Nutrient inputs to the Choptank River estuary: Implications for watershed management

Degraded water quality due to water column availability of nitrogen and phosphorus to algal species has been identified as the primary cause of the decline of submersed aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay and its subestuaries. Determining the relative impacts of various nutrient delivery pathways on estuarine water quality is critical for developing effective strategies for reducing anthropogenic nutrient inputs to estuarine waters. This study investigated temporal and spatial patterns of nutrient inputs along an 80-km transect in the Choptank River, a coastal plain tributary and subestuary of Chesapeake Bay, from 1986 through 1991. The study period encompassed a wide range in freshwater discharge conditions that resulted in major changes in estuarine water quality. Watershed nitrogen loads to the Choptank River estuary are dominated by diffuse-source inputs, and are highly correlated to freshwater discharge volume. in years of below-average freshwater discharge, reduced nitrogen availability results in improved water quality throughout most of the Choptank River. Diffuse-source inputs are highly enriched in nitrogen relative to phosphorus, but point-source inputs of phosphorus from sewage treatment plants in the upper estuary reduce this imbalance, particularly during summer periods of low freshwater discharge. Diffuse-source nitrogen inputs result primarily from the discharge of groundwater contaminated by nitrate. Contamination is attributable to agricultural practices in the drainage basin where agricultural land use predominates. Groundwater discharge provides base flow to perennial streams in the upper regions of the watershed and seeps directly into tidal waters. Diffuse-source phosphorus inputs are highly episodic, occurring primarily via overland flow during storm events. Major reductions in diffuse-source nitrogen inputs under current landuse conditions will require modification of agricultural practices in the drainage basin to reduce entry rates of nitrate into shallow groundwater. Rates of subsurface nitrate delivery to tidal waters are generally lower from poorly-drained versus well-drained regions of the watershed, suggesting greater potential reductions of diffuse-source nitrogen loads per unit effort in the well-drained region of the watershed. Reductions in diffuse-source phosphorus loads will require long-term management of phosphorus levels in upper soil horizons. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00021     

Natural Radon and Radium Isotopes for Assessing Groundwater Discharge into Little Lagoon,AL: Implications for Harmful Algal Blooms

Naturally occurring isotopes of radon (²²²Rn) and radium isotopes (^{223,224,226,228}Ra) were used as tracers to assess submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into Little Lagoon, AL (USA), a site of recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs). The radium isotopic data suggests that there are two groundwater sources of these tracers to the lagoon, a shallow (A1) and deeper (A2) aquifer. We estimated the fraction of each source via a three-end-member mixing model consisting of Gulf of Mexico seawater, shallow and deep groundwater. The estimated lagoonwide SGD rates based on a radium mass balance and the mixing model were 1.22?±?0.53 and 1.59?±?0.20 m³ s^-1 for the shallow and deep groundwater discharges, respectively. To investigate temporal variations in SGD, we performed several radon surveys from 2010 through 2012, a period of generally declining groundwater levels due to a drought in the southeastern USA. The total SGD rates based on a radon mass balance approach were found to vary from 0.60 to 2.87 m³ s^-1. We observed well-defined relationships between nutrients and chlorophyll-a in lagoon waters during a period when there was an intense diatom bloom in April 2010 and when no bloom existed in March 2011. A good correlation was also found between radium (groundwater-derived) and nutrients during the April 2010 period, while there was no clear relationship between the same parameters in March 2011. Based on multivariate analysis of chemical and environmental factors, we suggest that nutrient-rich inputs during high SGD may be a significant driver of algal blooms, but during low SGD periods, multiple drivers are responsible for the occurrence of algal blooms.     

