GIS空间分析模型的建立

对空间分析的方法作了理论上的探讨,提出了按处理对象（图像、数据、事件）的不同来相应开发GIS软件的通用型,专用型空间分析模型,并分别采取“内嵌”或“外挂”的途径予以结合。最后以电力GIS中不同空间分析模型不同的建立方法为例,说明此种分类方法可解决时间、资金与人力资源的矛盾,具有实用价值。     

GIS空间分析建模构想

目前GIS与模型的集成只是针对某一专业领域,不同领域需要做大量的重复工作,而模型的无限重用是不可能的。实现在GIS环境中建模是增强GIS空间分析功能的必由之路。文献[1]提出的用空间分析的基本算子和对象,以某种运算逻辑积木式组合为复杂的分析模型,具有较大的研究前景。     

Spatial Differences in Multi-Resolution Urban Automata Modeling

The last decade has seen a renaissance in spatial modeling. Increased computational power and the greater availability of spatial data have aided in the creation of new modeling techniques for studying and predicting the growth of cities and urban areas. Cellular automata is one modeling technique that has become widely used and cited in the literature; yet there are still some very basic questions that need to be answered with regards to the use of these models, specifically relating to the spatial resolution during calibration and how it can impact model forecasts. Using the SLEUTH urban growth model ( Clarke et al. 1997 ), urban growth for San Joaquin County (CA) is projected using three different spatial grains, based on four calibration routines, and the spatial differences between the model outputs are examined. Model outputs show that calibration at finer scaled data results in different parameter sets, and forecasting of urban growth in areas that was not captured through the use of more coarse data.     

A Framework for Modeling Uncertainty in Spatial Databases

Geographic Information Systems and spatial databases are inherently suited for fuzziness, because of the uncertainty inherent in the assimilation, storage, and representation of spatial data. These objects may also have naturally occurring imprecise boundaries. It is difficult to store and represent these objects while continuing to demonstrate the uncertainty inherent in the objects. This paper describes a fuzzy object–oriented framework to model spatial objects with either precise or uncertain boundaries that will also provide for fuzzy querying of these objects. A prototype system, FOOSBALL, which implements this framework is also discussed.     

Spatial Modeling of Geotechnical Information Using GML

Geotechnical data characterizes the geometry and physical properties of soil deposits, which are determined from field observations, in-situ and laboratory tests, and engineering analyses. Until now, geotechnical information was mainly described and exchanged as relational data, which occasionally included spatial characteristics. Hereafter, the spatial features of geotechnical data are investigated by invoking the geotechnical data model of the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS), which is widely used in the United Kingdom to exchange geotechnical data in engineering practice. The basic geometric objects in AGS geotechnical data are first identified. These geometric objects are mapped to basic geometric features of the Geography Markup Language (GML). AGS data can therefore be fully rendered using GML-conformant schemas, which make geotechnical data readily importable into GML-aware applications. The data can be also imported to mainstream GIS applications using Extensible Markup Language (XML) transformations. This article demonstrates the rendition of AGS data format to a GML-conformant schema and illustrates the implementation of the new format through a few geotechnical examples.     

Alonso's Theory of Movements: Developments in Spatial Interaction Modeling

 The Spatial Interaction Model proposed by Alonso as “Theory of Movements” offers an innovative specification of spatial origin-destination flow models. Equations for flows between regions, total outflow from and total inflow to a region are linked by balancing factors. This paper presents a consistent formulation of Spatial Interaction Models in the Wilson tradition and Alonso's Theory of Movements. The paper is intended as an introduction to the model and a review of␣the state of the art. Besides it is argued that simultaneous equation techniques are required to estimate the so-called systemic parameters. Received: 21 May 2000 / Accepted: 18 January 2001     

