生物和非生物因子对东海南麂岛海域表层沉积物甲藻孢囊分布的影响

本文首次对东海南麂岛海域的甲藻孢囊群落进行了为期一年（2014-2015）的定量分析研究。在南麂岛近岸8个采样点中,鉴定并定量了6个种群,34种形态的甲藻孢囊,其中包括14%的潜在产毒物种。自养型孢囊占总孢囊数量的74%。通过与邻近海域的研究结果比较,南麂海域总孢囊数量（2-33个孢囊/毫升沉积物）相对较低。Scrippsiella trochoidea和Protoperidinium avellana分别是丰度最高的自养和异养型孢囊。我们采用多元统计方法评估了甲藻孢囊分布同非生物或生物变量之间的关系。在DCA排序图中,发现季节之间有明显的分化。尽管采样点之间的水动力条件有所不同,甲藻孢囊的空间分布差异并不显著。可溶性活性磷酸盐,氮磷比和米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）藻华是通过CCA确定的与表层沉积物孢囊分布相关的三个重要因素（P<0.05）,这表明该区域营养盐状况对甲藻孢囊分布影响较大。虽然本研究未能明确近年来南麂岛海域有害赤潮的源头,但对于进一步了解南麂岛的甲藻孢囊动态和潜在的毒素威胁具有重要的参考意义。     

南麂岛水资源环境调查与研究

本文利用１９９２年８月和１９９３年３月国家海洋局第二海洋研究所对南麂岛及其邻近海域的环境调查结果，采用尼梅罗（Ｎｅｍｅｒｏ）环境质量指数法和单因子指标评价法，参照有关标准，对南麂岛地表水和地下水资源进行了现状评价并做了预测。在对调查结果进行分析及查阅历史资料的基础上，对南麂岛的水资源生态环境保护提出了建议。     

南麂列岛自然保护区药用海藻资源及其应用

本文报道了南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区药用海藻的种类组成及其应用。经初步鉴定南麂列岛共有海藻类４００余种,其中已知具有药用功效的海藻１１１种（小于２０μｍ的微型藻类为１６种,２０～２００μｍ的小型藻类为９种,大于２００μｍ的大型海藻类为８６种）,隶属于红藻门４９种、褐藻门２０种、硅藻门１５种、绿藻门１４种、蓝藻门８种和甲藻门５种。根据藻类的药理、生理特性及药用功效,可划分为９类：（１）抗菌药（ＡＦ）;（２）抗凝血、止血药（ＡＢ）;（３）抗病毒药（ＡＤ）;（４）抗高血压药（ＡＨ）;（５）清热解毒药（ＡＰＴ）;（６）驱虫药（ＡＩ）;（７）抗肿瘤药（ＡＴ）;（８）抗心脑血管药（ＢＣ）;（９）抗艾滋病药（ＡＩＤＳ）。     

南麂列岛中华蛸(Octopus sinensis)形态与遗传多样性分析

2020年6~12月在南麂列岛采捕一种中大型章鱼44只,描述了形态特征,采用多元分析方法分析了形态多样性,并比较了与真蛸的差异,利用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列构建了系统发育树,并计算了Kimura-2-Parameter(K2P)遗传距离。结果表明,此种章鱼形态特征与中华蛸基本一致,而与真蛸存在显著的形态差异:其第二、三对腕的扩大吸盘位于第12~15个吸盘之间,而真蛸则位于第15~19个吸盘之间;茎化腕吸盘数少于真蛸;舌叶指数小于真蛸。主成分分析与判别分析能将真蛸群体显著区分开,判别准确率为100%,而其余四个群体(南麂列岛与三个中华蛸群体)间存在重叠;聚类分析表明南麂列岛群体与中华蛸更近,二者均与真蛸存在较大距离。在遗传多样性分析中,南麂列岛群体单倍型4个,单倍型多样性水平为0.320±0.121,多态位点6个,核苷酸多样性指数为0.001 11;系统发育树表明,该群体与中华蛸亲缘关系最近,K2P遗传距离0.14%,而与真蛸复合体其他类型为2.96%~12.11%。因此,从形态和分子水平鉴定南麂列岛章鱼为中华蛸。     

