基于水量平衡的农业节水潜力计算新方法

农业节水潜力是进行节水改造方案评估、用水效率评价及水资源优化配置的重要依据。在回顾和总结农业节水潜力评价指标和计算方法的基础上,综合考虑取水、耗水和回归水3个方面,提出了农业理论节水潜力的概念,并利用水量平衡原理对相应计算方法进行了推导。同时根据不同的节水措施,提出了农业耗水理论节水潜力、农业回归水理论节水潜力和农业取水理论节水潜力的概念及计算方法。基于新方法对柳园口灌区农业理论节水潜力进行了计算,结果表明柳园口灌区农业理论节水潜力为4636.59万m3;其中,农业耗水理论节水潜力最大,农业取水理论节水潜力次之,农业回归水理论节水潜力最小。相关结论为该灌区制定合理的节水灌溉措施和水资源高效利用策略提供了理论依据。     

Hydrochemical characteristics and geochemistry evolution of groundwater in the plain area of the Lake Baiyangdian watershed,North China Plain

Water cycle and water quality in the Lake Baiyangdian watershed of the North China Plain have undergone great changes due to over-pumping of groundwater and wastewater discharge.In this paper,hydrogeochemical data was collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and geochemistry evolution of groundwater.The study area was divided into two typical parts.One was in the upstream plain area,where over-pumping had resulted in significant decline of groundwater level;the other one was located in the downstream area near the Fu River and Lake Baiyangdian(Lake BYD region).In addition to the natural weathering of minerals,excessive fertilizer was also a main factor of higher ion concentration in groundwater.According to studies,due to good permeability,these regions were easy to be polluted even with deep groundwater depth.However,upstream shallow groundwater and surface water,including lake water,domestic along with industrial wastewater were all sources of present shallow groundwater in the Lake BYD region.Results indicated that anthropogenic activities rather than minerals much matter to the groundwater in these regions.Particularly,wastewater largely decided the groundwater quality,which suggested that the management and restoration of surface water quality was crucial to groundwater protection.     

西北旱区潜在蒸散发的气候敏感性及其干旱特征研究

潜在蒸散量（PET）是干旱监测评价的重要指标,分析影响潜在蒸散发的气候敏感因子对揭示气候变化的水文响应机理尤为重要。常采用的局部敏感性方法不适用于非线性模型且难以评估各气象因子间的相互作用。对此,基于1964—2018年西北旱区内163个气象站的监测数据,通过Penman-Monteith公式,采用Sobol全局敏感性方法分析了西北旱区潜在蒸散发的气候敏感因子,计算得到了自校准帕默尔干旱指数（scPDSI）,进而分析了区域干旱的时空演变特征。结果表明：1964—2018年西北旱区年均潜在蒸散量为1157.8 mm,高值出现在新疆东部与内蒙古西部地区,低值出现在青海南部地区。1993年为转折点,西北旱区潜在蒸散发受气温、日照时数、风速、相对湿度等多种因素综合影响由显著下降的趋势转变为显著上升,且在夏季最为明显。在1964—1993年,净辐射、风速与相对湿度的变化对潜在蒸散发的影响较大;在1994—2018年,风速与相对湿度的变化对潜在蒸散发的影响较大。scPDSI的时空分布表明新疆北部、青海中部以及甘肃境内的干旱有缓解的趋势;而黄河流域西南部干旱呈现加重趋势,将加剧区域水资源紧张,威胁生态安全。     

