闽江河口入侵植物互花米草对短叶茳芏的化感效应

外来植物入侵问题是当下生态安全和生物多样性的研究热点.研究其入侵机制对制定相应的防控措施具有重要意义.选用外来入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的根、茎、叶3种构件,分别提取其水浸液为处理液(0.325 g/cm3),通过设置室内模拟实验,揭示其对闽江河口土著种短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)植株生长的影响.结果表明:互花米草的根、茎及叶浸提液对短叶茳芏的不同生长指标具有不同程度的化感作用.互花米草浸提液处理3个月后,根、茎及叶浸提液对短叶茳芏的分蘖数、叶面积均具有一定的抑制作用,但仅叶浸提液对分蘖数和叶面积的抑制作用分别达到显著水平和极显著水平,根及茎浸提液的抑制作用均不显著;茎浸提液对短叶茳芏的株高具有一定的促进作用,根及叶浸提液对短叶茳芏的株高具有一定的抑制作用,但三者的作用强度均未达到显著水平;根浸提液对短叶茳芏的根系活力具有轻微的促进作用,茎及叶浸提液对短叶茳芏的根系活力具有显著抑制作用;根、茎及叶浸提液对短叶茳芏的综合化感效应均表现为抑制作用,根与茎浸提液的综合化感效应相当,均小于叶浸提液的综合化感效应.     

互花米草对江苏潮滩沉积和地貌演化的影响

江苏潮滩面积大,岸滩冲淤动态变化复杂.人工引种互花米草对江苏海岸潮滩沉积地貌演化有较大影响,主要体现在影响潮滩沉积速率、物质分布及潮水沟地貌系统的发育等方面.根据定点站位不同年代的高程数据,分析Pethick-Allen模型在江苏潮滩盐沼的适用性;在现场采集柱状样并在室内进行137Cs分析,根据分析结果及前人研究结果,利用P-A模型分析计算江苏潮滩不同时期的沉积速率,结果表明互花米草的引种加快了潮滩沉积速率,它使潮滩沉积地貌演化脱离了原来的渐进函数关系.在选择的典型断面上采集表层底质样,在激光粒度仪上进行粒度分析,结果表明,互花米草易使细颗粒沉积物沉积,大米草滩和盐蒿滩表层沉积物主要来自潮水沟输送.根据野外调查并结合遥感分析,互花米草滩内潮水沟宽深比小,密度大,水道稳定,有别于光滩或大米草滩的潮水沟形态.     

Impact of the cord-grass Spartina alterniflora on sedimentary and morphological evolution of tidal salt marshes on the Jiangsu coast, China

1Introduction Asanimportantcomponentofthecoastalsys tem,tidalflatsareformedbytidalactionunderthe conditionofabundantfine grainedsedimentsupply;theybecomeafocusofthestudyonland oceaninter actioninthecoastalzonebecausetheseareasare subjectedtointensehumanac…     

除草剂对滨海外来物种互化米草除控效果

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)作为入侵物种,对我国沿海滩涂生态环境造成不利影响。为筛选成本低、见效快的互花米草化学除控剂,本研究选取了草甘膦、草铵膦2种除草剂,采用盆栽与大田试验探讨除草剂剂量及复配对互花米草的除控效果,通过底栖生物白蛤(Mactra veneriformis)和青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)培养模拟实验评价其生态安全性。结果表明,单一施用时草铵膦效果要优于草甘膦,最佳用量是药剂制造商推荐量的150%,但单一施用对互花米草致死率仅为20%;复配可以显著提高互花米草致死率、降低生物量,草甘膦、草铵膦复配处理的大田试验最佳用量为9 450 mL/hm²、13 500 mL/hm²,致死率可达90%。底栖生物培养试验结果表明,在所应用的剂量范围内,草甘膦和草铵膦对本土底栖生物致死率为0,在体内略有富集,但总体生态安全影响较小。本研究着重于滨海湿地互花米草的化学除控方式及生物安全性评价,以期为今后互花米草的除控研究提供参考。     

Distribution and invasion of Spartina alterniflora within the Jiaozhou Bay monitored by remote sensing image

Spartina alterniflora as an alien invasive plant, poses a serious threat to the ecological functions of the coastal wetland of the Jiaozhou Bay. As of 2019, the distribution area of S. alterniflora in the Jiaozhou Bay has reached more than 500 hm². For this reason, combined with field surveys, remote sensing monitoring of the invasion S.alterniflora in the Jiaozhou Bay has been carried out. To accurately identify S. alterniflora within the Jiaozhou Bay coastal wetland, we used a new m...     

