福建东山岛八尺门海峡海底层序特征

应用Klein-510型(美)海底剖面仪装置，把220V AC或24V DC电源能转化为3．5KHZ的超短波向海底发射，经过不同物性的地层所产生的不同穿透与反射效应。从而在返回的信息记录中获得不同的屏谱记录．应用这一原理所获的地层信息可供分析各地层的各种参数如深度、层厚、风化程度和组成物等，如遇到突然异常物如礁石、沉船、断裂带也可从屏谱中显示出来并准确地找到它的位置和尺度。本装置已在厦门湾、湄洲湾、东山湾等多处工程应用中经过实践检验。并获得成功，八尺门海峡的探研同样取得海底地层特征的良好结果。     

Describing and generating facies models for reservoir characterisation: 2D map view

This paper documents a new method for describing channel-related sedimentary deposits based on formal language theory. Using this method an analogue model of a sedimentary deposit can be encoded as a grammar. A program, called a parser, has been developed which can generate stochastic maps of these sedimentary deposits based on information in a specified grammar. The maps of sedimentary deposits generated by the parser have the same type, spatial arrangement, shape and size distribution as the analogue model. The successful generation of depositional maps represents a crucial step in the ongoing development of a new technique designed to generate 3D static geological models of sedimentary successions. The maps can be conditioned to match sparse hard data in the form of channel segments interpreted from seismic horizon maps.     

中国东部陆架沉积环境对末次冰盛期以来海面阶段性上升的响应

到目前,还缺乏关于大型陆架系统对全球海面变化响应的研究,5年来我们对中国东部宽阔的陆架海底进行详细制图研究,结果表明:现代中国东部陆架海底沉积环境分布与末次冰盛期以来的海面变化之间有很好的响应关系;目前的陆架海底被3个沉积体系覆盖,即低海面期的古滨带、冰消期的海侵体系和高海面期的涡漩及近岸带沉积体系;末次冰期后期以来,可区分出3个快速海面上升期和3个慢速上升期。在快速上升期,海底形成了代表海岸快速移动的混杂沉积-海侵边界层,海岸平均移动速度10~22 cm/a (最大64 cm/a),缓慢上升期,形成了陆架广泛分布的潮流沙脊体系,三期沙脊体系之间有继承性演化关系。     

基于沉积微相控制的剩余油分布定量研究——以下二门油田下层系为例

随着下二门油田开发的逐渐深入,下层系的剩余油研究和沉积微相研究也取得了极大的进展.在充分把握该层系沉积微相特征及剩余油分布的基础之上,将剩余油分布三维空间模型与沉积微相的空间展布模型结合起来,对不同沉积相带的剩余油从剩余地质储量、剩余储量丰度、剩余油饱和度进行定量统计分析,进一步探讨沉积微相跟剩余油分布的定量关系.该研究对预测剩余油分布及制定合理的挖潜对策,提高油藏开发效率及最终提高石油采收率具有重要的指导意义,并且其研究思路和方法可适用于其它同类油藏.     

沉积矿物学在陆缘海环境分析中的应用

沉积矿物学是进行环境分析的重要手段之一，对矿物在表生环境下的物理、化学行为的研究是正确理解和获取一些重要的替代性环境指标的基础，它可为认识近代地质过程、地表气候过程和海洋环境过程提供定性和定量依据。20世纪90年代以来，海洋矿物学注重于以沉积矿物为指示，研究气候、物质来源、扩散路径和运移方向以及沉积环境等相关内容，并与地球化学相结合，解释区域性环境变化，乃至全球性环境演变等问题，取得了重要进展。对我国这一领域的研究现状作一综述，提出了5项环境示踪的沉积矿物学指标，即：用矿物组合、重矿物含量、磁铁矿、角闪石、长石等矿物示踪物源和物流；用矿物组合、高岭石、伊利石、方解石等指示古气候；用重矿物含量、石英特征等反映水动力条件；用海绿石、自生黄铁矿、铁锰氧化物等揭示氧化－还原环境；用火山玻璃、玄武闪石、蒙脱石等示踪火山和热液活动。但应用沉积矿物学示踪环境，必须运用多种指标进行综合分析。     

Mineral carbon MinC(%) from Rock-Eval analysis as a reliable and cost-effective measurement of carbonate contents in shale source and reservoir rocks