南麂列岛潮间带环境本底调查

本文系根据１９９２年８月和１９９３年２月（夏、冬两季）对南麂列岛潮间带的环境本底调查以及对水质、底质、生物样监测结果的资料整理而成。调查结果表明，潮间带水质、底质除个别断面外，均处于良好状态。生物体重金属残留量全部低于全国海岸带调查时统一的标准，生态环境条件较好。     

南麂海域浮游植物的分布特征

通过对南麂海域2003～2005年4个季节8个航次浮游植物样品的观察,对不同季节浮游植物的种类组成和数量分布进行了分析。研究结果表明,从调查样品中鉴定出浮游植物为3门34属128种。南麂海域的浮游植物密度从4月下旬到12月中、上旬(除赤潮消亡期外),基本保持在107个/m3以上。春季浮游植物以甲藻为主,夏季和冬季以硅藻为主;秋季大部分时间浮游植物以硅藻为主,有时以甲藻为主。能形成该区域赤潮的生物有14种,其中已引发赤潮的生物占6种(甲藻3种,硅藻3种)。春季赤潮为有色赤潮,有较大的危害性;其它季节的赤潮为无色赤潮,未出现危害现象。     

南麂列岛土壤环境调查研究

本文简述了南麂列岛土壤的理化特性，并探讨了土壤中重金属浓度的临界值及其客量。该土属红壤亚类，土壤质地以中壤土和重壤土为主，氮、磷及有机质含量中等偏下。重金属元素Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ，Ｃｒ的临界值分别为５０×１０－６，１００×１０－５，２００×１００－６，１０－６和１００×１０－６。南麂列岛土壤中重金属含量目前处于自然分布状态。土壤的现存容量与静容量相等，暗示了该土壤具有较大的纳污能量。     

南麂岛邻近海域底栖生物群落结构分析

本文首次报道南麂岛邻近海域底栖生物的种类组成及数量分布规律，调查海域共获底栖生物１９９种，其中，多毛类占３９％，软体动物占２３％，种类组成上存在明显的季节演替现象。年平均生物量为４５．０４ｇ／ｍ２，秋季高于春季；平均密度为３８４个／ｍ２，春季高于秋季，南麂岛西北面有一个高生物量区。本文还应用群落特征指数及多维调节（ＭＤＳ）方法分析了底栖生物群落结构，探讨环境因子对群落结构的影响。结果表明，除了可分出代表该海域底栖生物群落的基本特征的沿岸区外，尚可再分出４个特殊的区域，各区有自己特有的优势种；各区的群落结构与水深有一定关系。     

南麂列岛海域的油类含量

本文报道了南麂列岛海域油类含量的分布，荧光光谱分析结果表明，本海域水体中油类含量较低，与国内外其它海域比较，低于其它海域水体中油类的含量。本海域为一类海水水质标准。     

人类活动对南麂列岛海洋自然保护区的影响分析

浙江南麂列岛是我国首批确定（1990年）的五个国家级海洋自然保护区之一,它是以保护海洋贝藻类和生物多样性以及生态环境为主要保护对象的特定海洋生态系统保护区。该自然保护区1998年成为我国唯一纳入联合国教科文组织世界生物圈保护区网络的海洋类自然保护区,2000年又被联合国开发计划署列为全球环境基金“中国南部海域生物多样性保护示范区”。自保护区建立以来,在国家、省、市、县各级政府的热切关注和正确领导下,加强了管理行政执法,并开展了一系列的科研学术活动,已取得了令人瞩目的成就。在南麂列岛海洋自然保护区成立之初（1992年）,我们与多家单位对南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区进行了本底调查研究,获得较详细的基础资料,这为日后保护区管理、开发及深入研究奠定了较系统的科学依据。     