The effect of standing biomass on flow velocity and turbulence in Spartina alterniflora canopies

Plant-flow interactions on the surface of tidal wetlands result in flow characteristics that are profoundly different from non-vegetated flows. Reductions in mean flow velocity and turbulence, especially the vertical components, limit vertical mixing and may impact a wide range of processes including geochemical exchanges at the sediment water interface, larval recruitment and dispersion, and sediment deposition and retention. The goal of this paper is to quantify horizontal and vertical components of velocity, turbulence intensity and total turbulent kinetic energy in Spartina alterniflora canopies in southeastern North Carolina and to relate flow characteristics to particulate transport on the marsh surface. Another aim of this paper is to assess the extent to which the distribution of standing biomass affects mean flow and turbulence by comparing S. alterniflora data to other canopy types and through a series of canopy manipulations which altered canopy height and stem densities.The results of this study indicate that flow velocity, turbulence intensity, and total turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are significantly reduced within the vegetated canopy and that this reduction is inversely related to the amount of biomass present in the water column. Within the canopy, approximately 50% of the initial mean velocity and TKE is reduced within 5 m of the canopy edge. Within the canopy, mean velocity and TKE_horiz usually exceeded vertical velocity or TKE_vert and the vertical components of flow were attenuated more strongly than the horizontal. These results suggest that within the vegetation, turbulence contributes more to lateral advection than to vertical mixing. As a result, total suspended solid concentrations were shown to decrease logarithmically with distance from the canopy edge and to decrease at a faster rate in more densely vegetated regions of the canopy (i.e. lower TKE_vert) as compared to areas of sparser vegetation (i.e. higher TKE_vert).     

互花米草入侵对河口盐沼湿地食物网的影响

盐沼湿地因其在河口及沿岸水域生态系统中的重要地位而被普遍关注,近年来互花米草在长江口乃至整个东南沿海地区的入侵及迅速蔓延更是引起了广泛重视。由于对维系本区域湿地生态系统运转的食物网结构的了解仍很有限,从而难以准确评估互花米草入侵后对原有生态系统的影响。本研究通过基于碳、氮稳定同位素测定结果的IsoSource软件估算和聚类分析,对长江口盐沼湿地内不同初级生产者的相对营养贡献大小进行了初步评估。结果显示在该湿地食物网中,底栖微藻和本土陆源C3植物是主要的营养来源。入侵C4植物互花米草的营养贡献不显著,在本次研究中仅有堇拟沼螺这一腹足类消费者在夏季较为确定地表现出对源自互花米草的富δ13C的有机质的摄取。随着互花米草的迅速扩散,其在长江口湿地的有机质产出中所占比例还将不断增加,这将可能从营养基础的层面自下而上对该食物网的结构和功能造成影响。     

中国滨海湿地互花米草群落甲烷通量研究的综述

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)具有较强的固碳作用,了解互花米草群落的甲烷通量可为评估互花米草的净碳汇功能提供重要参数。本文分析了我国滨海湿地互花米草群落CH₄通量的总体特点和机制,结果表明：①不同地区互花米草群落CH₄通量无明显规律且差异较大。不同生长环境下的环境因子对CH₄排放有综合调控作用,其中很大部分是通过影响土壤中与CH₄产生有关的微生物影响CH₄通量。②互花米草群落CH₄通量夏季最高、冬春较低;日通量则处于不规则的波动中,但总体白天通量高于夜晚。CH₄通量季节差异与温度、生物量和光照呈正相关,温度影响参与CH₄生成的微生物的活性,生物量为CH₄产生提供有机质原料,光照则通过光合作用影响有机质的合成;日通量差异除与温度和光照有关外,最主要还受到潮汐变化的影响。③无潮水覆盖时CH₄通量远大于有潮水覆盖时。有潮水覆盖时互花米草下部作为CH₄排向大气的重要通道受阻,同时CH₄被储存于土壤或排放到潮水中,落潮后才进入大气,因此CH₄通量更低。④刈割会降低CH₄通量。互花米草植株为CH₄的产生提供了重要原料,同时利用通气组织将CH₄排放到大气,刈割切断了CH₄传输途径并减少了地上生物量,因此降低了CH₄通量。     

