湄洲湾潮流特性的数值研究

本文运用一个含动边界的二维河口海岸动力模型模拟了湄洲湾潮汐潮流的基本特征,模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好．在此基础上估算了湄洲湾大、小潮过程的纳潮量,并根据湾内保守示踪物的质量（浓度）随涨、落潮流周期性的变化,进一步估算了湄洲湾的水交换周期,其半交换和80％的交换周期分别为5d和15d．同时可以看出,主航道深水区的水交换特性明显强于湾顶浅水区．     

湛江湾三维潮汐潮流数值模拟

基于采用不规则三角网格和有限体积方法的FVCOM模式,建立湛江湾附近海域的三维潮汐潮流数值模型,通过验证,结果与观测数据符合良好,重现了湛江湾的潮位和潮流变化状况.根据模拟结果计算得湛江湾的潮汐有明显不规则半日潮特征,主要分潮波M2、S2、K1、O1主要从外海传入,不构成独立的潮汐系统,其中M2分潮的最大振幅为109c...     

基于FVCOM的钦州湾三维潮流数值模拟

基于采用不规则三角网格和有限体积方法的FVCOM模式,建立钦州湾三维潮流数值模型来重现钦州湾的潮位和潮流变化状况.根据模拟结果计算得到了较以往更为精细的钦州湾K1、O1、M2、S2分潮的同潮图,潮汐最大振幅分别为112、96、50和15cm;最大可能流速的分布基本与等深线一致,龙门港附近最大可能潮流流速可达200cm·s-1;钦州湾的外湾口海域开阔,一般为旋转流,近岸海区及水道、河口等多为往复流,K1和M2分潮流椭圆长轴的分布与地形密切相关,旋转方向均为顺时针,流速极值出现在龙门港区.由潮余流场的分布特点可以看出,钦州湾西槽和中槽的西侧区域是其主要的出水通道,东槽和中槽的东侧区域则是主要的进水通道.     

罗源湾潮流数值计算

研究罗源湾潮汐、潮流及潮波的传播,对罗源湾的开发及海岸工程建设具有一定的实际意义。为系统地了解罗源湾的潮汐、潮流状况,采用不规则三角形网格的分步杂交法,建立罗源湾海域二维变边界潮流数值模型,通过计算得到同潮时线与等振幅线、潮流椭圆、潮致欧拉余流分布及不同时刻潮流场分布。该海湾海流具往复流性质,潮汐、潮流均属正规半日潮,最大流速发生在可门水道。     

湄洲湾潮流数值计算

采用不规则三角形网格的分步杂交法,建立了湄洲湾海域二维变动边界潮流数值模型,通过计算得到最大潮流分布、同潮时线与等振幅线、潮流椭圆、潮致欧拉余流分布及不同时刻潮流场分布。     

渤海湾海域潮流数值计算

采用不规则三角形网格的分步杂交法,建立渤海湾海域二维变边界潮流数值模型,重现该海域潮波及潮流的时空分布,计算得到M2分潮和K1分潮的同潮时线与等振幅线、潮流椭圆及不同时刻潮流场分布。计算结果与实测资料对比验证吻合良好。     

Effect of sea level rise on tidal circulation in the Hooghly Estuary,Bay of Bengal

The issue of sea level rise is receiving considerable attention all over the world. Although the Indian stations have shown mixed trends, a positive sea level trend has been noticed in the Hooghly Estuary, situated on the east coast of India. The Hooghly River serves as a navigable waterway to Calcutta and Haldia ports. The river is tidal for nearly 250 km. To study the water levels and tidal currents in the lower part of the Hooghly Estuary, from sea face at Sagar to Hooghly Point, a vertically integrated numerical model has been used. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite‐difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. This model is coupled with a one‐dimensional model, which has been used for the upper estuary from Hooghly Point to Swarupganj, where the flow is unidirectional. The computed water levels and currents are found to be in good agreement with the available observations. This model is applied to study the alterations in tidal circulation for a rise and fall in the sea level. The results have shown a substantial increase in the amplitude and velocities of the tidal wave due to the sea level rise.     

