Research and application on CSAMT constraint inversion

In this paper, according to the method of electrical constraint inversion, we can improve the accuracy of inversion interpretation using the constraint of electrical logging data in the inversion process, which is conducive to obtain more abundant geoelectric information. On the basis of the conventional OCCAM inversion algorithm, the model roughness in the objective function is improved, and the formula of the electrical constraint inversion iterative algorithm is derived in detail based on the modified objective function. Taking the geothermal exploration in Changbai Mountain area as an example, the measured CSAMT data are used as the resistivity model for inversion, and the electrical property is constrained by the actual data from wells drilled in the section. It can be found that the method of electrical constraint inversion can improve the accuracy of inversion interpretation and guide the development of constrained inversion methods in different ways.     

Simulation of seafloor electrical resistivity measuring equipment based on 3D finite element method

In order to explore the mineral resources buried in sea mud,it is necessary to use seabed resistivity measuring equipment,which works closer to the sediments than ordinary ship-based geophysical measuring equipment. Because of the harsh environment of seafloor,high pressure and highly conductive seawater,marine magnetotelluric method developed slowly. The sea floor environment is similar to the environment of logging, According to the design of dual lateral logging equipment,a new equipment for seafloor electrical resistivity measurement is designed. Four 3D FEM models that contain resistivity abnormal targets are built to test the ability of this equipment to locate different shape of shallow buried resistivity abnormal targets in sea mud. The authors propose the method to correct the response curve while the bottom surface of this equipment is suspended or not parallel to the seafloor. The resistivity of targets can be calculated accurately.     

Logging data representation based on XML

As an open standard of data representation,XML breathes new energy to the Web application and the network computing.The development,advantage and status of XML and some standards relating to XML are reviewed.In addition,the authors put forward a method representing logging data and using UML language to establish the conceptual and logical model of logging data;using a logging data,explain how to establish the model as well as how to use XML to display and process geology data.     

Joint inversion of magnetotelluric and fullwaveform seismic data based on alternating cross-gradient structural constraints

Magnetotelluric(MT)inversion and seismic inversion are important methods for the interpretation of subsurface exploration data,but separate inversion of MT and seismic produces ambiguous and non-unique results due to various factors.In order to achieve accurate results,the authors propose a joint inversion method of two-dimensional MT and seismic data in the frequency domain.The finite element method is used for numerical simulation of electromagnetic data in the forward modelling,and the Gauss-Newton method is used for the inversion.The 9-point-finite-difference method is used to solve the seismic wave field in the acoustic wave equation,and the inverse problem of seismic data is solved by full waveform inversion with a conjugate gradient,a simple and fast method.Cross gradient functions are used to provide constraint structure between resistivity and velocity parameters to carry out the joint inversion.The joint inversion algorithm is tested by double-rectangular model synthesis data,and the accuracy of the algorithm is verified.The results show that the joint inversion results are better than those from separate inversion.The algorithm is applied to a geophysical model of a metalliferous deposit in Jinchuan and is compared with the separate inversion results.It shows that the results obtained with joint inversion are much closer to the real model.     

Extraction method of component waves in full waveform acoustic data and its application

In conventional slowness-time coherence(STC)method,slowness and time need to be searched at the same time,which limits the precision and lowers the efficiency.The dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm aims to enhance the efficiency of data processing and to improve the precision.The algorithm changes the searching pattern of conventional slowness-time coherence method to acquire the slowness of component waves in array acoustic logging data.Based on energy ratio of short time window versus long time window and slowness-time coherence method,the algorithm first acquires the arrivals of the component waves using energy ratio of short time window versus long time window method.It then uses the calculated results as the arrivals in conventional slowness-time coherence method,so the slowness-time two-dimensional searching process is simplified to slowness searching process.Based on dichotomy method,the searching pattern is further optimized in replace of the ergodic searching pattern in conventional slowness-time coherence method,which means that as the iteration proceeds,the current searching interval is reduced to half of the former,so the number of searching times is decreased.The dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm is applied to well L in the data processing.Compared with conventional slowness-time coherence method,for compressional wave,the searching efficiency of the algorithm is 4.53 times better,while for Stoneley wave,the searching efficiency is 1.85 times better.Compared with conventional logging data,the average absolute error of the results of the dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm is 1.14μs/ft smaller than that of the conventional method,while the average relative error is 1.2 percent lower.The dichotomy method combined with slowness-time coherence algorithm shows good results in its application,which can enhance the processing efficiency remarkably while getting reliable results at the same time.     

Subsurface sandstone mapping by combination of GPR and ERT method

It is important to know the shape and distribution of sandstone bodies in the subsurface when forma-tion and migration of a dune model are determined.The information plays a significant role in identification of the continental oil and gas accumulation.In this study,the combination of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography method (ERT)is used in mapping the distribution of sandstone bodies in Yanchang Formation.Six GPR profiles and seven ERT profiles are used to analysis.GPR data show clear re-flections from the top interface of sandstones.ERT data show a continuous high resistivity anomaly correspon-ding to the sandstone body.Combined the reconstructed 3D images by GPR and ERT,the spatial distribution of sandstone bodies is described.     