使用最简几何基元构建3维空间数据模型

在对现实世界进行高度抽象化的表达过程中,许多学者和机构提出了多种空间数据模型（或称之为空间数据结构）。文章首先总结了现有模型所使用的基本几何要素,并对其利弊进行了讨论：然后总结了使用这些几何要素进行组合、扩展以构建更为复杂的空间实体的理论即空间数据建模理论,同时也对不同理论的通用性和局限性进行了讨论。笔者随后以4维空间为基础．从空间内嵌的角度去思考不同维度下的空间构成．得出了3维空间的最简基本要索,并通过对比相关文献对geometricprimitives的中文翻译将其命名为“几何基元”。在此基础上笔者探讨了3维几何基元构成空间实体的数学表达本质．沦述了依此几何基元构成的空间实体之间基本拓扑关系的表达方法。最后笔者设计了一套数据结构以系统构建空间数据模型,该模型有利于实现3维空间数据库．可为形成3维数据资产提供蘑础。本文的结论认为,该3维空间数据模型可以有效地解决体3维和表面3维的模型一致性问题,提供了结合“地学3维”和“3维数字城市”等不同应刚系统的途径：同时可将当前的2维地理信息系统自然地扩展到3维：另外还可以为3维空间分析和专门的3维渲染引擎提供理论支持。     

空间多维数据模型及OLAP的设计与实现

多维数据模型定义了数据仓库的度量和维度结构,是OLAP和某些数据挖掘模型的基础和数据仓库应用的重要手段.但用传统的多维数据模型和OLAP技术处理空间数据具有较大的局限性.文中尝试在传统多维数据模型中引入空间维度,在度量中引入指向空间聚合结果的空间聚合索引,并引入空间算子集合,从而构造出空间多维数据模型和空间立方体.在模型物理实现的基础上,试验了空间立方体的OLAP操作.     

空间多维数据模型及OLAP的设计与实现

多维数据模型定义了数据仓库的度量和维度结构，是OLAP和某些数据挖掘模型的基础和数据仓库应用的重要手段，但用传统的多维数据模型和OLAP技术处理空间数据具有较大的局限性，文中尝试在传统多维数据模型中引入空间维度，在度量中引入指向空间聚合结果的空间聚合索引，并引入空间算子集合，从而构造出空间多维数据模型和空间立方体，在模型物理实现的基础上，试验了空间立方体的OLAP操作。     

基于面向对象的空间目标3维交互式建模的设计

3维数据模型的建立是实现真3维GIS的一个核心问题。在充分分析现有3维数据模型的基础上，比较了传统模型的优缺点。针对空间目标建模的特点，设计了一种面向对象的3维数据模型。考虑到软件的实用性和可扩展性，着重论述了3维交互式设计及数据管理。     

基于面向对象的空间目标3维交互式建模的设计

3维数据模型的建立是实现真3维GIS的一个核心问题.在充分分析现有3维数据模型的基础上,比较了传统模型的优缺点.针对空间目标建模的特点,设计了一种面向对象的3维数据模型.考虑到软件的实用性和可扩展性,着重论述了3维交互式设计及数据管理.     

基于可视化建模思想的空间数据库自动化建库技术研究

空间数据库的建设速度和成本是影响GIS应用的重要因素。目前空间数据建库存在软件通用性不足、建库过程操作复杂、人工干预多、建库效率低等问题。针对建库中存在的问题,研究并提出基于可视化建模思想的空间数据库自动化建库技术,有助于大幅度降低建库复杂性,提高建库效率,降低建库成本。     

基于RS-GIS的登革热空间分布模型研究

采用RS与GIS技术手段相结合的研究方法,探索登革热的空间分布机制,为登革热的宏观防治工作提供科学客观的依据.研究表明对于广州市各区,影响登革热空间分布的主要因子是人口密度,以及"人蚊交互地带"的覆盖率.脱离了人口的分布,媒介伊蚊密度对于调查登革热分布状况的本身是毫无意义的;改进后的模型与简单线性回归模型具有较高的拟合度.将RS与GIS技术应用于登革热空间分布研究中是可行的,并能客观、真实地反映登革热的空间分布机制.     