乐清湾的潮位、潮流和余流特征

2008年7月至2009年4月在乐清湾进行了代表春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的航次调查,设置了Y4、Y14、Y15和A共4个连续观测站位,共得到12组实测的海流流速和10组CTD数据。采用潮汐调和分析法分析了距江厦潮汐能试验电站3 km处的潮汐站位连续19个月的潮位资料,结合调查数据特性和乐清湾潮汐特点,引入M2与S2、O1与K1、M4与MS4、2MS6与M6分潮之间的差比关系,对连续观测站位的潮位和潮流进行准调和分析。潮位的统计和准调和分析结果显示:Y4、Y14、Y15站位和潮汐站位8个分潮振幅和的航次调查平均值为3.75,4.02,3.94和4.03 m,(HO1+HK1)/HM2的航次调查平均值为0.32,0.28,0.32和0.24。Y4、Y14、Y15和潮汐站位的M4、MS4、M6和2MS6浅水分潮振幅的航次调查平均值分别为0.20,0.31,0.35和0.25 m,M6和2MS6浅水分潮振幅的航次调查平均值分别为0.03,0.15,0.17和0.15 m。不同航次调查4个连续观测站位涨潮最大流速的平均值为81.5 cm/s,落潮最大流速的平均值为103.1 cm/s。Y4、Y14和Y15站位潮流的M2和S2分潮振幅百分比分别为86%,65%和68%,浅水分潮振幅百分比分别为11%,29%和25%。M4、MS4分潮振幅之和分别是M6、2MS6分潮振幅之和的2.1,1.2和1.7倍。由潮位和潮流的分析结果可知:从乐清湾湾口至湾顶,潮汐逐渐增强,半日潮比率逐渐增大,半日潮型的特性更为明显;浅水分潮强度逐渐增加,其中M6和2MS6分潮强度增强更为明显。位于湾口的Y4站位在秋季(2008年10月)航次调查时的日平均余流流向为西南偏南方向,冬季(2009年1月)和春季(2009年4月)航次调查时的余流流向为东南偏南方向。Y4站位余流受灵霓大坝影响,大坝建成后湾口余流改变方向,向南流出乐清湾。位于湾顶的Y14站位,余流流速变化不大,但方向变化明显,夏季(2008年7月)为西南方向,秋季为西南偏南方向,冬季为西南偏西方向,春季又为西南偏南方向。Y15站位余流流速较小,但方向变化明显。A站位两个航次调查时的余流流向均为东北方向。     

北黎湾及邻近海域潮流数值计算

建立北黎湾及邻近海域二维潮流数值模型,重现该海域潮波及潮流的分布规律,计算得到m1分潮和M2分潮的同潮时线与等振幅线、潮流椭圆,m1与M2合成的潮致欧拉余流、最大潮流和不同时刻潮流场分布。     

东山湾潮流动力特征研究

东山湾是福建重要的天然良港．根据2008年8月的3个潮次11个测站实测潮流资料结合历史调查资料分析东山湾的潮流性质、运动形式、涨落潮流特性、余流等特征．结果表明,东山湾主要属于往复式的规则半日潮流,潮流作用较强,其口门处和湾内水道上的实测最大流速一般大于100cm／s．持续时间较长的风对东山湾的余流较大的影响,大潮期间湾内存在明显的反时针的水平余环流系统．     

基于FVCOM的泉州湾海域三维潮汐与潮流数值模拟

基于FVCOM海洋数值模式,采用非结构的三角形网格和有限体积法,建立了泉州湾海域高分辨率(26 m)的三维潮汐、潮流数值模型。模拟结果同2个验潮站和3个连续测流站的观测资料符合良好,较好地反映了泉州湾内潮汐、潮流运动的变化状况和分布特征,给出了M₂、S₂、K₁、O₁ 4个主要分潮的同潮图、表层潮流椭圆分布,以及模拟区域内最大可能潮差、表层最大可能潮流流速和潮余流分布。分析表明,4个分潮的最大潮汐振幅和迟角差分别为219 cm和19°,85 cm和25°,26 cm和12°,26 cm和9°;石湖港以东海域的潮波为逆时针旋转的驻波,以西海域为前进波;最大可能潮差由湾口的8.0m向湾内增加至8.8 m。湾内潮流类型为规则半日潮流,落潮最大流速大于涨潮最大流速,北乌礁水道为强流区,表层最大可能潮流流速为2.4 m/s;湾口潮流运动以逆时针方向的旋转流形式为主,湾内的潮流运动以往复流形式为主,长轴走向主要沿着水道方向,与等深线和海岸线平行;四个分潮流表层最大流速分别为1.4 m/s,0.58 m/s,0.12 m/s,0.10 m/s。余流流速大小与潮流强弱有密切的联系,表、中、底层最大余流流速分别为26 cm/s,20 cm/s,16 cm/s,三者在水平方向基本呈北进南出的分布形态。     

基于FVCOM的廉州湾及周边海域三维潮汐潮流数值模拟(英文)