基于点云与影像融合的黄河三角洲互花米草提取方法

针对卫星遥感技术在对滨海湿地互花米草监测时受分辨率、气候条件等多种因素限制存在一定局限性且通过单一的影像数据提取互花米草时精度不稳定的问题,提出了基于无人机点云与影像融合的面向对象互花米草提取方法。以黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究对象,获取了该区域的点云和多光谱影像。先将地面滤波后提取的植被点云与多光谱影像进行特征组合优化,然后对融合影像采用FNEA算法进行多尺度分割后采用基于改进的最近邻算法进行面向对象分类,最终得到的互花米草生产者精度和用户精度分别达到了82.53%和86.43%,较未融合点云的提取精度分别提高了22.34%和7.66%,分类结果的总体精度从89.54%提升至92.61%,且融合点云后影像能够有效区分两种生长状态的互花米草,表明本文提出的方法能够有效提高互花米草的提取精度。     

杭州湾南岸互花米草潮滩底质粒度及其分布特征

以杭州湾南岸为例,探讨互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）潮滩底质的粒度及其分布特征。结果表明杭州湾南岸互花米草潮滩底质由黏土质粉砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂质粉砂组成;从杭州湾口向湾内,互花米草潮滩底质中值粒径逐渐变粗,分选性变好;从低潮滩向高潮滩,互花米草潮滩底质的中值粒径逐渐变小,分选性变差。互花米草盐沼的形成使得潮滩底质粒度及其分布特征产生明显改变。     

The excretion of heavy metals by the salt marsh cord grass,Spartina alterniflora, and Spartina's role in mercury cycling

Excreted salts and leaves from the Salt Marsh Cordgrass Spartina alterniflora were collected from two different sites. One site, Piles Creek (PC), is near heavily industrialized Linden, New Jersey, USA. The other site, Big Sheepshead Creek (BSC), is located near non-industrialized Tuckerton, New Jersey, USA. PC soil concentrations of mercury were 18·17 ± 7·67 ppm, while BSC soil concentrations were 0·22 ± 0·04 ppm. Spartina leaves from PC contained 0·16 ± 0·07 ppm of mercury, and BSC leaves contained 0·02 ± 0·0 ppm. Laboratory studies showed that S. alterniflora from both sites was capable of excreting mercury. Field collected salts from PC Spartina plants contained 0·11 ± 0·02 ppm of mercury, 2·60 ± 0·52 ppm of cadmium and 11·98 ± 0·94 ppm of zinc. These levels of heavy metals were as much as five- and-a-half times the concentrations of these metals found in ambient sea salts.     

融合浅层特征的深度卷积神经网络互花米草遥感监测方法

基于2018年10月份黄河口入海两侧的LANDSAT8 OLI影像,提取植被指数和缨帽变换分量共9维光谱特征,构建融合浅层特征的8层深度卷积神经网络(deepconvolutionalneuralnetwork,DCNN)分类模型,开展互花米草(SpartinaalternifloraLoisel)遥感监测的方法研究,并从不同的浅层特征来具体分析互花米草的监测结果。结果表明:(1)在分类方法上,DCNN模型的总体分类精度最高,达到90.33%,与支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)、随机森林(random forest, RF)分类器相比,精度分别提高4.78%、2.7%,互花米草的生产者精度分别提高了2.56%、0.47%,说明在滨海湿地遥感影像分类中, DCNN有着更好的应用潜力;(2)融合浅层特征后, DCNN的总体分类精度和互花米草的识别精度分别提高了0.34%和3.25%,有效提高了对互花米草的监测能力。其中,融合归一化植被水分指数(NDII)浅层特征的DCNN分类方法中,互花米草的识别精度提高最多,为2.56%,比值植被指数(RVI)次之,为2.32%。研究结果可为互花米草的监测与管理提供技术与数据支撑。     

互花米草入侵对海岸盐沼二甲基硫及氧化亚氮气体释放的影响

为探讨互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵对我国沿海生态系统的影响,采用静态采样箱法,研究了互花米草入侵滩涂和临近未入侵滩涂在二甲基硫(DMS)、氧化亚氮(N2O)气体通量上的差异及其相关因素.结果显示,互花米草滩DMS和N2O释放量均显著高于临近光滩、盐蒿滩和芦苇滩.该两种气体释放量同植被地下生物量、总生物量以及土壤有效氮含量均呈显著正相关,DMS气体通量还与植被地上生物量有关,但两种气体通量与土壤有机质含量均无直接相关性.研究说明互花米草生物入侵不仅改变了生态系统结构,还能通过改变区域温室气体排放通量进而影响到全球气候变化.     