考虑非饱和浸润层厚度和累积入渗量的改进Green-Ampt模型

矿山内排土场因其储量大、结构松散和强度低等特点,在降雨条件下极易产生侵蚀或整体失稳破坏,因此降雨入渗分析对预测内排土场稳定性至关重要。以元宝山露天煤矿内排土场为原型,按相似试验理论进行物理模型试验,研究降雨入渗特征,根据试验结果对经典Green-Ampt入渗模型进行改进。结果表明：雨水入渗过程中,随着浸润锋的向下运移,坡面侵蚀由溅蚀凹槽开始,逐渐过渡为径流侵蚀,最后呈现为溯源侵蚀破坏,整体呈现平行于坡表面的浅层滑坡特征;浸润锋之上非饱和浸润层的存在,导致经典Green-Ampt模型计算结果不准确;在考虑浸润层厚度和累积入渗量基础上,推导出改进的Green-Ampt模型;改进后的Green-Ampt模型为分段函数,能够反映降雨入渗使坡面由非饱和向饱和过渡的实际特征。验证结果显示,使用改进模型,浸润锋入渗深度和累积入渗量的预测精度显著提升,虽然冲蚀破坏和初始含水率的差异导致降雨入渗后期的预测精度有所下降,但相关结果对煤矿内排土场降雨初期稳定性分析具有重要意义。改进后的Green-Ampt模型的计算结果与实测数据更为接近,能为分析露天煤矿内排土场降雨入渗规律及边坡稳定性研究提供参考。     

中国古生界海相烃源岩生烃潜力评价标准与方法

中国古生界海相高、过成熟烃源岩原始生烃潜力评价问题是一个没有解决的老问题,至今没有可靠的评价方法与统一评价标准。低成熟元古宇—古生界海相泥岩/页岩与碳酸盐岩地球化学分析揭示,由于有机质组成不同,不同时代烃源岩的有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间存在着不同的线性关系。按照岩石热解生烃潜力来衡量,泥岩/页岩与碳酸盐岩作为有效烃源岩的有机质丰度下限没有本质区别,其有机碳含量必须大于0.5%;对于元古宇-下古生界海相烃源岩,达到中等生烃潜力的有机碳含量必须大于0.75%,好烃源岩的有机碳含量必须大于1.5%,很好烃源岩的有机碳含量大于2%,有机碳含量大于4%的属于极好的烃源岩;上古生界海相泥岩各级烃源岩相应的有机碳界线值高于下古生界泥岩。按照低成熟元古宇—古生界烃源岩有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间的关系方程,由有机碳含量基本上可以定量评价高、过成熟的元古宇—古生界烃源岩的原始生烃潜力。     

中国矿产资源潜力评价成果数据质量控制及方法技术

本文以中国矿产资源潜力评价专项成果数据质量控制工作为依托,系统地阐述了应用于中国矿产资源潜力评价专项成果数据质量控制的基本理论及方法技术.通过实际应用证实了该质量控制方法技术的有效性、可行性、实用性和代表性,有一定借鉴意义和推广价值.该方法技术具有很好的示范效果和推广应用前景,适用于各类地质空间数据项目成果数据质量控制工作.     

论南方海相层系有效供烃能力的主要控制因素

通过对烃源条件和天然气成藏过程的动力学分析,从高有机质丰度海相碎屑岩层段发育、构造沉积类型特征、高—过成熟阶段烃源灶性质演变形成的气源接替效应以及生烃强度与非构造性散失强度(速率)在地质历史中数量关系等若干方面,探讨了影响中国南方海相层系天然气成藏的有效供烃能力的主要地质-地球化学因素。指出有效供烃效率是烃源岩性质、构造-沉积类型、烃源灶类型及其叠合、生烃强度历史演化和天然气散失速率诸控制要素的综合效应。提出烃源条件分级评价指标,并对南方海相层系的有效供烃能力进行了初步评价。     

基于GIS的证据权重法对三江地区的铜矿成矿预测

根据研究区铜矿的成矿规律,在已经建立的三江地质矿产数据库的基础上,将三江地区划分为6418个统计单元,利用GIS的空间分析功能提取了地层、岩体、断裂在内的12个证据图层,建立了证据权找矿模型,圈定出44个找矿远景区,其中A类远景区9个,B类远景区15个,C类远景区20个,并预测了找矿潜力。     

矿产资源潜力评价数据模型研发、应用与数据集成方法技术体系

全国矿产资源潜力评价工作（2006—2013年）是目前中国最系统、最全面、最权威的一次矿产资源国情调查,形成了大量创新性成果。通过研发矿产资源潜力评价数据模型、应用软件及关键方法技术,全程提供现代信息技术支撑,使该项矿产资源国情调查全程信息数字化、预测处理GIS化、预测结果定量化、预测定位精准化、成果规范化与集成化,建立了矿产资源潜力评价数据模型研制、开发、应用与数据集成的方法技术体系。简要介绍该方法技术体系的主要内容,与同行交流,使之进一步发展完善。     

