Modeling residual circulation and stratification in Oujiang River estuary

A 3D,time-dependent,baroclinic,hydrodynamic and salinity model was implemented and applied to the Oujiang River estuarine system in the East China Sea.The model was driven by the forcing of tidal elevations along the open boundaries and freshwater inflows from the Oujiang River.The bottom friction coefficient and vertical eddy viscosity were adjusted to complete model calibration and verification in simulations.It is demonstrated that the model is capable of reproducing observed temporal variability in the water surface elevation and longitudinal velocity,presenting skill coefficient higher than 0.82.This model was then used to investigate the influence of freshwater discharge on residual current and salinity intrusion under different freshwater inflow conditions in the Oujiang River estuary.The model results reveal that the river channel presents a two-layer structure with flood currents near the bottom and ebb currents at the top layer in the region of seawater influenced on north shore under high river flow condition.The river discharge is a major factor affecting the salinity stratification in the estuarine system.The water exchange is mainly driven by the tidal forcing at the estuary mouth,except under high river flow conditions when the freshwater extends its influence from the river’s head to its mouth.     

Prediction of salinity intrusion in the sheltered estuary of Terengganu River in Malaysia using 1-D empirical intrusion model

Generally one dimensional(1-D) empirical salinity intrusion model is limited to natural alluvial estuary. However,this study attempts to investigate its ability to model a sheltered alluvial estuary of the Terengganu River in Malaysia. The constructed breakwater at the mouth of the river shelters the estuary from direct influence of the open sea. The salinity density along the estuary was collected during the wet and dry seasons for scenarios before and after the constructed breakwater. Moreover, the freshwater discharges, tidal elevations and bathymetry data were also measured as model inputs. A good fit was demonstrated between simulated and observed variables,namely salinity distribution and intrusion length for both scenarios. Thus, the results show that 1-D empirical salinity model can be utilized for sheltered estuarine condition at the Terengganu Estuary, but with an appropriate determination of an initial point. Furthermore, it was observed that the salinity intrusion in the study area is largely dependent on the freshwater discharge rather than tidal elevation fluctuations. The scale of the salinity intrusion length in the study area is proportional to the river discharge of the –1/2 power. It was appeared that the two lines of the 1-D empirical salinity model and discharge power based equation fitted well to each other, with the average predicted minimum freshwater discharge of 150 m3/s is going to be required to maintain acceptable salinity levels during high water slack(HWS) near the water intake station, which is located at 10.63 km from river mouth.     

Validation and application of soil moisture active passive sea surface salinity observation over the Changjiang River Estuary

Using sea surface salinity(SSS)observation from the soil moisture active passive(SMAP)mission,we analyzed the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of SSS around Changjiang River(Yangtze River)Estuary for the period of September 2015 to August 2018.First,we found that the SSS from SMAP is more accurate than soil moisture and ocean salinity(SMOS)mission observation when comparing with the in situ observations.Then,the SSS signature of the Changjiang River freshwater was analyzed using SMAP data and the river discharge data from the Datong hydrological station.The results show that the SSS around the Changjiang River Estuary is significantly lower than that of the open ocean,and shows significant seasonal variation.The minimum value of SSS appears in July and maximum SSS in December.The root mean square difference of daily SSS between SMAP observation and in situ observation is around 3 in both summer and winter,which is much lower than the annual range of SSS variation.In summer,the diffusion direction of the Changjiang River freshwater depicted by SSS from SMAP is consistent with the path of freshwater from in situ observation,suggesting that SMAP observation may be used in coastal seas in monitoring the diffusion and advection of freshwater discharge.     

Submarine groundwater discharge and benthic biogeochemical zonation in the Huanghe River Estuary

Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) has received increasing attention by studies on coastal areas; however,its effects on biogeochemical zonation have not been investigated to date. The Huanghe River Estuary(HRE) is a world class river estuary with high turbidity, and heavy human regulation. This study investigated how SGD is related to the benthic biogeochemistry of the HRE. Based on the distribution of several parameters(e.g., salinity,temperature, dissolved oxygen(DO) levels, p H, radium iso...     