汉江下游河水-地下水侧向交互带中溶解态锰的分布特征

江汉平原浅层地下水中锰含量普遍较高,探究锰在河流交互带中的分布特征有助于认识交互带中锰的生物地球化学过程,对水质的保护具有重要指导意义.通过监测汉江下游侧向交互带河水、地下水中溶解态锰含量及其相关指标,分析不同河水-地下水交互作用方向下溶解态锰的时空分布规律,并探讨其成因.结果表明:研究区侧向交互带中靠近河岸带区域存在溶解态锰的富集,且在有局部反向流的地方锰含量较高;该局部富集的现象在河水补给地下水的交互带中更加明显;泄洪后该富集区域随水流方向发生迁移;研究区地下水中锰的含量与HCO₃-、Ca2+、Mg2+呈极显著正相关,与NO₃-、Fe2+显著负相关,但与交互带地下水中Eh和pH不相关.交互带溶解态锰的时空分布受地形条件、水动力和水化学的共同影响.      

Variations of Dissolved Helium and Radon Caused by Earthquakes in Groundwater of the Southern Cis-Baikal Region

This paper reports on variations in the concentrations of dissolved radon, registered in groundwaters of the Southern Cis-Baikal region run-up to earthquakes of different energy classes, located at different distances from the point of geochemical observations. Using the obtained data, an equation of regression was calculated for the relationship between the log(TR) function and the energy class of earthquakes. These data can be used as signs of short-term earthquake precursors.     

An Overview of Dissolved and Suspended Matter Fluxes in the Loire River Basin: Natural and Anthropogenic Inputs

The spatial and temporal distributions of major elements were investigated in the surface waters and in associated suspended matter at two sites of the upper Loire basin (Orleans and Brehemont) between 1995 and 1998.According to geochemical and isotopic patterns, the dissolved load appears to result from a process of mixing rainwater inputs, weathering processes of carbonate and silicate bedrock, and agricultural and urban inputs. Natural inputs influence 60% of water chemical composition at both sites. Annual dissolved fluxes were estimated to be 1300 10³ t/y at Orleans and 1620 10³ t/y at Brehemont. Major elements are transported mainly in the dissolved fraction. After correcting for atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs, the silicate specific export rate was calculated to be 11 t/y/km² throughout the basin and the carbonate specific export rate to be from 47 t/y/km² at Orleans to 23 t/y/km² at Brehemont.The suspended load appears to result from at least two particle reservoirs: a silicate reservoir and a carbonate reservoir. The silicate reservoir has a detrital origin, mainly during periods of high flow, while the carbonate reservoir has a detrital origin during periods of high flow and an authigenic origin during periods of low flow. Of the total annual flow of suspended matter, this authigenic material represents 16% at Orleans, 25% at Brehemont and 37% in the fluvial part of the estuary. After correcting authigenic inputs, the specific export rate due to mechanical weathering was estimated to be 8 t/y/km² throughout the Loire basin.     

漓江流域碳氮同位素组成特征及其来源初探

以漓江流域境内地表河和地下河为研究对象，通过测定、分析水体中的水化学组成以及δ13C_DIC、δ15N-NO₃-、δ18O-NO₃-等，利用同位素质量平衡混合模型，初步探讨了漓江流域境内DIC、硝酸盐的分布特征及其来源.结果表明:漓江流域DIC（即HCO₃-）浓度和无机碳稳定同位素（δ13C_DIC）分别在12.20~402.60 mg·L-1和-17.29‰~-10.01‰，平均值分别为140.3 mg·L-1和-13.06‰.NO₃-浓度在2.37~35.38 mg·L-1，δ15N-NO₃-在0.99‰~11.09‰，均展现出明显的空间变异特征.有机肥和污水对漓江流域硝酸盐的贡献最为显著，贡献比达57.00%.其次是化肥、降雨中的NH₄+和土壤N，贡献比分别是36.45%，6.55%.流域内DIC主要来源于碳酸盐岩的风化和土壤CO₂的溶解，同时也受硝酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩和大气CO₂的影响.结果可为定制有效的控制硝酸盐的输入途径，净化水质测略提供依据.      