广西涠洲岛滨海湿地潮下带海草、红树林与互花米草的分布和群落结构特征

系统报道了广西涠洲岛的潮下带海草、红树林以及互花米草的分布和群落结构特征.2019—2020年的调查结果表明,涠洲岛海草分布于南湾西侧,紧邻珊瑚礁区,面积4246 m2,为潮下带的生长形式,海草种类仅见卵叶喜盐草(Halophila ovalis);真红树植物有6种[红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)、海漆...     

长江河口湿地互花米草入侵对沉积物中汞形态特征的影响研究

通过分析长江河口湿地典型植物根际沉积物柱样(0～40 cm)中总汞(THg)、甲基汞(MeHg)及其与粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、还原态硫等环境因子之间的关系,探讨了互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵对沉积物中汞形态特征的影响及主控因子。结果表明：(1)不同植物(互花米草、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani))根际沉积物中THg均值为49.9～100.9 μg/kg,其与粒径小于16 µm颗粒物组分体积百分比及TOC含量之间存在显著正相关关系(r²=0.85,p<0.01;r²=0.58,p<0.01),这意味着沉积物中矿物−有机物复合体细颗粒物的空间分异决定着总汞的空间分异。互花米草入侵促进了细颗粒的沉积,进而间接促进了沉积物中总汞含量的增加。(2)不同植物根际沉积物中MeHg均值为0.3～1.4 μg/kg,MeHg/THg均值为0.4%～1.4%,互花米草、芦苇及海三棱藨草根际沉积物中MeHg含量及MeHg/THg值随深度增加不断减小,但无显著差异,表明了互花米草入侵对沉积物中汞甲基化过程的影响可能有限。Pearson相关分析表明,MeHg/THg与THg、TOC、酸挥发性硫之间不存在显著的正相关关系。硫的K边同步辐射结果进一步表明了硫形态(如有机硫和S²⁻)变化与MeHg变化关系不大。MeHg/THg值呈表层(0～8 cm)高,底层低的分布规律,表明了表层沉积物中汞的甲基化潜势较大,这可能与表层新鲜有机质(如藻类和植物凋落物)的不断供给及其降解过程密切相关,还需深入研究。     

Seasonal methyltin and (3-dimethylsulphonio)propionate concentrations in leaf tissue of Spartina alterniflora of the Great Bay estuary (NH)

Concentrations of total recoverable inorganic tin (TRISn), monomethyltin (MeSn³⁺), dimethyltin (Me₂Sn²⁺), trimethyltin (Me₃Sn⁺) and (3-dimethylsulphonio)propionate (DMSP) were determined in leaves of Spartina alterniflora from three sites in the Great Bay estuary (NH) from 8 May to 15 September 1989. Total methyltin concentration increased from 8·9 ng g⁻¹ (fresh weight) on 8 May to 472 ng g⁻¹ on 23 May, decreased to 52 ng g⁻¹ on 7 June and 16ng g⁻¹ on 20 June, and remained low until the last sample on 18 September. Statistical calculations showed that methyltin concentrations varied significantly with sampling week, but not with site. DMSP concentrations showed very different behaviour. During the same sampling period DMSP concentrations varied only from 7·5 to 26 μmol g⁻¹ (fresh weight). DMSP concentrations varied significantly for site, but not sampling week.     