Monte Carlo simulation of scintillation crystal detector for formation element logging

Formation elements logging is a neutron gamma spectroscopy logging technique used to acquire the content of elements and minerals by recording the gamma ray produced by the reaction of neutron and elemental nucleus in the formation. It has a wide usage in discriminating complex lithology and evaluating unconventional reservoir. The Monte Carlo simulation model of formation elements logging tool is established in this paper, with which the effects of tool parameters including the material and length of the scintillation crystal and source spacing on logging responses are modeled. The results show that the energy response of LaBr_3: Ce crystal is better than others, and the detection efficiency increases with the crystal length but decrease with source spacing. The above results may be used as a reference for optimizing the tool structure design.     

INVERSION CALCULATION OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC BOUNDARY CURRENT DURINGOCTOBER, 1988

The inverse method developed by Wunsch (1978) is widely used to determine circulation in the oceans (Fu , 1980; Wunsch , Hu and Grant, 1983 ; Joyce and Wunsch , 1986; Rintoul, 1988). However, for inversion manipulation, measurements down to the bottom are required, and so is a certain solid boundary. In the present paper an equation of potential condition satisfied by the velocity field at the reference level is added to Wunsch's underdetermined matrix equation in order to make the method adequate for the case where measurements do not touch bottom and when a solid boundary does not exist. The western boundary current in the Pacific is calculated and examined in terms of the velocity field and transport with CTD data gathered by the R/V Science I in October 1988 .     

Revision of P-wave Velocity and Thickness of Hydrate Layer in Shenhu Area,South China Sea

To revise P-wave velocity and thickness of the hydrate layer in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, acoustic and resistivity logging curves are reanalyzed. The waterlogging phenomenon is found in the shallow sediments of five drilling wells, which causes P-wave velocity to approximate the propagation velocity of sea water（about 1500 m s-1）. This also affects the identification of the hydrate layer and results in the underestimate of its thickness. In addition, because there could be about a 5 m thick velocity ramp above or below the hydrate layer as interpreted by acoustic and resistivity logging curves, the recalibrated thickness of this layer is less than the original estimated thickness. The recalibrated P-wave velocity of the hydrate layer is also higher than the original estimated velocity. For the drilling well with a relatively thin hydrate layer, the velocity ramp plays a more important role in identifying and determining the thickness of the layer.     

Monte Carlo simulation for pulsed neutron-neutron logging in fractured and cavernous carbonate formation

The influence of carbonate formation on Pulsed Neutron logging(such as Pulsed Neutron-Neutron logging)is quite different from that of sandstone due to the complexity of reservoir architecture and the development of fracture in carbonate reservoir.To study the factors affecting Pulsed Neutron-Neutron(PNN)logging in carbonate formation,the responses on fracture or cave are simulated by Monte Carlo method,getting the relationships among the macroscopic capture cross section(Σ),the count ratio of the thermal neutron at far spacing and near spacing detectors(RATIO),the fracture porosity,oil-bearing and shale content of fracture.The results show that PNN logging can be used to detect caves,and there exist linear relationships among the macroscopic capture cross section(Σ),the count ratio(RATIO)and the above factors.The research findings in this paper provides theoretical basis for the interpretation and data correction of the PNN logging in carbonate reservoirs.     

常规测井气测资料在H油田K油藏碳酸盐岩储层流体识别中的应用

K油藏是中东伊拉克H油田重要的油气产层, 储层裂缝基本不发育, 储集空间主要为基质孔隙和溶孔, 渗透率极差范围大, 孔渗相关性较差。储层厚度大, 层间非均质性极强, 使得仅依靠常规测井资料和传统的测井评价方法来评价该区域碳酸盐岩储层流体性质识别效果差, 针对该问题, 进行H油田K油藏流体识别研究。通过分析常规测井资料发现, 深浅电阻率比值可以较好地划分水和烃类。在分析总结气测全烃曲线的形态特征及所对应的储层流体性质基础上, 发现气测曲线对于不同流体性质形态差异明显, 因此考虑利用气测曲线进行水和烃类进一步划分。统计发现重烃比值和烃气密度指数可以较好划分油水同层和水层, 为了定量表征识别过程建立水层-油水同层气测曲线识别法(ECR1), ECR1大于0为油水同层, 反之为水层。以烃气湿度指数、轻烃比值、挖掘效应可以较好划分气层和油层, 以此为基础建立气层-油层气测曲线识别法(ECR2), ECR2大于0为气层, 反之为油层。以该模型对H油田K油藏13口井38个小层的应用表明, 其识别符合率达到81.58%, 识别精确度高, 能满足研究区实际需要。通过建立的气测曲线识别法(ECR)模型, 在H油田K油藏取得较好应用效果, 可为本区块后续勘探开发具有一定借鉴意义, 同时也可以为国内外类似碳酸盐岩储层流体识别提供参考。      