Groundwater Discharge as a Source of Dissolved Carbon and Greenhouse Gases in a Subtropical Estuary

Groundwater may be highly enriched in dissolved carbon species, but its role as a source of carbon to coastal waters is still poorly constrained. Exports of deep and shallow groundwater-derived dissolved carbon species from a small subtropical estuary (Korogoro Creek, Australia, latitude ?31.0478°, longitude 153.0649°) were quantified using a radium isotope mass balance model (²³³Ra and ²²⁴Ra, natural groundwater tracers) under two hydrological conditions. In addition, air-water exchange of carbon dioxide and methane in the estuary was estimated. The highest carbon inputs to the estuary were from deep fresh groundwater in the wet season. Most of the dissolved carbon delivered by groundwater and exported from the estuary to the coastal ocean was in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; 687 mmol m^?2 estuary day^?1; 20 mmol m^?2 catchment day^?1, respectively), with a large export of alkalinity (23 mmol m^?2 catchment day^?1). Average water to air flux of CO₂ (869 mmol m^?2 day^?1) and CH₄ (26 mmol m^?2 day^?1) were 5- and 43-fold higher, respectively, than the average global evasion in estuaries due to the large input of CO₂- and CH₄-enriched groundwater. The groundwater discharge contribution to carbon exports from the estuary for DIC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), alkalinity, CO₂, and CH₄ was 22, 41, 3, 75, and 100 %, respectively. The results show that CO₂ and CH₄ evasion rates from small subtropical estuaries surrounded by wetlands can be extremely high and that groundwater discharge had a major role in carbon export and evasion from the estuary and therefore should be accounted for in coastal carbon budgets.     

地下水硝酸盐污染与治理研究进展综述

地下水的硝酸盐污染是全球所面临的一个日益严重的问题,对硝酸盐污染的地下水修复技术的研究也自然成为近年来国内外学者研究的热点。就地下水硝酸盐污染的机理和途径、对人体及其它生物的危害以及修复技术等方面作了详细介绍,另外,就地下水硝酸盐污染的治理引用了工程实际加以说明。最后指出了未来地下水硝酸盐污染治理研究的方向。     

中国北方第四系地下水同位素分层及其指示意义

中国北方第四系地下水中的D, 18O, 3H和14C含量存在明显的分层现象, 这种现象与末次冰期以来的古气候变化有着较好的对应性, 反映了全新世和末次冰期气候条件的差别以及地下水不同的形成机制.深层地下水为晚更新世末次冰期时期形成, 其δ(D) 和δ(18O) 值与全新世补给形成的浅层地下水相比, 分别贫4× 10-3~ 16× 10-3和1× 10-3~ 2× 10-3, 说明末次冰期时期年均气温较低.古地下水中D和18O的大陆梯度与全新世以来地下水中的梯度基本相同, 说明在过去30000a来尽管气温发生变化, 但中国北方大陆的大气循环模式没有发生实质性的改变.地下水同位素分层现象反映了3种不同的补给机制及参与现代水循环程度.这些信息对大陆尺度上的水循环研究和地下水的可持续开发利用有着重要的意义.      

Hydrogeochemistry of River Water in the Upper Reaches of the Datong River Basin,China: Implications of Anthropogenic Inputs and Chemical Weathering

This research investigated anthropogenic inputs and chemical weathering in the upper reaches of the Datong River Basin,a tributary of the upper Yellow River,NW China.Multiple approaches were applied to data from 52 water and12 soil samples from the Muli,Jiangcang,and Mole basins to estimate the chemical component concentrations and to analyze hydrochemical characteristics,distribution patterns,and origins in this coal mining-affected river basin.Coal mining has enhanced the weathering of the lithosphere in the study region.The total dissolved solids in the river range from145.4 to 701.9 mg/L,which is higher than the global average for rivers.Ion concentration spatial distributions increase around mining areas.River geochemistry is mainly controlled by coal mining activity,carbonate weathering,and silicate weathering,with variances of 33.4%,26.2%,and 21.3%,respectively.Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and HCO_3~-are mainly due to the dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcitedolomite);Si and K~+are mainly from potassium (sodium) feldspar weathering;and Na~+and SO_4~(2-)mainly from coal mine production.A conceptual model of the river water ion origins from the study area is presented and management implications for improving the adverse effects of coal mining are proposed.These results provide an important standard reference for water resource and environmental management in the study region.     