多参数地球化学勘探在沙漠地区圈闭构造含油气潜力评价中的应用——以塔里木盆地TD-2构造为例

TD-2构造位于塔里木盆地中央隆起带东部,虽然地震和重力勘探证实其是一个基底隆起背斜构造,并且据区域地质构造演化分析具有良好的油气潜力,但因缺乏地球化学信息,进一步的勘探（如钻探）尚未进行。由此,开展了多参数地球化学勘探,所用参数为土壤游离烃（C1—C5）、酸解烃（C1—C5）、ΔC和Hg。结果的综合解释得出：对评价沙漠区TD-2构造的油气潜力来说,游离烃明显好于其他地球化学参数;近地表地球化学异常的形态和地球化学特征暗示,TD-2构造是一个含干气的构造,处于低—中等的逸散阶段。因此,TD-2构造应当具有一定的油气潜力。多参数地球化学勘探结果为进一步的勘探提供了重要依据。     

An exploration of potential raw materials for prehistoric pottery production in the Tao River Valley,Gansu Province,China

Northwest China is known for its Majiayao-style Neolithic painted pottery which has received much praise for its high level of craftsmanship, yet its chain of production, in particular the step of raw material selection, is still poorly understood. To fill this lacuna, the present study explores the raw materials used in producing these wares from a geological and technological perspective. At its core stands the first geoarchaeological survey conducted around the eponymous site of Majiayao which collected 47 samples of raw materials suitable for ceramic production including clay, loess and rocks, which were all analysed macroscopically. A selection was analysed using thin-section petrography, and a subset of the clay and loess samples were subjected to firing experiments. Additionally, three clay samples were analysed by scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer to understand their composition and behaviour in ceramic production. These were then compared to archaeological ceramics, thus providing insights into raw-material availability and selection that will be of importance not only for research on Majiayao-style pottery but also for later-period ceramics produced in the area. This research shows how an archaeologically informed geological survey can contribute insights into human–environment interaction in early pottery production, especially the interplay between raw-material availability, technological know-how and potters' choices.     

雪峰山西侧地区海相油气勘探前景初析

通过对雪峰山西侧地层叠覆关系、沉积序列、层序地层和旋回沉积特征等油气地质的调查研究,表明雪峰山西侧盆地演化与四川盆地一样,均经历了从被动陆缘(Z-O₁)→类前陆(O₂-S)→克拉通-大陆边缘盆地(D-T₂)→内陆湖盆(T₃-J)和山间盆地(K-Q)5个演化阶段;发育9个区域性平行不整合和1个角度不整合,构成5个构造层,即①南华系-震旦系;②下古生界;③上古生界-下中三叠统;④上三叠统-下中侏罗统;⑤上白垩统及其以上。总体构造活动性不强,对油气长期保存和演化有利。5个构造层孕育了4个一级生储盖组合,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ为有利组合。因此,该地区原生油气地质条件优越,但后期改造较强,特别是侏罗纪末期的燕山运动以来的造山和隆升剥蚀量大,是该区海相下组合油气勘探的制约性因素。     

甘肃省张掖市甘州城区和外围地下水位上升的原因及其诱发地质灾害的防治对策

根据对地下水的均衡状况、水文地球化学、环境同位素、气象水文条件、地下水流场、区域地质构造变化的研究结果,确定张掖市甘州城区及其外围地下水位上升的主要原因是,地震错断了上部第四系松散层内的隔水层,使中心地带的基底与祁连山区相连的北西向深大断裂带变为导水通道,增大了越流补给量,盆地地下水补给量增加,地下水位大面积上升。关于地下水位上升诱发的地质灾害治理方案的总体思路是,为达到“长治久安”的效果,在城区范围内实施水平排水工程措施,在急需解决城区地下建筑物降水的地段和城区东北部的重灾区实施垂直管井排水工程措施。     

Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of Lower Permian P1f source rocks in the Fengcheng area,northwest margin,Junggar Basin,NW China: implications for tight oil accumulation potential assessment

Combined with the actual geological settings, tight oil is the oil that occurs in shale or tight reservoirs, which has permeability less than 1 mD and is interbedded with or close to shale, including tight dolomitic oil and shale oil. The Fengcheng area (FA), at the northwest margin of the Junggar Basin, northwest China, has made significant progress in the tight oil exploration of the Fengcheng (P₁f) Formation recently, which indicates that the tight oil resources have good exploration prospects. Whereas the lack of recognition of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of Permian P₁f source rocks results in the misunderstanding of tight oil resource potential. Based on the comprehensive analysis of geological and geochemical characteristics of wells, seismic inversion, sedimentary facies, tectonic burial depth, etc., the characteristics of P₁f source rocks were investigated, and the horizontal distributions of the following aspects were predicted: the thickness of source rocks, abundance and type of organic matter. And on this basis, an improved hydrocarbon generation potential methodology together with basin simulation techniques was applied to unravel the petroleum generation and expulsion characteristics of P₁f source rocks in FA. Results show that the P₁f source rocks distribute widely (up to 2039 km²), are thick (up to 260 m), have high total organic content (TOC, ranging from 0.15 to 4 wt%), are dominated by type II kerogen and have entered into low mature–mature stage. The modeling results indicate that the source rocks reached hydrocarbon generation threshold and hydrocarbon expulsion threshold at 0.5% Ro and 0.85% Ro and the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency was about 46%. The amount of generation and expulsion from the P₁f source rocks was 31.85 × 10⁸ and 15.31 × 10⁸ t, respectively, with a residual amount of 16.54 × 10⁸ t within the source rocks. Volumetrically, the geological resource of shale oil is up to 15.65 × 10⁸ t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by the volumetric method compared with that by hydrocarbon generation potential methodology may be due to other oil accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with the oil shales. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved method for Ra isotope (226Ra, 228Ra, 224Ra) measurements by gamma spectrometry in natural waters: application to CO2-rich thermal waters from the French Massif Central

An improved method was developed to measure ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁴Ra in freshwaters by gamma spectrometry. Radium was selectively extracted from acidified samples using specific filters (3M EMPORE™ Radium Rad disks). The latter was subsequently analysed by gamma spectrometry. Simultaneous and direct determination of the activities of the three isotopes was performed by comparison of gamma rays of the Radium Rad disks with those of a calibrated standard disk. This efficient and reliable method allowed a reduction of sample processing to a few hours.This technique was applied to analyse the Ra isotope compositions of several CO₂-rich hydrothermal springs of the western border of the Limagne graben (French Massif Central). The studied springs emerge from a succession of granitic outcrops lined up along a major fault. Their chemical compositions evolve from calcic and magnesian chloro-bicarbonated to sodic bicarbonated. All the springs display high Ra activities, probably linked to high CO₂ content and/or high cation content of these waters, with various Ra isotope ratios. ²²⁶Ra activity ranges from 588 to 2287 mBq/l and ²²⁸Ra activity from 260 to 1590 mBq/l, whereas ²²⁴Ra displays an activity between 245 and 1808 mBq/l. Four of the six analysed springs have (²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra) activity ratios lower than 0.7, thus, significantly lower than the ratio expected from an interaction with a calc-alkaline granitoid (typically having (²³²Th/²³⁸U) activity ratio between 1 and 2). Low (²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra) ratio (0.27) of the northern water (Montpensier) suggests the existence in this area of a zone of U concentration, possibly resulting from U mobilization and accumulation induced by previous hydrothermal events. The (²²⁴Ra/²²⁸Ra) ratios display smaller variations. They suggest short transit times from the zone of Ra leaching to the surface (a few days) or a very shallow addition of ²²⁴Ra (e.g., from a localised zone where ²²⁸Th could be preferentially adsorbed on the mineral surfaces). In some cases, these ratios might be used to infer differences in transit times of waters between neighboring springs.     

