源地水文气象、生态环境、水源污染和地表扰动状况4个方面14个指标, 构建了高原盆地城市水源地脆弱性指标体系.基于高原盆地城市水源地复杂性和指标评价标准界线的模糊性, 采用层次分析法确定指标权重, 应用模糊综合评判法建立评价模型, 运用所建立的评价模型对昆明市松华坝水源地脆弱性进行了评价.结果表明, 昆明市松华坝水源地为中度脆弱. 其中, 水文气象因子、水源污染因子处于中度脆弱状态, 生态环境因子处于轻度脆弱状态, 地表扰动因子介于轻度脆弱与中度脆弱状态之间.     

2013年辽宁省城市地价变化主要影响因素分析

辽宁省城市地价动态监测工作是辽宁省一项重要的土地管理日常性工作。自2006年起在全省14个省辖市全面开展,取得的成绩得到了多方认可,连续多年被列为国家重点示范省。目前,辽宁的城市地价动态监测工作已形成了一支覆盖全省的技术队伍,一整套从确定数据源、采集数据、数据汇总及指标测算、分析评价到向社会发布监测信息的较为完整的体系。辽宁省2013年城市地价动态监测范围为全省行政区域内的14个省辖市。各城市监测范围为城市建成区及工业开发区、工业园区。城市地价动态监测中的地价按照用途分为商业地价、居住地价、工业地价三种基本类别,三种基本类别地价的内涵与城市基准地价内涵一致。     

城市地面塌陷灾害风险评估研究

随着城市化进程不断加快,城市地下空间安全问题引起广泛关注。本文以影响地下空间安全的典型灾害-地面塌陷为例,开展可能性风险评估研究,为降低地面塌陷灾害损失提供理论支撑。城市地面塌陷成因复杂,为了保证评价过程和结果的客观全面,通过调研对塌陷引发因素进行了总结,从管道因素、病害体因素、环境因素三个方面建立风险发生可能性评价指标体系,并使用AHP-熵权法-灰色关联法组合评价,建立地面塌陷风险评价模型。将该模型应用于郑州市典型地下空洞工程案例进行评估分析,结果表明:地面塌陷风险评价结果与实测结果相符,证明了评估模型的科学性,同时为城市地面塌陷预防提供了决策参考。     

鲁南经济带地质环境脆弱性评价

鲁南经济带内矿产资源及地下水资源非常丰富,长期大量开采引发的环境地质问题主要有采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、地面沉降、地下水降落漏斗及海水入侵等。选取地形地貌、岩土体特征、水文地质条件、环境工程地质问题、地质资源和人类工程经济活动等17个评价因子,利用傅勒三角形法确定各评价因子的权重,采用专家聚类法评价地质环境脆弱性。选取重点城市所在评价单元的土壤环境质量(T)、工程地质环境(G)、地质灾害危险性(Z)和地质环境承载力(C)等4个评价因子,采用栅格叠图法对重点城市适宜性进行了评价。评价结果显示,全区可划分为地质环境脆弱性极高区、高区、中等区和低区共4个区,菏泽市、临沂市处于地质环境脆弱性高区,济宁市、枣庄市及日照市位于地质环境脆弱性中等区。地质环境适宜性综合评价显示5个重点城市均为基本适宜,其中枣庄市西城区为适宜。     

城市景观建设理论与实践与反思

景观建设正在成为我国城市建设过程中突出的问题。分析了号观、城市景观的概念与特点，回顾了国外城市景观的研究发展和16世纪以来景观建设的历程，认为国外城市景观建设的特点在于以建筑控制法规为中心，注重景观评价的制度化和立法。从规划设计实践、理论研究和专业建设、法规制度建设三个方面对我国城市景观建设的现状问题进行了剖析，最后提出了推进我国景观建设发展的三个构想：确立景观权益的法律地位和推进景观评价的制度化；进一步丰富规划控制手段；整顿行业、建立规范。     

城市景观建设理论与实践反思

景观建设正在成为我国城市建设过程中突出的问题。分析了景观、城市景观的概念与特点,回顾了国外城市景观的研究发展和16世纪以来景观建设的历程,认为国外城市景观建设的特点在于以建筑控制法规为中心,注重景观评价的制度化和立法。从规划设计实践、理论研究和专业建设、法规制度建设三个方面对我国城市景观建设的现状问题进行了剖析,最后提出了推进我国景观建设发展的三个构想:确立景观权益的法律地位和推进景观评价的制度化;进一步丰富规划控制手段;整顿行业、建立规范。     

地球系统论视角下的我国城市地质调查范式与实现路径

基于地球系统科学理论可知,对于我国城市发展中的资源与环境不匹配引发的诸多问题,需要通过城市地质调查与评价,重新认知城市发展模式,为后城市化时代的城市生态宜居发展提供决策支撑.利用文献综述法与案例分析法,系统梳理了我国城市发展面临的问题、机遇与挑战,提出基于"城市发展阶段识别-城市建设尺度分析-城市地质资源环境联合效应评...     

