Conservation and rural change in Valcea County

Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (established through the processing of local raw materials: agricultural commodities, timber and salt) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. The tourist industry has also expanded with reference to the mineral waters. But agriculture still plays an important role. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years and under the transition conservation measures should include national park designations to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national and ‘natural’ parks for the development of tourism in the area, with particular reference to Buila-Vanturarita area of the Capatina Mountains. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The impact of tourism and conservation on agriculture in the mountains of Valcea county, Romania

Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (largely bound up originally with wood processing) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years through agricultural, industrial and tourist pressures. Under the transition conservation measures will have to include national park designation to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves which already exist. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national parks for the agriculture of the area, with particular reference to the Parang Mountains.     

5·12汶川大地震后安县的旅游资源空间结构优化

5．12汶川大地震,给安县带来了极大的破坏,也给安县旅游业带来不小的打击。为恢复和提升安县旅游业的地位,在灾后重建中发挥其优势和先导的作用,县域旅游资源的空间结构研究有着重要的意义。通过实地考察,利用组合数学图论理论中相关拓扑指数,对安县旅游资源的空间结构进行了分析,提出优化建议,为安县旅游资源的高效配置,开发、合理规划与空间布局提供科学依据。     

基于灰关联模型的旅游产业关联分析——以宜宾市兴文县为例

旅游业作为国民经济的一部分,带动了整个区域经济的全面发展,并促进了产业结构的优化和调整。以兴文县近7年国民经济主要产业的产值变化来分析旅游产业与其他产业关联效应,运用灰色关联模型对旅游业与农业、工业、交通运输、批发零售业、邮电通讯等产业间的关联度进行测算,得出相关产业与旅游业的关联系数和关联度。关联度由大到小依次是：住宿餐饮业〉批发零售业〉农林牧渔业〉邮电通讯业〉交通运输业〉工业。结合兴文县旅游相关产业的实际发展情况,提出产业发展的对策和措施,以期能有助于兴文旅游业自身的快速、协调、高效运行。     

湘西州地质旅游资源及其开发建议

系统地介绍了湘西州的地质旅游资源特征，指出切实保护和合理开发利用湘西州丰富的地质旅游资源，将旅游业作为支柱产业是发展该州经济的合理之举，进而提出了保护和开发该州地质旅游资源的8条建议。     

西藏自治区旅游资源概况

西藏地区经历了复杂的地质作用，造就了其地形的独特性，从而形成了独有的地貌特征，自然资源中具有旅游开发价值的为数不少。在旅游业兴盛繁荣的今天，挖掘并开放西藏的旅游资源已显得相当重要。本文在介绍西藏旅游资源概况的基础上，讨论了开发西藏自治区旅游资源的意义和作用。     

Rural tourism in Spain: an analysis of recent evolution

The aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution of Rural Tourism¹ (RT) in Spain within a European context. The first step is to examine the development of different “models” of RT and trace some experiences of the application of European policy. In order to set the scene and understand this evolution, the collective imagery on which RT is based is also analysed. This is followed by a study of the development of tourist products and services in rural Spain since the 1980s, as diversification of the traditional sun/sand/sea (3S) tourist economy is sought. The analysis underlines the importance of the role of women, and the consequences of the activity for the economy of rural areas. The purpose is to identify differences in the pattern of evolution with more northern European countries, understand their causes and formulate recommendations for future development.     

新亚欧大陆桥中国段沿线旅游资源特征

新亚欧大陆桥中国段地处陇海、兰新铁路沿线，是我国中部金腰带地区。其东段黄河流域是中华民族的摇篮、东方文明的窗口；西段“丝绸之路”是连接东、西方文化、西方游客向往的国际黄金旅游热线。沿线十省、区的旅游资源管理类型比率大、价值高。其中人文旅游资源类型多、分布集中，自然旅游资源丰富、开发潜力大。沿线旅游业的发展具有得天独厚的条件，将成为沿线经贸的带头和支柱产业     