利用测井资料识别国外L油田流体性质

基于交会图法和岩心资料,分析国外中亚地区L油田的常规测井曲线特征与岩性和流体类型的关系.首先,对测井资料进行整理归纳,消除不同时期测井系列的差异,进行归一化、标准化及其他预处理;然后,以岩心资料为基础,建立测井资料交会图版,利用图版进行岩性和流体识别,其中岩性主要依据自然电位SP、中子伽马NRAT、感应电阻率ILD交会图版识别,流体类型主要依据含水饱和度Sw和电阻率交会图版识别;最后,确定该油田不同类型的岩性和流体识别标准:(1)砂岩自然电位SP<45mV,中子伽马NRAT>1.4CU;泥岩60mV2.8Ω.m;水层的有效孔隙度10%<w<30%,但Sw>55%,1Ω.m相似文献   

盐扩散法水文测井在焦家金矿床深部详查中的应用

盐扩散法水文测井属地球物理勘探方法,在焦家金矿床深部详查中取得了很好的效果。该文简要说明了盐扩散法水文测井的基本原理,详细介绍了盐扩散法水文测井的工作步骤,系统总结了盐扩散法水文测井的异常规律,根据加盐水前后流体电阻率的变化,判断出水位置、水的补给方向及淡水或咸水。     

Carbonate pore type characterization using a statistical inversion method

For carbonate reservoirs, vertical pore type heterogeneity records regional depositional history. However, from the geophysics point of view, these microscopic characteristics cannot be described with conventional data-driven approaches. The author presents an upscale rock physics model which includes both modeling and inverting schemes in this study. According to the statistical comparability between lab measurements and well logs, the main idea is to study and utilize inherent statistical features in naturally occurred carbonate rocks. Firstly, using the critical porosity model as rock physical theory, relationships are built between pore structures and elastic responses. Furthermore, in logging data scale, key parameters are estimated through a statistical method, and thus pore types are classified. The methodology is successfully applied in the well YS1. It is believed that this method will be a promising tool on handing pore complexity and inversion uncertainty in carbonate reservoir exploration.     

PS基线网络用于线性工程形变监测与分析

针对SAR干涉点目标分析技术在区域地表形变监测中仅能在一定程度上消除大气延迟效应的问题,采用邻域差分的思想来减弱差分干涉相位中的自相关影响。采用附加距离限制的Delaunay三角网进行PS基线网络的布设,可以有效剔除距离较长的基线边和低质量的PS点目标,并利用邻接矩阵对PS基线网络中的重复边进行检测与删除,以提高程序的计算效率。首先利用模拟数据对程序的有效性与正确性进行验证,然后以大同-西安客运专线太谷-祁县段为研究对象,选取2015-07～2016-02的8景TerraSAR数据进行实例分析,获取的高铁沿线形变与已有地裂缝调查资料和野外实地考察资料具有较高的一致性,证明了PS基线网络在线性工程形变监测应用中的可行性。     

南方下古生界海相页岩极低电阻率成因及其地质意义

基于测井电阻率和有机地球化学数据，利用页岩极化率测试和干酪根激光拉曼测试等技术手段，对导致南方下古生界高演化海相页岩呈现极低电阻率（测井电阻率低至10~1Ω·m及以下）的主控因素进行了分析，深入探究了其内在成因，并对其地质意义进行了探讨。结果显示:有机质丰度和成熟度是影响极低电阻率测井的主要因素；w（TOC）与测井电阻率和实测电阻率均呈现出良好的负相关关系；成熟度越高，达到极低电阻率所需要的最低w（TOC）界限值越低，页岩的极化率也随之增加。石墨化的有机质是致使高演化页岩出现极低电阻率的主要"导电矿物"，有机质开始发生石墨化的"临界点"对应的_Rmc R_o约为3.5%。极低电阻率特征是页岩有机质结构发生显著变化、向石墨化演进的重要标志。极低电阻率测井响应预示着页岩储层品质极可能遭受了巨大的损害:生烃能力枯竭、有机质孔隙大幅减少、吸附性能降低、含气性骤降。因此，圈定极低电阻率页岩范围，排除"有机质石墨化"的高风险区，对下古生界高演化海相页岩选区评价具有重要意义。      

汶川科钻WFSD-3孔裂缝响应特征及识别方法

汶川科钻WFSD-3孔位于四川省绵竹市九龙镇境内,该孔测井资料齐全,钻遇裂缝种类丰富、特征明显,是研究裂隙识别方法和地应力场分布的理想对象。从成像测井出发,通过汶川科钻WFSD-3孔的测井资料研究常规测井识别和提取裂缝的方法,总结了不同种类的裂缝在成像测井中的响应特征,然后分析了对应深度处裂缝在常规测井的响应特征,再根据各参数对裂缝的敏感度优选出裂缝识别参数来构造判别函数进行裂缝自动识别。结果表明,声波测井AC、密度测井DEN、补偿中子测井CNL、微球形聚焦测井RMSL、三孔隙度比值R_P、岩石结构指数m和地层因素比值F_RP在裂缝处响应明显,其中,声波测井AC、密度测井DEN对低角裂缝尤为敏感,由它们构成的判别函数识别正确率为86.67%,具有较好的应用效果。