城市环境地质调查信息化建设

从提供全程支持城市环境地质调查评价主流程信息化的技术手段出发,依据城市环境地质调查评价规范,制定了统一的数据库标准,对城市环境地质调查信息化建设的总体框架进行了设计,分析了城市环境地质调查评价信息系统组成、功能及应用模式,重点研制了为调查评价各过程服务的相应计算机分析处理系统,并得到了实际的推广应用。     

Urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards in China

Urbanization is a common development trend of countries all over the world, which is a mark of civilization and progress of human beings. The number of urbanization-induced environmental geological hazards has grown steadily in recent years and is receiving increased attention throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to generalize China’s urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards. Driving forces and characteristics of urbanization are briefly introduced in this study; specifically, the distribution of urban agglomerations is principally related to water resources, transportation and energy. Common geological hazards and particular ones in mountain city, mining city and coastal city are also summarized. The type and severity of hazards are different due to the differences of natural conditions and various urban functions. Main environmental geological hazards in cities are land subsidence, landslide and seawater intrusion, etc. Accordingly, reasons for these urbanization-induced geological hazards in different type of cities are analyzed and discussed. The research results may provide a clear perspective for urban geological hazard prevention, and suggestions for urban geological hazard control are pointed out.     

The temporal-spatial variation of water resources constraint on urbanization in the northwestern China: examples from the Gansu section of west Longhai–Lanxin economic zone

Based on more than 2,000 data points reflecting various meaningful aspects of urban systems and water-resource systems, and using a quantitative measurement model and ArcGIS, this study discusses the temporal-spatial variations of water resources constraint on urbanization in the Gansu section of China. The conclusions were: (1) from 1989 to 2007 the water resources constraint intensities (WRCIs) of Gansu section and its 9 cities have been generally decreasing, albeit with much fluctuation, and the decrease has been more rapid since 2000, with Lanzhou and Jinchang as the most representative cities. There is, however, a great deal of variation of WRCI among the 9 cities: Lanzhou changed from intensive constraint to relatively strong constraint, with a significant decline in its WRCI; 5 cities changed from extreme constraint to intensive constraint, including Wuwei and Jiuquan with significant declines in their WRCI, Jiayuguan and Jinchang with no dramatic declines and Dingxi with a fluctuating decline; and 3 cities remained at the same level of water resources constraint, including Zhangye and Baiyin with extreme constraint, and Tianshui with intensive constraint. (2) Looking at the 20-year average of WRCI, there are three types of spatial variations among the 9 cities in the Gansu section: Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu Province, belongs to the relatively strong constraint-high type; 4 cities—Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, Jinchang and Tianshui—belong to the intensive constraint-high type; and the remaining 4 cities—Zhangye, Wuwei, Baiyin and Dxingxi—belong to the extreme constraint-low type. These results show that the Gansu section will continue to be affected by water resources constraint on urbanization and local economic development for some time to come.     

滨海城市环境工程地质问题的地域分异规律

滨海城市是我国经济最发达的地区,近年来经济与城市建设均得到迅速发展,城市土地开发力度加大,由此引起的环境工程地质问题也日趋严重,本文分析了我国滨海城市地区区域地质环境和人类工程经济活动的地域差异,研究了滨海城市环境工程地质问题的主要类型,并提出了滨海城市环境工程地质问题的地域分异规律。     

Universities and knowledge-based economic growth: the case of Delft (NL)

Knowledge about new technology is a main determinant of the competitiveness of cities and regions nowadays. It reduces the amount of uncertainty of companies in their daily operations. In addition, it is a basis for the establishment of new companies and the restructuring of old ones. The availability and use of knowledge has thus a major influence on the development of urban and regional economies. An amazingly small amount of research has been done on the knowledge capacity of cities to date, i.e. urban potentials to generate, store, transfer and use knowledge. This article explores therefore, the urban knowledge capacity in a theoretical and empirical sense. Attention will be given to essential urban knowledge activities, and to the comprehensive and complex nature of the phenomena involved. In addition, various planning tools aimed at knowledge-based economic growth will be considered, with a focus on differences between the actors involved, and opportunities and constraints for success. In the empirical part, the city of Delft in the Netherlands will serve as an example, particularly regarding local policies for knowledge-based growth. Delft is an interesting case given the abundant availability of new technology and the relatively low level of local new firm formation.     