西太平洋深海海水中乙醛降解菌多样性及群落结构研究

As a major aldehyde pollutant widely existing in industry and our daily life, acetaldehyde is more and more harmful to human health. As characteristic habitat niche, bacteria from deep sea environments are abundant and distinctive in heredity, physiology and ecological functions. Thus, the development of acetaldehyde-degrading bacteria from deep sea provides a new method to harness acetaldehyde pollutant. Firstly, in this study,acetaldehyde-degrading bacteria in the deep sea water of the West Pacific Ocean were enriched in situ and in the laboratory respectively, and then the diversity of uncultured bacteria was studied by using 16 S r RNA genes. Then acetaldehyde-degrading strains were isolated from two samples, including enrichment in situ and enrichment in laboratory samples of deep sea water from the West Pacific Ocean using acetaldehyde as the sole carbon source,and then the ability of acetaldehyde degradation was detected. Our results showed that the main uncultured bacteria of two samples with different enrichment approaches were similar, including Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, but the structure of bacterial community were significant different.Four subgroups, α, γ, δ and ε, were found in Proteobacteria group. The γ-Proteobacteria was dominant(63.5%clones in laboratory enriched sample, 75% clones in situ enriched sample). The species belonged to γ-Proteobacteria and their proportion was nearly identical between the two enrichment samples, and Vibrio was the predominant genus(45% in laboratory enriched sample, 48.5% in situ enriched sample), followed by Halomonas(9% in situ enriched sample) and Streptococcus(6% in laboratory enriched sample). A total of 12 acetaldehyde-degrading strains were isolated from the two samples, which belonged to Vibrio, Halomonas,Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas and Bacillus of γ-Proteobacteria. Strains ACH-L-5, ACH-L-8 and ACH-S-12,belonging to Vibrio and Halomonas, have strong ability of acetaldehyde degradation, which could tolerate 1.5 g/L acetaldehyde and degrade 350 mg/L acetaldehyde within 24 hours. Our results indicated that bacteria of γ-Proteobacteria may play an important role in carbon cycle of deep sea environments, especial the bacteria belonging to Vibrio and Halomonas and these strains was suggested for their potentials in government of aldehyde pollutants.     

东印度洋5种缘毛类纤毛虫(钟虫属和聚缩虫)水平分布初次报道

腹壁纤毛虫是一种附着在浮游动物上的原生生物,尤其是附着在桡足类和甲壳类上的。而缘毛虫是可以以自由或寄生的形式在世界各沿海地区和港湾处被发现。本研究首次对东印度洋表层至200 m深海域的缘毛类纤毛虫以及其水平分布展开了研究。根据纤毛虫的形态、纤毛结构和茎的形态等的特征,在2014年4月10日至5月13日东印度洋航次的浮游生物拖网样品中鉴定出了五种富腹纤毛虫,海洋钟形虫Vorticella oceanica、交替聚缩虫Zoothamnium alternans、阿拉聚缩虫Zoothamnium alrasheidi、远洋聚缩虫Zoothamnium pelagicum和海洋聚缩虫Zoothamnium marinum。并通过光显微镜和扫描显微镜拍摄的照片,说明了其形态、尺寸和特征。研究结果表明,海洋钟形虫和远洋聚缩虫的分布与硅藻（如,密聚角毛藻Chaetoceros coarctatus）和桡足类（如,短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis）等寄主有关,也包括甲藻（如,三角角藻Ceraitum tripose）周围的一些个体。这些附着纤毛虫的分布在东印度洋海域东南区以海洋钟形虫、远洋聚缩虫和海洋聚缩虫为主,而在孟加拉湾北部则有大量的阿拉聚缩虫。这种分布的变化可能是与寄主的分布有关,如桡足类（短角长腹剑水蚤）和硅藻（密聚角毛藻）的分布影响。     

利用扩增vvhA基因的环介导等温扩增技术快速，特异而敏感地检测创伤弧菌

创伤弧菌是一种可感染人类的河口病原菌。建立快速,特异而敏感的检测方法,有助于创伤弧菌感染的早期疾病诊断和及时治疗。本研究设计了针对vvhA基因的一系列引物（包括两对外部引物和两对内部引物）,采用环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）来检测创伤弧菌。结果显示,本方法的最适扩增温度是63℃,反应仅需35分钟。扩增产物不仅可以用含有DNA ladder的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检出,也可借助钙黄绿素直接肉眼观察。采用45株菌株检测该方法的特异性,其中所有创伤弧菌均被检出而其他菌株检测结果皆为阴性。本方法的敏感性是普通PCR扩增的100倍,同时利用该方法可以准确检测出所有的模拟样品、临床标本及环境样品。与其他已知方法比较,针对vvhA基因的介导等温扩增技术可以快速、简单、敏感及特异地鉴定创伤弧菌。     