An Isotopic (Sr, Nd and Pb) Tracer Study on the Xiaoxinancha Gold-rich Copper Deposit in Yanbian, China: Implication for the Geodynamic Model of Diagenesis and Metallogenesis

An isotopic study was systemically carried out on the granitic complex, diorite-porphyrite, ores and ore minerals of the 103 Ma Xiaoxinancha gold-rich copper deposit in Jilin province to determine the geodynamic model of diagenesis and metallogenesis. Results show that the initial Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of the granitic complex are in the range of 0.70425–0.70505 for (87Sr/86Sr)i , 0.51243–0.51264 for INd, and –1.31 to +2.64 for εNd(t); those of the diorite-porphyrite are in the range from 0.70438–0.70448 for (87Sr/86Sr)i, 0.51259–0.51261 for INd, and +1.56 to +2.09 for εNd(t). For ores and sulfides, the (87Sr/86Sr)i , INd, and εNd(t) values are in the range from 0.70440–0.70805, 0.51259–0.51279 and +1.72 to +5.56, respectively. The Pb isotopic ratios of the granitic complex range from 18.2992–18.6636 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.5343–15.5660 for 207Pb/204Pb, and from 38.1640–38.5657 for 208Pb/204Pb. For diorite-porphyrite, the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb are 18.3919, 15.5794 and 38.3566, respectively, whereas those of the ores and ore sulfides vary from 18.2275–18.3770 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.5555–15.5934 for 207Pb/204Pb and from 38.1318–38.3131 for 208Pb/204Pb. The results indicate that the mineralization was correlated to the formation and evolution of the granitic complex and the diorite-porphyrite. Combining with the reported data in petrologic characteristics, elemental geochemistry and chronology, conclusions can be drawn that the geodynamic settings of diagenesis and metallogenesis of this deposit were consistent with the subduction of the Izanagi oceanic plate during the Early Cretaceous. The diorite-porphyrite was formed by the emplacement of the adakitic magma triggered by partial melting of the enriched mantle, which originated from the derivative continental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by dehydration fluids from the subducting oceanic crust. The granitic complex was produced by fractional crystallization of the mixture between the adakitic magma and the high-K calc-alkaline acidic magma, which were generated by the remelting of the lower crust in the course of intraplate upwelling of the adakitic magma. The ore-bearing fluid reservoir convened in a late stage of the evolution of the mixed magma chamber.     

山东黄河下游区土壤微量元素地质背景与人为叠加影响的识别方法

准确识别土壤异常元素的成因和来源,识剐其地质背景来源与人为污染的叠加量,可以为土壤污染评价与地球化学预警提供重要依据.利用山东省黄河沿岸土壤剖面的测量资料,根据土壤常量组分对微量元素含量具有决定性制约作用的特点,建立了利用土壤常量组分含量预测微量元素背景含量的数学方法,依据实测值和预测理论值可以定量地评价土壤人为叠加量,是评价土壤污染程度的途径之一.     

山东黄河下游区土壤微量元素地质背景与人为叠加影响的识别方法

准确识别土壤异常元素的成因和来源,识别其地质背景来源与人为污染的叠加量,可以为土壤污染评价与地球化学预警提供重要依据。利用山东省黄河沿岸土壤剖面的测量资料,根据土壤常量组分对微量元素含量具有决定性制约作用的特点,建立了利用土壤常量组分含量预测微量元素背景含量的数学方法,依据实测值和预测理论值可以定量地评价土壤人为叠加量,是评价土壤污染程度的途径之一。     

山东黄河下游区土壤微量元素地质背景与人为叠加影响的识别方法

准确识别土壤异常元素的成因和来源,识别其地质背景来源与人为污染的叠加量,可以为土壤污染评价与地球化学预警提供重要依据。利用山东省黄河沿岸土壤剖面的测量资料,根据土壤常量组分对微量元素含量具有决定性制约作用的特点,建立了利用土壤常量组分含量预测微量元素背景含量的数学方法,依据实测值和预测理论值可以定量地评价土壤人为叠加量,是评价土壤污染程度的途径之一。