The abundance of carbonate minerals in rocks is an important element for petroleum geochemists, geologists and engineers to consider during hydrocarbon exploration and production. Carbonate minerals can be related to the depositional environments of the source rocks and hence the type of organic matter that can be subsequently modified through diagenetic processes. The total carbonate content in shales can also be used to deduce their fracability as reservoir rock for shale gas/oil extraction. At present, mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is the most widely used technique in the oil and gas-related petrophysical and geochemical laboratories for identifying and quantifying carbonate minerals in rock samples. In contrast, the use of the total mineral carbon content parameter MinC (%) from Rock-Eval analysis has been limited despite (1) the parameter's effectiveness as demonstrated through instrument and methodology development; and (2) the presence of a large volume of Rock-Eval results due to its widespread use in the oil and gas industry.In this study, we acquired XRD and Rock-Eval analytical results on over nine hundred rock samples ranging from Ordovician to Cretaceous age from four petroleum sedimentary basins in Canada. Least-squares regression analyses produce empirical equations with R² values greater than 0.92 for the correlations between XRD total carbonate contents and the Rock-Eval MinC (%) values of six different suites of samples. This indicates that the MinC (%) values generated by Rock-Eval 6 and other instruments of similar capability can be used with confidence for estimating the amounts of total carbonates in sedimentary rock samples. While the correlation between the two types of carbonate content measurements is geology-specific, a global linear regression model (R² of 0.97) based on the large combined data set has been proposed for approximating the total carbonate abundances based on Rock-Eval MinC (%) values.     

峡山湖沙坝的现代沉积

以现代沉积考察为基础,结合粒度分析资料,对湖泊中沙坝的沉积特征进行了详细的探讨。研究认为峡山湖沙坝微相分为坝前、坝主体、坝后3个沉积单元。坝前受湖浪作用明显,沉积物以湖浪作用形成的浪成沙和冲洗沙为主,发育滩脊和席状沙沉积体。坝主体沉积物以厚度较大、受湖水及风改造明显的中细沙为主,可进一步细分为坝-滩复合体和坝-沙丘复合体。坝后受坝主体阻隔,丰水期为局限湖湾沉积,枯水期发育沼泽沉积。湖泊中沙坝的形成是在滨浅湖环境中水动力和岸线、地貌等因素的影响下,受湖浪、湖流以及暴露环境下风的改造等共同作用的结果,湖浪所派生的沿岸流对沙坝的演化起着至关重要的作用;丰水期沙坝体接受湖水动力的改造,枯水期沙坝体接受风的改造。     

珠江河口底边界层憩流动力特征

通过在珠江黄茅海河口进行的25 h定点连续观测,分析了潮流底边界层在憩流时刻的动力特征。结果表明,憩流期非恒定性增强,改变了平均流和湍流结构。主要表现:1)平均流结构出现三种不同类型,分别是对数分布(摩擦力主导)、垂向均匀分布(惯性主导)和过渡状态(摩擦力和惯性力平衡);2)湍流各向异性增强,湍谱惯性子区带宽减小。各湍流特征参数在转流时刻达到最小值,表明惯性作用抑制了湍流的发育。     

海洋透光率仪的设计及其在初级生产力研究中的应用*

海洋浮游植物光合作用固碳在全球碳循环中扮演着极为重要的角色, 获取不同光衰减对应的海水深度, 对于采集水样用于海洋初级生产力的研究具有重要意义。本研究于国际上首次开发了无缆便携式海洋透光率仪, 特殊的光学结构设计和光谱滤光技术使得光谱响应在波段400~700nm范围内超过了同类海洋传感器, 特定光衰减下对应的深度误差小于0.5m。将本设备应用于南海中尺度涡旋初级生产力的研究中, 在采样率和自动化方面验证了仪器的便携性; 通过对涡旋中初级生产力的空间分布规律进行分析, 检验了仪器数据结果的可靠性。海洋透光率仪在价格、准确性、可靠度和操作的便携性上具有不可比拟的优势, 将在未来海洋生态环境的研究中发挥重要作用。     