四种贝类和鱼类外寄生车轮虫的国内新纪录

车轮虫是一类主要寄生于贝类和鱼类体表的缘毛类纤毛虫原生动物。本文对分别寄生于海洋贝类－－虾夷扇贝Mizuhopecten yessoensis,半咸水鱼类－－鲻鱼Mugil cephalus和双色鳗鲡Anguilla bicolor bicolor,以及淡水鱼类－－光唇鱼Acrossocheilus fasciatus鳃表和体表的虾夷扇贝车轮虫Trichodina pectenis,亚卓车轮虫T.jadranica,急尖车轮虫T.acuta和喙状车轮虫T.rostrata,进行了详细的分类学研究。本文第一次报道了虾夷扇贝车轮虫的活体和蛋白银染色后特征,该虫体也是国内新记录种。其它三个车轮虫物种感染的鱼类,均属新纪录宿主。同时,也报道了这四种车轮虫对宿主的感染率和感染强度。     

“海参-对虾”混养海水池塘的食物网结构及营养层级研究

The food sources of aquacultured Apostichopus japonicus and the trophic levels of organisms in a sea cucumber(A. japonicus) and prawn(Penaeus japonica) polyculture system in a saltwater pond in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Across organisms, δ13C ranged from(–25.47±0.20)‰ to(–16.48±0.17)‰(mean±SD), and δ15N ranged from(4.23±0.49)‰ to(12.44±0.09)‰. The δ13C and δ15N contents of A. japonicus, P. japonica and Fenneropenaeus chinensis were comparatively higher than those of other organisms. Values of δ13C and δ15N revealed that P. japonica, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Neomysis japonica comprised the largest component of the diet of A. japonicus. The mean trophic level of the organisms in this saltwater pond polyculture system was(2.75±0.08). P. japonica, A. japonicus, F. chinensis,Synechogobius hasta and Neomysis japonica were in the 3rd trophic level(2–3); jellyfish, H. sanguineus and zooplankton were in the 2nd trophic level(1–2); and Enteromorpha prolifera, benthic microalgae, periphyton and suspended matter primarily consisting of phytoplankton, bacteria and humus were in the primary trophic level(0–1).     

海洋绿藻气生硬毛藻(Chaetomorpha aerea)和线形硬毛藻(C. linum)的形态与分子鉴定

Green macroalgae Chaetomorpha aerea and C. linum are taxonomically confused. In this paper, we tried morphological and molecular analyses to separate these two species. C. aerea and C. linum can be distinguished from morphological characteritics, such as frond dimension, cells size and shape, their mean length/width ratios(LWR), and cell walls constriction. Thalli of C. aerea attenuate basipetally, with diameter 270–500 μm at upper portion, 160–360 μm at middle portion, 100–160 μm at basal portion. For the upper part, the length of cells is less than their diameter. Cell walls usually constrict at the dissepiments, which are pellucid or colorless and give the filament beaded appearance. In contrast, thalli of C. linum often have a constant diameter of 90–300 μm within the same individual, cell walls usually do not constrict and cells are cylindrical or barrel shaped. The LWR is larger than that of C. aerea. Results show that the pairwise distance between two species is 3.6%–3.7% for 18 S r RNA gene and 53.5%–54.3% for ITS region. In phylogeny, they distribute at distant clades, which confirms a genetic divergence at molecular level. In addition, morphological data indicates that filament diameter of C. linum samples is highly variable, ranging from 90 μm to 300 μm. Then these two species can be considered as separate species.     