天鹅洲长江故道湿地地下水砷的时空分布特征及控制机理

高砷地下水不仅直接危害供水安全,还可通过与湿地之间的交互作用,影响湿地水质进而威胁湿地生态安全.长江中游河湖平原已被报道广泛分布有高砷地下水,而位于长江中游故道区域的天鹅洲湿地地下水中砷的空间分布特征尚不明确,湿地与地下水的交互作用对地下水中砷季节性动态的控制机理尚不明确.本研究在天鹅洲湿地采集2个水文地质钻孔的35件沉积物样品、12个分层监测井不同季节的共72组地下水样和18组地表水样,通过水位-水化学监测、沉积物地球化学组成分析和砷、铁形态表征探究天鹅洲湿地地下水中砷的时空分布规律及控制机理.研究发现天鹅洲湿地地下水砷含量为1.08~147 μg/L,牛轭湖外侧浅井（10 m）地下水砷含量普遍高于深井（25 m）和牛轭湖内侧浅井（10 m）、深井（25 m）地下水,枯水期和平水期的砷含量高于丰水期.牛轭湖外侧浅层地下水系统具有更厚的粘土、亚粘土沉积,沉积物中总砷、强吸附态砷和易还原的铁氧化物的含量更多,吸附砷的水铁矿等无定形铁氧化物还原性溶解导致砷释放进入地下水中.枯水期天鹅洲湿地底部向牛轭湖外侧浅层含水层输送不稳定的有机质,使天鹅洲湿地地下水-地表水界面成为砷释放的热点区域.丰水期时牛轭湖外侧含水层受长江补给的影响,还原环境发生改变使地下水中的砷和铁被氧化固定从而不利于砷向地下水释放.      

中国锂矿地球化学背景与空间分布:远景区预测

由于锂在新能源领域的大量需求和不可替代性,锂矿成为关键资源调查和研究的热点.本文以全国采集的12118件岩石样品和3394个汇水域沉积物样品数据为基础,首次提供了中国锂地球化学背景和时空分布数据,在此基础上划分了全国19个锂矿远景区.根据全国4101件岩浆岩,6209件沉积岩,1808件变质岩样品数据得出如下结论:全国岩石锂平均含量为29.22×10–6,侵入岩25.22×10–6,火山岩22.92×10–6,沉积岩为31.45×10–6,变质岩为32.30×10–6;在侵入岩中锂含量从酸性到中性、基性、超基性岩由高到低依次降低,侵入岩中加里东期、喜马拉雅期、印支期和燕山期锂含量明显高于其它其次;沉积地层中泥质岩类锂含量最高,平均含量达50×10–6,是地壳克拉克值的4倍;地层中锂含量由高到低依次为:三叠系,石炭系、寒武系、白垩系、侏罗系、志留系、奥陶系、元古宇、二叠系、古近系和新近系、太古宇.依据全国汇水域沉积物地球化学数据,共圈出31个地球化学异常,归为19个锂地球化学省,分为4种类型:花岗伟晶岩和花岗岩有关的锂地球化学异常,盐湖与地下卤水型锂地球化学异常,泥质岩类有关的锂地球化学异常,次生风化黏土有关的锂地球化学异常,其中全国多处新发现的地球化学异常,特别是与泥质岩类有关和干旱盆地有关的锂异常,对锂矿找矿具有重要指导意义.     