2008年夏季加拿大海盆永久冰区的淡水累积现象

A combination of δ~(18)O and salinity data was employed to explore the freshwater balance in the Canada Basin in summer 2008.The Arctic river water and Pacific river water were quantitatively distinguished by using different saline end-members.The fractions of total river water,including the Arctic and Pacific river water,were high in the upper 50 m and decreased with depth as well as increasing latitude.In contrast,the fraction of Pacific river water increased gradually with depth but decreased toward north.The inventory of total river water in the Canada Basin was higher than other arctic seas,indicating that Canada Basin was a main storage region for river water in the Arctic Ocean.The fraction of Arctic river water was higher than Pacific river water in the upper 50 m while the opposite was true below 50 m.As a result,the inventories of Pacific river water were higher than those of Arctic river water,demonstrating that the Pacific inflow through the Bering Strait is the main source of freshwater in the Canada Basin.Both the river water and sea-ice melted water in the permanent ice zone were more abundant than those in the region with sea-ice just melted.The fractions of total river water,Arctic river water,Pacific river water increased northward to the north of 82°N,indicating an additional source of river water in the permanent ice zone of the northern Canada Basin.A possible reason for the extra river water in the permanent ice zone is the lateral advection of shelf waters by the Trans-Polar Drift.The penetration depth of sea-ice melted waters was less than 30 m in the southern Canada Basin,while it extended to 125 m in the northern Canada Basin.The inventory of seaice melted water suggested that sea-ice melted waters were also accumulated in the permanent ice zone,attributing to the trap of earlier melted waters in the permanent ice zone via the Beaufort Gyre.     

Using radium isotopes to quantify submarine groundwater discharge at different scales in the Huanghe River Estuary,China

As an important land-ocean interaction process, submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) is composed of multiple dynamical processes at different scales and plays an important role in the study of coastal ocean geochemical budgets. However, most of the existing studies focus on the quantification of the total groundwater discharge, few studies are about the differentiation and quantification of groundwater discharge processes at different scales(i.e., short-scale SGD and long-scale SGD). As a world-...     

Submarine groundwater discharge and seasonal hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in the sea adjacent to the Changjiang River Estuary(CJE), one of the global major estuaries. Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) is a widely recognized pathway for terrestrial materials entering the sea, and has been found to be significant off the CJE. We used a ²²²Rn mass balance model to estimate the SGD fluxes off the CJE and showed that it is linked to seasonal dissolved oxygen(DO) variations. Average SGD fluxes were estimated to be(0.012 ± 0.010) ...     

桑沟湾磷循环

The phosphorus cycle is studied during 2013–2014 in the Sanggou Bay(SGB), which is a typical aquaculture area in northern China. The forms of measured phosphorus include dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP), particulate inorganic phosphorus(PIP), and particulate organic phosphorus(POP).DIP and PIP are the major forms of total dissolved phosphorus(TDP) and total particulate phosphorus(TPP),representing 51%–75% and 53%–80%, respectively. The concentrations and distributions of phosphorus forms vary among seasons relative to aquaculture cycles, fluvial input, and hydrodynamic conditions. In autumn the concentration of DIP is significantly higher than in other seasons(P0.01), and higher concentrations are found in the west of the bay. In winter and spring the phosphorus concentrations are higher in the east of the bay than in the west. In summer, the distributions of phosphorus forms are uniform. A preliminary phosphorus budget is developed, and shows that SGB is a net sink of phosphorus. A total of 1.80×10~7 mol/a phosphorus is transported into the bay. The Yellow Sea is the major source of net input of phosphorus(61%), followed by submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)(27%), river input(11%), and atmospheric deposition(1%). The main phosphorus sink is the harvest of seaweeds(Saccharina japonica and Gracilaria lemaneiformis), bivalves(Chlamys farreri),and oysters(Crassostrea gigas), accounting for a total of 1.12×10~7 mol/a. Burial of phosphorus in sediment is another important sink, accounting for 7.00×10~6 mol/a. Biodeposition by bivalves is the major source of phosphorus in sediment, accounting for 54% of the total.     

Methodology for estimation of river discharge and application of the Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE)

The ZRE is a very complicated estuary with multi-river inlets. The total sum of river discharge in the upstream(away from the tidal influence region) of the Zhujiang River can be easily measured. However, when the total river discharges into the estuary from eight inlets, it is a very difficult task to obtain a continuous river discharge flux data from each branch of the Zhujiang River. However, the different ratios of river discharges between the river branches can significantly affect the estuarine circulation feature and baroclinic process. Moreover, the accuracy of numerical forecast for the estuarine circulation is very much dependent on the accuracy of the time history of the river discharge flux for each branch. Therefore, it is important to estimate river discharge from each branch in order to improve the accuracy of the model forecast for the circulation of the ZRE. The development of a new estimation method of the river discharges is focused on based on the system identification theory, numerical modeling and the time history data from the CODAR observed sea surface current. The new approach has been appfied to estimating the time history (hourly) of river discharge from each branch in the upstream of the ZRE.     