皮状丝孢酵母利用大米草水解液发酵生产微生物油脂

研究了产油酵母菌皮状丝孢酵母（Trichosporon cutaneum）利用经过简单脱毒处理的大米草水解液,直接发酵生产微生物油脂。首先分别用1％、2％、4％和6％稀硫酸,在122℃水解大米草,大米草／硫酸（固／液比）为10％。结果表明,在6％的酸浓度下水解40rain后总还原糖含量最高。而1％稀硫酸在140℃下水解大米草,2．8h后,水解液中葡萄糖产量达到最高14．2g／L。然后将该条件下大米草水解液冷冻干燥浓缩为不同的倍数,作为皮状丝孢酵母菌的发酵培养基,水解液浓缩倍数为4．0时,产油量最高达6．0g／L。为高效利用大米草,将大米草开发为一种能源植物,提供了新的途径。     

稀土元素Ce对雨生红球藻生长及虾青素积累影响的研究

采用反相高效液相色谱分析法（RP-HPLC）研究了稀土元素铈（Ce^3＋）对雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis）生长及虾青素积累的影响。结果表明,低质量浓度的Ce^3＋对微藻生长和虾青素积累均具有明显的促进作用,当Ce^3＋的质量浓度为0．1mgm时,对藻生长的促进效果最佳,细胞密度较对照组提高34％;当Ce^3＋的质量浓度为1mg/L时,虾青素质量分数可达到细胞干质量的3．2％,较对照组提高167％。此外,高质量浓度Ce^3＋的对雨生红球藻有抑制作用,当Ce^3＋的质量浓度高于40mgm时,红球藻的生长完全被抑制,虾青素质量分数也明显降低。     

基于无人机高光谱的外来入侵种互花米草遥感监测方法研究——以黄河三角洲为研究区

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵性非常强,已被正式纳入我国第一批外来入侵物种名单。互花米草的疯狂蔓延已影响到当地土著物种的生长和空间分布,因此有关管理部门迫切需要互花米草的空间分布和扩散动态数据,但目前还没有一个有效的监测手段。针对这一需求,本文作者提出了基于无人机高光谱的外来入侵种互花米草遥感监测研究方案,拟以黄河三角洲为研究区,利用无人机高光谱遥感新型技术,分析不同情形下(不同生长状况、不同观测条件、不同环境条件等)互花米草的光谱特征,建立鲁棒的互花米草遥感检测模型,研究互花米草无人机高光谱图像高效获取方法,以实现互花米草的高效、准确监测,为亟需的外来入侵种互花米草业务化监测提供有效的技术手段。     

苏北滨海湿地互花米草潮滩CO2,CH4和N2O通量的日变化规律

The invasions of the alien species such as Spartina alterniflora along the northern Jiangsu coastlines have posed a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem function.Yet,limited attention has been given to their potential influence on greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions,including the diurnal variations of GHG fluxes that are fundamental in estimating the carbon and nitrogen budget.In this study,we examined the diurnal variation in fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_2),methane(CH_4),and nitrous oxide(N2O) from a S.alterniflora intertidal flat in June,October,and December of 2013 and April of 2014 representing the summer,autumn,winter,and spring seasons,respectively.We found that the average CH_4 fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive during the growing season while negative otherwise.The tidal flat of S.alterniflora acted as a source of CH_4 in summer(June) and a combination of source and sink in other seasons.We observed higher diurnal variations in the CO_2 and N_2O fluxes during the growing season(1 536.5 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 25.6 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) compared with those measured in the non-growing season(379.1 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 16.5 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)).The mean fluxes of CH_4 were higher at night than that in the daytime during all the seasons but October.The diurnal variation in the fluxes of CO_2 in June and N_2O in December fluctuated more than that in October and April.However,two peak curves in October and April were observed for the diurnal changes in CO_2 and N_2O fluxes(prominent peaks were found in the morning of October and in the afternoon of April,respectively).The highest diurnal variation in the N_2O fluxes took place at 15:00(86.4 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) in June with an unimodal distribution.Water logging in October increased the emission of CO_2(especially at nighttime),yet decreased N_2O and CH_4 emissions to a different degree on the daily scale because of the restrained diffusion rates of the gases.The seasonal and diurnal variations of CH_4 and CO_2 fluxes did not correlate to the air and soil temperatures,whereas the seasonal and diurnal variation of the fluxes of N_2O in June exhibited a significant correlation with air temperature.When N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were converted to CO_2-e equivalents,the emissions of N_2O had a remarkable potential to impact the global warming.The mean daily flux(MF) and total daily flux(TDF) were higher in the growing season,nevertheless,the MF and TDF of CO_2 were higher in October and those of CH_4 and N_2O were higher in June.In spite of the difference in the optimal sampling times throughout the observation period,our results obtained have implications for sampling and scaling strategies in estimating the GHG fluxes in coastal saline wetlands.