基于采用不规则三角网格和有限体积方法的FVCOM模式,建立廉州湾三维潮流数值模型来重现廉州湾及周边海域的潮位和潮流变化状况。根据模拟结果计算得到了较以往更为精细的廉州湾及周边海域K1、O1和M2分潮的同潮图,并计算了由此三个分潮引起的潮汐不对称的变化情况。K1和O1分潮在廉州湾外主要以驻波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后转化为前进波;M2分潮在廉州湾外主要以前进波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后前进波特征更为明显。K1和O1分潮流在廉州湾外以旋转流为主,在廉州湾内以往复流为主;M2分潮流在整个研究海域以往复流为主。由潮余流场的分布特点可以看出自南向北由外海进入廉州湾的潮余流,在冠头岭处分为两支,一支逆时针转向西,另一支被冠头岭阻挡在其南侧形成顺时针封闭环流。在廉州湾内部同时存在两个环流系统,湾顶的气旋式环流和口门处的反气旋式环流。     

北部湾潮汐潮流的数值模拟

基于正交曲线坐标的ECOMSED三维水动力模式,对北部湾的潮汐潮流进行数值模拟。选用不同的海底摩擦系数、海底粗糙度系数以及水平湍流摩擦系数进行数值试验。试验结果表明,当海底摩擦系数取2×10-3～3×10-3,海底粗糙度系数取1×10-3～2×10-3m,而水平湍流摩擦系数取1×102～5×103m2/s时,模拟所得潮汐、潮流结果与实测数据吻合较好;并由此对北部湾的潮汐、潮流和潮余流等特征进行了分析。还给出了垂直湍流黏滞系数呈抛物型的分布特征。对该海域的水动力状况有了进一步的了解,为该海域的环境保护规划提供了科学依据。     

Accurate ocean tide modeling in southeast Alaska and large tidal dissipation around Glacier Bay

An accurate prediction of ocean tides in southeast Alaska is developed using a regional, barotropic ocean model with a finite difference scheme. The model skill is verified by the observational tidal harmonics in southeast Alaska including Glacier Bay. The result is particularly improved in Glacier Bay compared to the previous model described by Foreman et al. (2000). The model bathymetry dominates the model skill. We re-estimate tidal energy dissipation in the Alaska Panhandle and suggest a value for tidal energy dissipation of 3.4 GW associated with the M₂ constituent which is 1.5 times the estimation of Foreman et al. (2000). A large portion of the M₂ energy budget entering through Chatham Strait is dissipated in the vicinity of Glacier Bay. Moreover, it is shown that the developed model has the potential to correct the ocean tide loading effect in geodetic data more efficiently than the model of Foreman et al. (2000), especially around Glacier Bay.     

大亚湾海域潮流和余流的三维数值模拟

用三维陆架海模式(HAMSOM)对大亚湾海域的潮汐、潮流和余流进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果与实测值吻合较好。给出了潮流性质、主要分潮的潮流椭圆和余流。计算结果表明,大亚湾海域的潮流性质以不正规半日潮为主,水平潮流具有明显的往复流性质,主要呈南-北方向,落潮流速比涨潮流速大,其中表层M2分潮最大流速为25.3cm.s-1。流速受地形的影响,在大辣甲和黄毛山岛之间以及两岛与岸之间的区域流速较大,尤其在湾的东北角狭长地形处流最急,流速最大;靠近岸边流速较小,水平速度的垂向变化不大。夏季湾内余流较小,海域自净能力较弱。冬季湾内水体的自净能力随流场强度加强而加强。     

基于FVCOM的廉州湾及周边海域三维潮汐潮流数值模拟

基于采用不规则三角网格和有限体积方法的FVCOM模式,建立廉州湾三维潮流数值模型来重现廉州湾及周边海域的潮位和潮流变化状况。根据模拟结果计算得到了较以往更为精细的廉州湾及周边海域K₁、O₁和M₂分潮的同潮图,并计算了由此3个分潮引起的潮汐不对称的变化情况。K₁和O₁分潮在廉州湾外主要以驻波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后转化为前进波;M₂分潮在廉州湾外主要以前进波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后前进波特征更为明显。K₁和O₁分潮流在廉州湾外以旋转流为主,在廉州湾内以往复流为主;M₂分潮流在整个研究海域以往复流为主。由潮余流场的分布特点可以看出自南向北由外海进入廉州湾的潮余流,在冠头岭处分为两支,一支逆时针转向西,另一支被冠头岭阻挡在其南侧形成顺时针封闭环流。在廉州湾内部同时存在2个环流系统,湾顶的气旋式环流和口门处的反气旋式环流。     