月表空间环境因子动态建模驱动的探测区选取

针对在复杂的月表环境下及时高效地选择合适的探测区域这一问题,考察已有的月球探测研究资料,分析了可能影响到科学探测的月球空间环境因子,在此基础上开发了一个可对环境因子动态建模并应用模型自动选取探测区的GIS系统。基于该系统,构建了一个针对嫦娥三号着陆区附近探测区域选取的评价模型,并将其成功应用于嫦娥三号巡视器科学探测目标的选取工作。     

工程地质三维空间建模技术及其应用研究

对工程地质研究的主要三维空间对象(勘探区域三维地质剖面体)进行了规范化的构造描述,对当前主流三维空间建模方法进行了综合分析。在此基础上,结合专业建模对象的构造特点及三维数据模型适用表达对象的不同特性,融合单元分解表示(CE)、构造实体几何(CSG)和边界表示(B-Repsd)三种数据模型的建模思想,以及栅格模型的基本体元划分机制和数据组织方式,以不规则五面体为基本分析单元,采用面向对象方法构造模型内各类对象,提出了一种面向对象的三维矢量与栅格混合模型,实现了勘探区域三维地质剖面体的惟一性拓扑表达,并给出了可视化方案。分析了几例基于此模型的工程地质应用,借以验证该模型在工程地质领域内应用的合理性和可操作性。     

基于空间关系约束的虚拟高速铁路场景建模研究

在虚拟地理空间中开展复杂科学实验和管理分析,是目前及未来发展的一个重要趋势。本文对高速铁路场景中的线路、地物和地形对象的关系进行了详细分析,提出了基于空间关系描述的虚拟高速铁路场景建模方法。通过XML标记语言对线路、地物和地形的空间关系进行统一描述,引导和规范场景建模过程中的模型点位计算和地形处理过程。详细讨论了虚拟高速铁路的场景建模流程、场景对象空间关系定义、模型点位计算方法以及地形处理方法,并选择案例区域进行试验。试验结果表明该方法能够有效地理清虚拟场景中各种对象间的关系,从而可以快速建设符合现实标准的、具有高度仿真感觉的虚拟高速铁路场景。     

基于ArcGIS空间建模的矿区土地复垦费用计算

土地复垦总投资与复垦工程量联系紧密,土地复垦工程量计算准确与否直接影响了复垦总投资。本文以计算山西省平定县某煤矿损毁土地复垦费用为例,利用ArcGIS平台建立空间模型,编写VBA代码,可迅速准确地计算出矿区损毁土地的复垦工程量、复垦费用。实现了快速统计权属单位、图斑编号对应的损毁地块的复垦工程量、复垦费用,并可通过GIS软件查询。实例表明计算相同地类的复垦工程量、复垦费用时,依损毁地类为单位建立的计算模型可以被多次、重复利用,能够有效避免使用Excel表格计算时出现的人为误差、工作效率低等问题。     

Spatial Approaches to Modeling Dispersion of Communicable Diseases – A Review

The dispersion of communicable diseases in a population is intrinsically spatial. In the last several decades, a range of spatial approaches has been devised to model epidemiological processes; and they differ significantly from each other. A review of spatially oriented epidemiological models is necessary to assess advances in spatial approaches to modeling disease dispersion and to help identify those most appropriate for specific research goals. The most notable difference in the design of these spatially oriented models is the scale and mobility of the modeling unit. Using two criteria, this review identifies six types of spatially oriented models. These include: (1) population‐based wave models, (2) sub‐population models, (3) individual‐based cellular automata models, (4) mobile sub‐population models, (5) individual‐based spatially implicit models, and (6) individual‐based mobile models. Each model type is evaluated in terms of its design principles, assumptions, and intended applications. For the evaluation of design, four aspects of design principles are discussed: the modeling unit, the interaction between the modeling units, the spatial process, and the temporal process utilized in a design. Insights gained from this review can be useful for devising much‐needed spatially and temporally oriented strategies to forecast, prevent, and control communicable diseases.