基于城市规划的城市地下空间开发适宜性评价探讨

随着城市化进程的持续推进,城市地下空间开发利用的重要性日益凸显。但各城市地下空间资源开发存在盲目性,未能与城市规划要求充分对接,亟须构建面向城市地下空间开发的适宜性评价体系。本文阐述了城市规划与地下空间开发间的关系,提出在城市规划指导下进行地下空间开发的重要性。针对不同的城市类型,需要采取针对性的探测技术,评价地质、环境、资源和技术经济等方面,并根据评价结果划分开发适宜性等级。研究认为,在城市规划指导下,运用开发适宜性评价体系,可以实现地下空间的有序可持续利用。     

A thousand years of loneliness? Globalization from the perspective of a city in a European periphery

Most cities face the challenge of increasing global and local change. Much of what has been said about cities in a globalized world has been concerned with large metropolitan cites. It has been postulated that increased competitiveness is the relevant response, and that urban governance has to change from managerialism to entrepeneurialism in order to cope with this challenge. The first part of the paper discusses some aspects of this body of theory, and the relevance for sub-national regional capitals. It also discusses how the scope of strategies depend on changing national and regional policies. The second part uses the case of Trondheim to discuss how these cities perceive and deal with globalization. Four policy options are discussed; the clientist strategy, the competitive strategy, the isolationist strategy and finally the option of doing nothing at all. The article concludes that global challenges will force local government in small cities to forge new strategies, but the preferred option is a clientist strategy rather than an entrepreneurial one, and the scope of strategy is national rather than global. Thus, when dealing with small peripheral cities and globalization, the range of perspectives must be extended beyond entrepreneurialism and competitiveness.     

Hourly Variation of Surface Urban Heat Island over the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

Great progress has been made on the remote investigation of Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) across multiple time scales. However, limited by the remote sensing models and resolution tradeoff of satellite-derived Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs), currently the hourly regimes of SUHI over typical urban agglomerations in typical seasons remain unclear. Using MODIS imageries as the main data source as well as by incorporating a diurnal temperature cycle model (i.e., INA08), this study, to our knowledge, firstly examined the hourly variations of the spatial pattern and intensity of the SUHIs for the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in both the summer and winter. The results demonstrated that, in the summer, a general trend of ‘heat island’ was observed for every city during a diurnal cycle. ‘Cold spots’ also occur within most of the cities from around 08:00 to 21:00, mostly as a result of the cooling effect of urban vegetation or water body under strong solar insolation. However, these ‘cold spots’ disappear after 21:00. For this season, the hourly variations of the SUHI intensity are similar to those of the LSTs: They both rise rapidly in the morning, reach the maxima at around 12:00 to 14:00, then gradually decrease and continue until the sunrise of the next day. In the winter, surface urban cool islands (SUCIs) were observed for most of the cities, but these SUCIs mostly disappear during the afternoon to the early evening (around 14:00~17: 00), and then all the cities bounce back to exhibit heat islands. Within this season, the hourly variations of the SUHI intensity differ from those of the LST. There also exist large differences of the hourly variations of SUHI intensity between using the rural area and forest as the non-urban background for estimation of the intensity, with the former reaching its maximum (around 18:00) significantly later than the latter reaching its maximum (around 13:30).     

中国地级及以上城市紧凑度的综合测度及其空间关联分析

从经济紧凑度、 土地利用紧凑度、 人口紧凑度和基础设施紧凑度等方面, 构建城市紧凑度的综合测度模型. 运用主成分分析法, 对2009年中国287个地级及以上城市紧凑度及其空间溢出效应进行综合测度. 结果表明: 紧凑度大致以"塔河-凭祥"一线为界, 以东区域的城市紧凑度水平较高, 以西的地区城市紧凑度水平低. 紧凑度Moran's I高值区连片集中在珠三角和长三角两个区域, 中心城市紧凑度的带动性和辐射性较强. 紧凑度呈现明显的热点-次热点-次冷点-冷点自东向西带状分布的格局. 经济发展、 土地利用结构和人口密度是目前中国地级以上城市紧凑度的重要决定因素, 城市土地利用因子表现相对较均衡, 而经济发展和人口密度两个主因子则表现出较强的不均衡性.     

基于国土空间规划视域下的工矿城镇发展模式——以陕北煤炭资源集中开采区为例

基于国土空间规划视域下分析了中国工矿城镇发展的主要影响因素.结合国土空间规划对工矿城镇发展的要求,探讨了将国土空间规划要求落实到工矿城镇发展中的政策和技术路径,并按照空间规划融合统一的国土空间规划思路,提出了工矿城镇发展融入国土空间规划的设想.通过对中国陕北煤炭资源集中开采区工矿城镇发展的分析和案例总结,结合国土空间规...     

Women's migration and quality of life in Turkey

Turkey's urban growth has been unprecedented for the last two decades with women playing an increasingly substantial role in its development. In this context, we examine determinants of women's migration and quality of life in cities in 1990 (the most recent published census of Turkey) and onwards. Factor analysis of provincial data identified three quality of life dimensions: affluence, deprivation, and housing. Substantial disparities in quality of life indices exist between men and women, urban and rural milieu, and geographic regions. Migrants, especially women, still tend to move with their families but they prefer provinces with high scores on (relative) urban affluence and avoid deprived, rural provinces. Thus Istanbul, Ankara, and southern coastal provinces are preferred destinations. Policy implications for urban growth, regional development, and gender equality relative to migration are discussed.