平衡剖面技术及其在济阳坳陷桩海地区的应用

平衡剖面技术在研究盆地演化方面有着重要的作用,可以编制盆地发育演化剖面,广泛地用于研究石油构造分析。平衡剖面的最基本原理就是在地层变形前后物质的总量是不变的。利用2DMove软件对济阳坳陷桩海地区的两条地震剖面进行构造恢复,编制了构造发育剖面,恢复该区的构造演化史。桩海地区在三叠纪一中侏罗世由于印支运动的强烈挤压作用而抬升剥蚀;晚侏罗世一早白垩世时期,在中国东部发生了强烈的伸展作用,发育了大量的断裂和接受了巨厚的沉积地层;在晚白垩世,由于郯庐断裂的左行走滑作用,桩海地区抬升并遭受剥实;在古近纪,受区域构造伸展作用,桩海地区发育成为断陷盆地。古近纪末,发生右行走滑运动和构造抬升。新近纪以来该区表现为稳定的坳陷沉积盆地。     

现代黄河三角洲沉积物沉积年代的确定

黄河三角洲前缘粉砂分布于河口外中部,三角洲侧缘或分流间湾黏土质粉砂分布于三角洲前缘粉砂体的两侧。分流改道时新的分流河口大多分布在老叶瓣三角洲侧缘或分流间湾位置。这样,年轻的三角洲前缘粉砂覆盖在老三角洲侧缘或分流间湾黏土质粉砂之上,与此同时,年轻的三角洲侧缘或分流间湾黏土质粉砂覆盖在老三角洲前缘粉砂之上,形成规律性的叠覆层序。在观察钻孔岩心时,正确判断某一层的沉积环境,追踪其物质来历,即判断是从哪一条分流河道搬运来的物质形成的,该分流河道的活动年代就是该层形成的年代。     

南海东北部末次冰期以来的沉积环境演变

利用南海东北部上陆坡处所取的D孔柱样进行硅藻分析,结合粒度与碎屑矿物分析结果,探讨该海域末次冰期以来沉积环境演变过程.结果表明：粒度与硅藻分析结果较为吻合,共同显示D孔柱样可分为上下两层.上表层（0～2 cm）的砂质沉积层为冰后期海进过程改造的晚更新世残留沉积层,即变余沉积;下层（2～130 cm）主要是末次冰期形成的浅海沉积.整个柱样可反映出海洋同位素MIS 4期海退至MIS 3期海进与MIS 2期海退至冰后期海进的沉积变化韵律.     

Studies on sedimentary events in Mariana Trough and characteristics of geomagnetic field change

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琼东南盆地L区中央峡谷沉积构型、演化及其主控因素

深水峡谷沉积构型及其演化是深水沉积研究的热点。基于琼东南盆地L区300 km2高分辨率三维地震资料,综合区域地质资料,利用地震相分析、地震属性技术,对黄流组中央峡谷沉积构型三维表征进行了分析。研究结果表明：研究区中央峡谷内部发育块体搬运沉积、重力流水道沉积、堤岸沉积、底部滞留沉积、朵体沉积、深海泥质披覆沉积6类沉积单元;根据侵蚀作用和沉积作用的相对强弱,可以将研究区重力流水道分为侵蚀型水道、加积型水道2种类型;根据限制性的强弱,可以识别出强限制水道、弱限制水道、非限制水道3种类型;研究区峡谷可以划分为3期复合水道系列,整个峡谷可以看作由3期复合水道系列组成的复合水道体系,由于晚期水道侵蚀早期水道的部位不同,研究区水道之间形成了垂向叠置、侧向叠置和复合叠置3种叠置样式。     

湖北兴山大峡口二叠系剖面沉积相分析

在大量前人研究的基础上,通过野外实测,运用沉积相分析方法,结合露头层序地层学、生物地层学、储层成岩作用等方面研究,初步对湖北兴山大峡口二叠系剖面进行了沉积相分析研究,认为该剖面由下至上可划分为两个沉积体系单元,即碳酸盐缓坡沉积体系（相）和碳酸盐台地沉积体系（相）。同时,初步总结出了该剖面的沉积相模式。海平面的升降变化是控制该区沉积相发育和分布的主要因素。     

Deep-Water Sedimentary Characteristics and Response in the Reed Area of the Southern South China Sea

Many researchers have focused on the characteristics of tectonic evolution in the Reed area of the southern South China Sea, but there has been little research focusing on deep-water sedimentary characteristics. Seismic data acquired in the Reed area have been processed and analyzed; representative deep-water sedimentary patterns, such as sediment waves, deep-water channels, slumping, and sliding mass, can be clearly distinguished from these seismic profiles. Combining this data with the geological setting and seafloor topography of the research area, it can be concluded that deep-water channels, slumping, and sliding depositions which have developed on the continental slope of the northeast Reed basin were formed by gravity flow, and the sediment waves which occur in the west and northwest Reed basin have been generated by deep-water bottom current.     