贵州万山废弃矿区小流域系统沉积物及悬浮物重金属的空间分布特征

废弃矿山虽已不再开采,但废弃矿坑、旧冶炼场地、埋填的尾矿坝受雨水淋滤仍可通过地表径流对下游地区造成污染。研究废弃矿山水系沉积物及悬浮物中重金属的沿河道分布及相互关系具有重要的现实意义。本文以贵州万山汞矿区下溪河小流域系统作为研究区域,对沉积物及悬浮物中重金属元素进行初步调查,为监测和污染耕地进行修复提供基础资料。通过湿法消解的前处理方法,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱和原子荧光光谱法测定了沉积物及悬浮物样品中Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Zn、Co含量,查明污染现状及空间分布特征,以获取矿区污染物向下游迁移、扩散的信息。结果表明:沉积物中Hg含量范围为0.10～16.0μg/g(干重),平均值为5.79μg/g,是《国家土壤环境质量标准》二级土壤Hg限值的几十倍;Cd在部分站点超标;Ni、Cu、Co含量平均值均不超标;Hg和Cd的变异系数较大,显示空间分布不均的特征。沉积物中Hg为高潜在生态风险级别。研究区沉积物及悬浮物中的Hg浓度与河段的水动力条件有关,最大值出现在河道宽阔、水流平缓的站点。由于万山汞矿早已停止开采和冶炼,本研究提出,自然条件下废弃矿区的风化淋滤引起颗粒物输送是造成河流下游Hg和Cd污染的原因。     

Isotopic Stratification and Its Implications in Groundwater of Northern China

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭａｎｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｙｃｌｅｏｆａｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｓｃａｌｅｃａｎｂｅｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅｓ(Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎｅｔａｌ.,2 0 0 1;ＫａｒｅｎａｎｄＤａｒａ,2 0 0 1;ＭｉｃｈａｅｌａｎｄＭｉｃｈａｅｌ,1999;Ｈｕｇｏｅｔａｌ.,1996 ;Ｌａｒｒｙｅｔａｌ.,1996 ) .Ｃｕｒ ｒｅｎｔｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｆｄｅｕｔｅｒｉｕｍａｎｄｏｘｙｇｅｎ 18ｃｏｎｃｅｎ …     

黄河上游主要支流径流时空分布规律及演变趋势分析

基于有关水文站径流观测资料,对黄河上游兰州以上干流与主要支流流域径流的补给来源、时空分布规律及演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明,研究区域内径流的补给来源主要是大气降水汛期(5～10月)水量占年总量的52.4%～68.0%,非汛期地下水补给量占年总量的35.1%～43.1%,冰雪融水量占年总量的2.5﹪～5.0﹪;从空间分布看,由于流域下垫面条件不同,其产流模数在空间的分布差异性很大,产水量较大的区域模数为7.874～8.500L/s.km2;产水量中等区域模数为5.047～6.536L/s.km2;产流量较小区模数为3.416～3.812L/s.km2;从时间上看,自有观测资料至2008年,以1986年为分界点,径流的多年变化过程总体上先表现出具有长持续性的波动上涨、后表现出跌宕中下落的趋势过程;各月径流量的长期变化趋势主要表现为汛期径流量减少的幅度较大,非汛期减少的幅度相对较小。鉴于源区各区间径流持续减少的原因,导致兰州站自1986年以来径流变化过程有显著减少的趋势,且这种变化趋势还在持续。黄河上游径流的持续减少给流域各省的经济与社会、生态与环境的和谐发展带来不利影响,应当引起高度重视。     

Determining Spatial and Temporal Inputs of Freshwater,Including Submarine Groundwater Discharge,to a Subtropical Estuary Using Geochemical Tracers,Biscayne Bay,South Florida

Geochemical mixing models were used to decipher the dominant source of freshwater (rainfall, canal discharge, or groundwater discharge) to Biscayne Bay, an estuary in south Florida. Discrete samples of precipitation, canal water, groundwater, and bay surface water were collected monthly for 2 years and analyzed for salinity, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, and Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ concentrations. These geochemical tracers were used in three separate mixing models and then combined to trace the magnitude and timing of the freshwater inputs to the estuary. Fresh groundwater had an isotopic signature (δ ¹⁸O = −2.66‰, δD −7.60‰) similar to rainfall (δ ¹⁸O = −2.86‰, δD = −4.78‰). Canal water had a heavy isotopic signature (δ ¹⁸O = −0.46‰, δD = −2.48‰) due to evaporation. This made it possible to use stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to separate canal water from precipitation and groundwater as a source of freshwater into the bay. A second model using Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios was developed to discern fresh groundwater inputs from precipitation inputs. Groundwater had a Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio of 0.07, while precipitation had a dissimilar ratio of 0.89. When combined, these models showed a freshwater input ratio of canal/precipitation/groundwater of 37%:53%:10% in the wet season and 40%:55%:5% in the dry season with an error of ±25%. For a bay-wide water budget that includes saltwater and freshwater mixing, fresh groundwater accounts for 1–2% of the total fresh and saline water input.     