Areas of the global major river plumes

River plumes are the regions where the most intense river-sea-land interaction occurs, and they are characterized by complex material transport and biogeochemical processes. However, due to their highly dynamic nature, global river plume areas have not yet been determined for use in synthetic studies of global oceanography. Based on global climatological monthly averaged salinity data from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09), and monthly averaged salinity contour maps of the East and South China Seas from the Chinese Marine Atlas, we extract the monthly plume areas of major global rivers using a geographic information system (GIS) technique. Only areas with salinities that are three salinity units lower than the average salinity in each ocean are counted. This conservative estimate shows that the minimum and maximum monthly values of the total plume area of the world’s 19 largest rivers are 1.72 × 10 6 km 2 in May and 5.38 × 10 6 km 2 in August. The annual mean area of these river plumes (3.72 × 10 6 km 2 ) takes up approximately 14.2% of the total continental shelves area worldwide (26.15 × 10 6 km 2 ). This paper also presents river plume areas for different oceans and latitude zones, and analyzes seasonal variations of the plume areas and their relationships with river discharge. These statistics describing the major global river plume areas can now provide the basic data for the various flux calculations in the marginal seas, and therefore will be of useful for many oceanographic studies.     

Assessment of terrestrial factors controlling the submarine groundwater discharge in water shortage and highly deformed Island of Taiwan,Western Pacific Ocean

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from seventeen sites was investigated on the coasts around Taiwan in order to verify its occurrences and to understand its characteristics. The fresh water fraction (FWF) in most pore water samples, except the Fangsan sampling site, range from 0 to 59% based on the salinity evidence. The relative low FWF evidence implies that the recirculated saline groundwater discharge (RSGD) is more important than the submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) in most sampling sites. Fangsan, which is located at the southwestern coast of Taiwan, has nearly 100% FWF in SGD. Evaluation of the relationship between the magnitude of SGD flux and geological type of the Taiwanese coast proves to be difficult because complex hydrological factors affect the SGD, rather than the coastal topography. According to the hydrological evidence, the modeled-SGD discharge is enhanced by high precipitation but is generally reduced by severe groundwater pumping. In addition, modeled-SGD has an inverse relationship with river base flow, indicating the river effect. The almost fresh SGD with flow rates ranged from 34 to 42 m/year at Fangsan deserves attention because a seven-year-long groundwater budget calculation implies that the aquifer could not supply so much fresh SGD over a large area. This suggests that a significant amount of fresh water SGD at Fangsan is derived from a point source via a fault passage, considering its geological background. Although the rudimentary salinity and stable isotope results indicate that RSGD plays an important role in SGD, the type of submarine spring discharge via fault zones may very well be the most prominent in highly deformed areas elsewhere in the world, too.     

用镭同位素评价胶州湾水体表观年龄及地下水入海通量

为评价胶州湾水体表观年龄和地下水入海通量,2011年9—10月在胶州湾地区分别采集地下水、河水和海水样品,对水样的224Ra和226Ra活度进行测量。基于224Ra和226Ra半衰期的差异,运用224Ra与226Ra的活度比值计算了胶州湾水体表观年龄;采用三端元混合模型计算了胶州湾海水中地下水、河水与湾外海水的混合比例;在水体表观年龄和混合比例的基础上,计算了地下水入海通量。结果表明:研究期间胶州湾水体表观年龄分布范围为3.2—39.4d,平均值为14.7d,呈现从湾顶到湾口年龄逐渐增大的趋势,地下水的平均混合比例是11.0%,地下水的入海通量为7.29×106m3/d,海底地下水排泄速率为3.8cm/d。     