台湾海峡西部海域第四纪晚期沉积速率的变化

本文利用台湾海峡西部海域第四纪晚期沉积物的沉积速率，研究了沉积速率随环境和年代不同而变化的规律，指出第四纪晚近时期沉积物沉积速率上升的趋势和原因，说明人类的活动，尤其是不合理的开发是引起学积物沉积速率与日俱增的重要原因，应当引起足够的重视。     

胶州湾沉积环境演变的分析

从剖析表征沉积环境演变的生物学、地质动力学以及地球化学指示因子入手,系统总结了近年来胶州湾沉积环境演变研究的进展,揭示了诸如有孔虫、沉积物粒度、生源要素、污染物及有机质等众多指示因子以及它们的相关组合与环境演变的关系。综合分析表明,胶州湾沉积速率较低,属于缓慢淤积的海湾,是一个典型的潮汐汊道系统。胶州湾的沉积环境演变分为4个阶段:陆相、三角洲沼泽相、海陆过渡相和海湾相。在过去的50 a中,特别是近20 a来,由于受人类活动与工业排污的影响,胶州湾的沉积环境发生了显著的变化,海域面积大大减少,陆源输入已经成为胶州湾沉积物的主要来源,沉积速率不断增加,局部海域特别是河口附近污染加重。这些变化都是通过各种生物、地质动力和地球化学因子来综合体现的。     

Application of multi-seismic attributes analysis in the study of distributary channels

During the exploration of stratigraphic reservoirs, the key to locating these reservoirs is to identify the sandstone distribution. Seismic data can be used to recognize large-scale distributary-channel sedimentary bodies; however, depiction of sedimentary bodies in small distributary channels using traditional interpretation data from seismic profiles is extremely difficult. In the Upper Cretaceous first sandstone bed of the third member of the Nenjiang Formation (called the Nen 3 member for simplicity) in the XB area of the southern Songliao basin, distributary channels are the main sedimentary facies. The distributary channels migrate frequently; therefore, it is difficult to precisely depict the morphology of the channel and the distribution of sandstone. In this study, we investigated the deposition of distributary channels using equal-scale formation plane seismic attributes such as post-stack amplitude, instantaneous amplitude and seismic waveform classification, analyzed well logging data from target formations, and mapped the distribution of distributary channels. This study shows that seismic sedimentological study and stacking multiple attribute analysis can identify the distribution of distributary channels precisely and effectively. The attributes of equal-scale strata slices are evidently superior to those of time and horizon slices; Attribute extraction and selection of equal-scale formation slices is an essential step. The comprehensive selection of seismic attributes that show a good correlation to a single-well can be used to clearly depict channel bodies. The overlap of the 40-Hz single-frequency energy and the RMS amplitude depicts the sedimentary characteristics and shapes of sandstone bodies in main channels as well as small-scale distributary channels more clearly than a single attribute. These attributes show that the first sandstone bed of the Nen 3 member was from distributary channels with complex shapes. The distributary channels cut across each other vertically and laterally. It indicates that, during the deposition of the Nen 3 member in XB area, the direction of the main channel is from north to south, and the provenance could be from north and east. The method of this paper may provide some helpful suggestions to the geologist using seismic attributes to undertake research on sedimentary environment at other places in the world.     

华北地块中-上元古界上升流沉积相及其与油气的关系

华北地块上的中－上元古界是我国最古老的沉积岩系，分3系、12个组，通过岩性、沉积相和古生物等分析，发现其中有丰富的上升流沉积相，并可分为3个亚相：富镁碳酸盐岩夹燧石薄层亚相、黑色页岩亚相和叠层石亚相等。上升流引发缺氧事件，形成中－上元古界中重要的烃源岩。研究表明，上升流沉积相与地层中有机质含量呈正相关关系，因而根据地层中上升流沉积相的发育程度，可对本区中－上元古界中的油气作出评价，上升流的发现开拓了本区油气资源研究的新方向。