土地开发利用中土壤氡气的检测与评价

对土地开发利用中土壤氡检测及其环境质量评价进行了探讨,提出了土壤氡气现场调查的技术要点,以氡浓度与表面氡析出率指标确定环境质量评价分级,并对相应的土地利用作了分析。     

青岛市地下水中硝酸盐氮的污染及其影响因素分析

本文通过对2000～2004年青岛市地下水中硝酸盐氮含量的分析,探讨了青岛市地下水中硝酸盐氮的污染规律及影响因素.分析结果表明:地下水中硝酸盐氮的污染有地区性差异,污染区主要集中在农业比较发达的平度、莱西等平原地区,而属于山区的胶南地下水中的硝酸盐氮的含量较低.在平度、菜西地区,地下水中硝酸盐氮的含量与氮肥施用量具有一定的正相关.应加强该区域含氮有机物污染的治理.     

中蒙边境中段花岗岩时空分布特征及构造和找矿意义

本文精确地厘定了中蒙边境中段白乃庙片麻状石英闪长岩(459-454 Ma)、锡林浩特代托吉卡山中粒晶洞正长花岗岩(268±6.9Ma)、镶黄旗巴音察汗灰白色中细粒角闪黑云母花岗闪长岩(261.7±6.1 Ma)、镶黄旗二长花岗岩(262.7±6.0 Ma)、镶黄旗哈达庙黑云母石英闪长岩(277.2±2.9 Ma)、锡林浩特白音锡勒中细粒正长花岗岩(231.1±7.6 Ma)、苏尼特左旗(东苏)二长花岗岩(216.9±5.4 Ma)、苏尼特左旗沙尔塔拉碱长花岗岩(152.1±2.5 Ma)的时代.并在前人工作的基础上,总结了本地区花岗岩的时空分布规律:区内花岗岩空间上呈3条近东西向的条带分布,时间上可划分为5个重要期次:早-中古生代(490-387 Ma)、石炭纪(342-302Ma)、二叠纪(282-257 Ma)、三叠纪(249-204 Ma)和晚中生代(152-118 Ma),峰期间隔约为40 Ma,并存在两条巨型碱性花岗岩带(东乌珠穆沁旗一带的二叠纪碱性岩带、华北板块北缘的晚三叠世碱性正长岩带),岩浆活动呈现不对称性.结合区域地质、岩石、年代学等证据说明,北部贺根山蛇绿岩与南部索伦山-西拉木伦蛇绿岩代表两个洋盆体系,贺根山洋闭合早于中二叠世,而索伦山-西拉木伦缝合带所代表残留古亚洲洋关闭,中朝板块与西伯利亚板块最终碰撞拼合的时代应在晚二叠世-早三叠世.同时,区内与花岗岩有关的矿产发育,包括铜、钨、锌等矿种,多产于造山后伸展或岩石圈拆沉,区域大规模伸展环境.     

玉龙喀什河流域地下水的时空变异规律

对面积约942km2的玉龙喀什河流域地下水埋深进行取样检测,应用地质统计学方法对取得数据进行了半方差函数分析。结果表明,该地区2005、2006年地下水埋深变异函数曲线的理论模型符合指数模型;2007、2008年地下水埋深变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型。通过对2005、2006、2007及2008年水样的分析,得出该地区地下水埋深在时间与空间上皆存在明显的变异性。在空间尺度上,地下水埋深从研究区的东北向西南方向有增加的趋势。从整体上看,地下水埋深在研究区的中部大于四周边;南部大于北部。在时间尺度上,随着时间的推移研究区中部和南部的地下水位正向下降方向发展。利用软件Geopack与Serfer7．0软件绘制了地下水埋深的时空分布图,为该地区地下水资源的评价与今后的合理开发利用提供了决策依据。