东海2012年夏季海-气界面碳交换及其区域碳汇强度变化趋势初探

基于2012年7月对东海的调查,剖析了其水体中各形态碳(pCO2、DIC、DOC、POC)的区域分布特征,估算了海-气界面CO2的交换通量(FCO2),探讨了影响其交换的主要因素,在此基础上,结合历史资料初步分析了近十几年来该海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的变化趋势。结果表明,2012年7月长江口邻近海域相对南部陆架区具有较低的DIC浓度,而DOC与POC的浓度相对较高。调查区域表层水pCO2变化范围为96.28~577.7μatm(1atm为101 325Pa),平均值为297.6μatm,低值区出现在长江冲淡水区(30°~33°N,123°~125°E),高值区主要分布在东海陆架的南部区域。表层水pCO2主要受控于长江冲淡水的输入和混合(盐度)、台湾暖流以及生物生产等。调查海域2012年7月海-气FCO2平均为(-6.410±7.486)mmol/(m2·d),表现东海在夏季是大气CO2的汇区,区域碳汇强度由强到弱依次为:长江冲淡水区(CDW)、黄东海混合水区(YEMW)、陆架咸淡水混合区(SMW)、近岸上升流区(CUW)和台湾暖流区(TWCW),东海夏季每日吸收大气CO2(以C计)约(18.3±19.8)kt。结合历史资料分析发现,近十几年来东海夏季碳汇强度有增强趋势,CDW区的海-气界面CO2通量平均年增速为-0.814mmol/(m2·d),即海水吸收大气二氧化碳每年增加约54.6kt,是夏季东海碳汇增加的最主要贡献者。     

Measurement of temporal and horizontal variations in <Superscript>222</Superscript>Rn activity in estuarine waters for tracing groundwater inputs

We measured the time-series variations in ²²²Rn activity at a fixed station in the Yeongsan River Estuary (YRE), Korea, where the upstream water is obstructed by an artificial dam, during November 18–24, 2008, and conducted a horizontal ²²²Rn survey in the Seomjin River Estuary (SRE), Korea, during December 16–18, 2008. In the YRE, we observed constantly low levels of ²²²Rn activity over the sampling period, relative to the summer in 2008. The ²²²Rn variations and ²²²Rn mass-balance modeling results indicate that the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the YRE was relatively low and constant over the sampling period and that the temporal SGD variations were not related to tides or to the water elevation in the dam upstream. This low and constant SGD appears to be due to the lower water level in the dam relative to the local sea level during the study period, resulting in the SGD mostly from the surrounding land areas rather than from the dam. In the SRE, higher ²²²Rn activities were observed at upstream stations of the river (salinity: <5) and decreased as the salinity increased, but there were marked increases of ²²²Rn, together with dissolved inorganic silicate (DSi), at stations close to the river mouth (salinity: ～33). This suggests that the river has major groundwater inputs from the two extreme upstream and downstream areas. Because most chemical flux estimations via river discharge do not account for groundwater inputs from the downstream high-salinity zone, our results suggest that there is an important unaccounted source of river-driven chemical fluxes. Overall, our study shows that the continuous ²²²Rn monitoring system provides high-resolution information on SGD over different locations and times.     

The effect of submarine groundwater discharge on nutrient and salinity regimes in a coastal lagoon off Perth, Western Australia

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into a coastal lagoon off Perth, Western Australia, contains nitrate and silicate in concentrations two orders of magnitude higher than those of the receiving waters. This discharge delivers enough nitrate to replace that dissolved in the lagoon water mass about every eight days and enough silicate to replace the lagoon silicate in about 48 days. The delivery rate of nitrate nitrogen by SGD is equal to about 48% of that required for observed growth rates of lagoon macrophytes. Surface salinity is lower close to the shore as a result of SGD. During calm conditions a salinity front was observed in the lagoon, with a nearshore pool of nutrient-enriched water floating above the more saline ocean water.     