南海北部亚热带滨珊瑚对低温的耐受能力

Marginal scleractinian corals growing at their latitudinal limits should be quite sensitive to variations in winter sea surface temperatures(SSTs). An extreme cold event occurring in early 2008 offered a unique opportunity to examine the effect of cold-water anomalies on Porites lutea corals and their physiological tolerance and acclimation in the subtropical northern South China Sea(NSCS). Besides in-situ observation, a subsequent aquarium-based experiment was designed for reproducing the chilling process and a 50-year-long Sr/Ca ratio profile from two P. lutea skeletal slabs was analyzed for reconstructed the historical annual minimum SSTs which ceased Porites calcification. The 2008 low-temperature anomaly caused the minimum daily mean SSTs dropped below 13°C in the Daya Bay. The stress symptoms displayed by local P. lutea colonies included polyp retraction, reduced coloration and pale, but none showed tissue sloughing. The ability of P. lutea to survive implied its tolerance of extreme low temperatures. Here we suggest a model on the tolerance of high-latitude Porites under low-temperature stresses, which is when SSTs drop below 18°C, Porites corals contract their tentacles(losing heterotrophic capability), then cease calcification(reducing energy consumption), and meanwhile maintain relatively high levels of zooxanthellae density(sustaining host's life via photosynthetic capacity of symbiotic zooxanthellae). This study revealed remarkable acclimatization of P. lutea corals to low temperature extremes. This acclimatization is beneficial for Porites corals in the NSCS to expand their living ranges towards the higher-latitude areas and have the potential to be the incipient reef former.     

大型水母沙海蜇暴发的温带贫营养海洋生态系统中细菌和浮游植物的关系

Bacterial abundance, phytoplankton community structure and environmental parameters were investigated to study the relationships between bacteria and phytoplankton during giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai blooms in the central Yellow Sea during 2013. N. nomurai appeared in June, increased in August, reached a peak and began to degrade in September 2013. Results showed that phosphate was possible a key nutrient for both phytoplankton and bacteria in June, but it changed to nitrate in August and September. Phytoplankton composition significantly changed that pico-phytoplankton relative biomass significantly increased, whereas other size phytoplankton significantly decreased during jellyfish bloom. In June, a significantly positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll a concentration and bacterial abundance(r=0.67, P0.001, n=34).During jellyfish outbreak in August, there was no significant correlation between phytoplankton and bacteria(r=0.11, P0.05, n=25), but the relationship(r=0.71, P0.001, n=31) was rebuilt with jellyfish degradation in September. In August, small size phytoplankton occupied the mixed layer in offshore stations, while bacteria almost distributed evenly in vertical. Chlorophyll a concentration significantly increased from(0.42±0.056) μg/L in June to(0.74±0.174) μg/L in August, while bacterial abundance just slightly increased. Additionally, the negative net community production indicated that community respiration was not entirely determined by the local primary productivity in August. These results indicated that jellyfish blooms potentially affect coupling of phytoplankton and bacteria in marine ecosystems.     

温度、盐度和光照对浒苔生长和光合作用的影响

Intensive Pyropia aquaculture in the coast of southwestern Yellow Sea and its subsequent waste, including disposed Ulva prolifera, was speculated to be one of the major sources for the large-scale green tide proceeding in the Yellow Sea since 2007. It was, however, unclear how the detached U. prolifera responded and resumed growing after they detached from its original habitat. In this study, we investigated the growth and photosynthetic response of the detached U. prolifera to various temperature, salinity and irradiance in the laboratory. The photosynthetic rate of the detached U. prolifera was significantly higher at moderate temperature levels(14–27°C)and high salinity(26–32), with optimum at 23°C and 32. Both low(14°C) and highest temperature(40°C), as well as low salinity(8) had adverse effects on the photosynthesis. Compared with the other Ulva species, U. prolifera showed higher saturated irradiance and no significant photoinhibition at high irradiance, indicating the great tolerance of U. prolifera to the high irradiance. The dense branch and complex structure of floating mats could help protect the thalli and reduce photoinhibition in field. Furthermore, temperature exerted a stronger influence on the growth rate of the detached U. prolifera compared to salinity. Overall, the high growth rate of this detached U. prolifera(10.6%–16.7% d~(–1)) at a wide range of temperature(5–32°C) and salinity(14–32) implied its blooming tendency with fluctuated salinity and temperature during floating. The environmental parameters in the southwestern Yellow Sea at the beginning of green tide were coincident with the optimal conditions for the detached U. prolifera.