Subtidal Flow Patterns in Western Florida Bay

Recent observations using moored current meters, shipboard ADCP transects, salinity mapping and drifters have been used to study the residual circulation including wind drift in western Florida Bay.Rapid, nearly synoptic surveys of salinity over a large area was an effective tracer-mapping technique, when salinity gradients were sufficiently strong, and provided qualitative information on Lagrangian water motion for the entire study area. The salinity maps indicated a general south-eastward advection, which was only subordinate to tidal mixing in a narrow zone adjacent to the Florida Keys.Drifter data collected simultaneously, allowed quantitative estimates to be added to the transport pattern suggested by salinity maps. The selectively deployed drifters yielded estimates of total drift velocities. In addition, moored current meters and shipboard current profiling were used to determine the distribution of flow across the mouth of the bay facing the Gulf of Mexico and the transport through Long Key Channel, a major connection between the bay and the Atlantic Ocean.Analysis showed that from 64 to over 92% of the drifter trajectory variances could be explained by the combination of a local wind drift, expressed in terms of a wind drift factor multiplied by the surface shear velocity, and an ambient current. For a 1 m high drifter deployed at the surface of the water column, the wind drift factor was found to be approximately 0·125m, making the drift speed roughly equal to 0·45% of wind speed. The mean drifter speeds were linearly proportional to mean transport estimates derived from the current meter observations in Long Key Channel, enhancing confidence in both data sets.The total south-eastward directed residual current varied between 100 and 5000 m day⁻¹and was weaker in summer than in winter, when southward winds associated with periodic passage of cold fronts boost the residual flow. The estimated contribution from local wind drift varied between 500 m day⁻¹in summer to 1000 m day⁻¹in winter. The remaining contribution to the observed Lagrangian residual circulation in western Florida Bay is caused by other forcing, including tidal rectification, remote wind forcing and large-scale current systems (the Gulf Stream and Florida Current systems).     

象山港潮滩坡度对潮动力影响的数值研究

象山港属于狭长型半封闭港湾,湾内分布有大面积潮滩。多年以来象山港内实施了大量海岸工程及养殖工程,湾内潮滩坡度发生了显著变化。基于非结构网格和有限体积数值模式（FVCOM）建立象山港三维潮动力模型,研究湾内不同区域潮滩坡度变化对象山港潮动力过程的影响机理。结果表明：潮滩坡度下降将增大湾内纳潮量,进而增大M2分潮振幅和迟角,反之则反。铁港潮滩坡度的减小（增大）,将改变底部耗散项,进而增大（减小）M4分潮振幅。由于M2和M4分潮的振幅在湾顶较大,所以湾顶（铁港）潮滩坡度对象山港潮动力过程的影响明显大于侧岸（西沪港）。西沪港潮滩坡度对象山港潮动力过程的影响是局部的。铁港、西沪港潮滩坡度对湾内潮汐不对称、余流及潮能影响显著。铁港潮滩坡度的改变均会减弱湾内落潮占优程度。西沪港区域潮滩坡度的减小将减弱湾内落潮占优趋势,反之则反。铁港和西沪港潮滩坡度的减小,将增大余流大小及潮能密度,进而潮能耗散增大,反之则反。研究结果对河口海岸潮滩区域的工程建设及生态修复有重要参考价值。     

Harmonic analysis of tides and tidal currents in South San Francisco Bay,California

Water level observations from tide stations and current observations from current-meter moorings in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay), California have been harmonically analysed. At each tide station, 13 harmonic constituents have been computed by a least-squares regression without inference. Tides in South Bay are typically mixed; there is a phase lag of approximately 1 h and an amplification of 1·5 from north to south for a mean semi-diurnal tide. Because most of the current-meter records are between 14 and 29 days, only the five most important harmonics have been solved for east-west and north-south velocity components. The eccentricity of tidal-current ellipse is generally very small, which indicates that the tidal current in South Bay is strongly bidirectional. The analyses further show that the principal direction and the magnitude of tidal current are well correlated with the basin bathymetry. Patterns of Eulerian residual circulation deduced from the current-meter data show an anticlockwise gyre to the west and a clockwise gyre to the east of the main channel in the summer months due to the prevailing westerly wind. Opposite trends have been observed during winter when the wind was variable.     

围（填）海工程对厦门湾潮流动力累积影响的初步研究

利用2007年厦门湾岸线和地形,对数学模型的参数进行验证,在验证结果达到规范要求的基础上,对厦门湾5个典型历史时期岸线和地形下的潮流场进行模拟计算,并根据数值模拟结果分析不同期间围（填）海工程对厦门湾潮流动力的累积影响.到2009年,通过嵩鼓断面和厦鼓断面的潮量分别减少了54.9%和24.5%,而通过同安湾湾口断面的潮量减少了23.7%.围（填）海工程对厦门湾湾内流速大小的影响比较明显,厦门西海域和同安湾海域的主要航道及湾口流速变化尤为明显.嵩鼓水道流速减少了40%以上,厦鼓水道流速减少了20%以上.结果表明：由于诸多围（填）海工程建设,致使海域面积大量缩小,进而引起了厦门湾纳潮量显著减少,潮流动力条件明显降低.