钦州湾河流沉积物中镭的解吸行为

放射性镭同位素在海底地下水排放（SGD）等海洋物质变化过程的研究中具有优良的示踪作用,估算SGD通量时需要计算河流悬浮颗粒物的解吸通量。因此,对河流沉积物/悬浮颗粒物中镭同位素解吸行为的研究不可或缺,而目前对于粒度较小范围内镭同位素的解吸特征及其机理的研究依然不足。本文选用钦州湾河流沉积物,通过室内实验探究粒度和盐度对沉积物中镭同位素解吸行为的影响。结果表明,在沉积物平均粒径0.9~136.0 μm范围内,随着粒径增大,沉积物中镭同位素在海水（盐度为33.9）中解吸活度逐渐减小,且变化趋势也逐渐变缓,平均粒径大于43.7 μm后,解吸量几乎不变;在海水盐度4.9~33.9范围内,随着盐度增大,沉积物中镭同位素解吸活度逐渐增大,盐度大于24.9后,解吸量趋于不变。本文创新性地建立了沉积物表面分形结构的镭解吸理论模型,拟合得到钦州湾河流沉积物表面最大可交换态224Ra、226Ra和228Ra活度分别为1.13 dpm/g、0.17 dpm/g和0.85 dpm/g,以干重计;沉积物中224Ra、226Ra和228Ra最大解吸比分别为30%、7%和18%。钦州湾河流沉积物颗粒表面最大可交换态224Ra和226Ra活度分别处于全球中等水平和较低水平,而其最大解吸比分别处于全球较高水平和较低水平。本研究结果有助于更好地理解镭同位素的解吸行为,以帮助更准确地估算SGD通量。     

海底地下水排放对典型红树林蓝碳收支的影响

海底地下水排放(Submarine Groundwater Discharge,SGD)是陆海相互作用的重要表现形式之一,其携带的物质对近岸海域生源要素的收支有重要影响。本文利用222Rn示踪技术估算了我国典型红树林海湾—广西珍珠湾在2019年枯季(1月)SGD携带的碳通量。调查发现,地下水中222Rn活度、溶解无机碳(DIC)和溶解有机碳(DOC)的平均浓度均高于河水和湾内表层海水。利用222Rn质量平衡模型估算得到珍珠湾SGD速率为(0.36±0.36) m/d,SGD输入到珍珠湾的DIC和DOC通量分别为(2.41±2.63)×107 mol/d和(1.96±2.20)×106 mol/d。珍珠湾溶解碳的源汇收支表明,SGD携带的DIC和DOC分别占珍珠湾总DIC和总DOC来源的91%和89%。因此,SGD携带的DIC和DOC是珍珠湾DIC和DOC的主要来源,是海岸带蓝碳收支和生物地球化学循环过程中的重要组成。     

Nutrient input from submarine groundwater discharge versus intermittent river-water discharge through an artificial dam in the Yeongsan River estuary,Korea

The Yeongsan River estuary (YRE) is located downstream of a dam housing an artificial lake on the southwestern coast of Korea. Intermittent discharges of lake water through dam gates control the water level of the lake. This study compares fluxes of dissolved nutrients in discharged water with those of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) occurring in the YRE in July and October 2008. With the exception of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) which limits primary production, nutrient concentrations in the YRE are controlled mainly by conservative mixing between lake water and open ocean water during periods of lake water discharge. In comparison with lake water discharge, the magnitude of SGD, based on a ²²²Rn mass balance model, is relatively small (about 1.5×10⁵ m³ day^?1 in July and about 30% higher in October) and dependent on the water elevation in the lake. However, SGD contributes considerably to the input of DIP when discharge of lake water is halted. Our study shows that SGD is more important in the delivery of biogeochemical components into estuaries that are obstructed by artificial dams.     

Local and temporal variations in near‐shore macrobenthic communities associated with submarine groundwater discharges

The influence of submarine groundwater discharges (SGD) on the dynamics of coastal ecosystems is receiving increasing scientific attention, although our knowledge of this issue still remains insufficient. Understanding the ecological response of coastal ecosystems to SGD dynamics is important in order to evaluate and predict changes in coastal communities. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effect of groundwater discharge on subtidal soft‐bottom macrofaunal assemblages in the south coast of Portugal (Algarve) at different times of the year and under different discharge regimes. Sediment macrofauna was sampled twice per season in spring and summer 2011 in two locations: one under influence of SGD (Olhos de Água) and one not under that influence (Arrifes). The results showed that differences in community structure between locations occurred mainly during spring, when the magnitude of groundwater discharge was higher. Several individual taxa were strongly associated with the SGD, particularly during spring: the polychaete families Magelonidae and Oweniidae; the isopod Cyathura carinata; and the bivalves Tellimya ferruginosa and Tellina fabula. Some of these taxa are already considered indicators of SGD, whereas others merit further investigation. The average similarity among samples was consistently larger in the location with SGD and the average similarity between the two locations was generally higher during spring, indicating that SGD promote stability in macrobenthic communities across time and space. SGD were also associated with higher values of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), fine sediments and total abundance of organisms (particularly suspension feeders). This suggests that differences between locations are associated with SGD and mediated by nutrient fluxes and sediment transport, or their interaction.