兴文岩溶区地质灾害的危害与防治

兴文岩溶区位于兴文县中南部地区,该区拥有丰富的地质旅游资源,在带动地方经济发展上起着不可替代的作用。但复杂的地质背景使得该区的地质灾害呈现出多样性,这不仅会对该区的旅游资源造成不可恢复的损失,而且还会给当地人民的生命财产带来巨大的损失,在一定程度上制约了社会和区域经济的发展。因此,对兴文岩溶区地质灾害的危害进行研究具有十分重要的意义。在分析了该区地质灾害分布和特点的基础上,研究了该区地质灾害的影响因素,并针对其危害提出了可行的防治对策,为兴文地质灾害的防治规划提供参考。     

论煤矿的国家经营

煤炭是我国的基础性能源,关系国计民生,属于公益性行业,煤矿应该实行国家经营。国家经营利于遏制矿难频发、防止国有资产流失、提高行业整体竞争力和技术进步,便于国家对国民经济进行宏观调控。煤炭国家经营并不必然导致煤炭企业的效益低下,而且具有法律制度上的可行性。国家经营主要是通过国资委以投资人身份授权于国有资产经营公司经营,实现方式主要是国有独资或者国有资本绝对控股。     

Maramures: Expanding human resources on the Romanian periphery

Maramures is one of the remotest mountain regions of Romania and has been marginalised throughout the modern period, including the communist era. Yet its human resources continue to grow with significant levels of natural increase and a growing labour market in the more traditional parts of the county. After placing the region in its physical and historical settings, the paper examines the communist economy and the strategies adopted by the growing population to maintain viable communities rooted in cultural practices on which the authorities made only a superficial impact. Since 1989 the economy has contracted quite sharply and out-migration has accelerated, while natural increase remains positive, but to a lesser extent than before. Tourism is seen as an important source of diversification and significant progress has been made through the setting up of local tourist associations and the publication of accommodation lists. Despite constraints, the business opportunities are increased by closer integration with Hungary and also with Ukraine given the enhanced potential for cross-border cooperation. However, even with continued dependence on seasonal employment outside the region and fiscal incentives for business development, arising from a special programme for `less-favoured areas' affected by mine closures, it is unlikely that out-migration will be halted. But the resourcefulness of the population could boost Maramures as a area of small-scale enterprise harmonising with the physical resources and cultural milieu. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rural diversification in Albania

This paper examines the prospects for Albanian rural diversification with particular reference to rural tourism. In the early 1990s, tourism was identified by the Albanian government and Western development consultants as a likely vehicle for an appropriate and sustainable development strategy, given the relative wealth generated by international tourism in neighbouring Greece, Italy and Croatia. Pressure has been exerted by commercial developers for mass coastal tourism and permission for around 40 new tourist development has been granted. But Albania embraces a considerable wealth of natural and cultural heritage, which provides opportunities for the development of small scale rural tourism carefully integrated into the local economy with respect to organic farming, quality wine production and sustainable fishing. But sensitive social integration is vital where it is difficult to identify rural communities where there is a conspicuous absence of local consensus. The resurgence of traditional social systems and the empowerment of local actors in cases where organised crime has taken root pose major problems for rural diversification. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The structure and impact of international tourism in the Veneto region,Italy

The Veneto region is one of the major tourist destinations in Italy, attracting some 20 million foreign and 24 million domestic arrivals each year through the variety of natural and cultural resources it has to offer. This paper examines the structure of foreign tourism, highlighting the importance of the Adriatic coast and Venice, and outlines some of the impacts which have resulted from the rapid and unplanned development of mass tourism.     

Croatia — a coastal and maritime country

Croatia, through its geographic position, is a Mediterranean/Adriatic and Central European/Danube state. As an Adriatic coastal state, it has a long maritime tradition, which is apparent in its well-developed shipping (2.4 million GT), the high-quality ship-building industry (among the top six in the world) and through its numerous sea ports, of which many were established in ancient times. The leading national port is Rijeka, which is at the same time an important transit port for Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic.The exceptionally indented Croatian Adriatic coast with its attractive archipelagos and favorable climatic and oceanographic conditions in the coastal sea offers very advantageous conditions for comprehensive tourist utilization. This is particularly true of nautical tourism, which is complimented by a larger number of constructed and well-equipped yachting ports/marinas on the coast and islands.     

Local music policies within a global music industry: cultural quarters in Manchester and Sheffield

This paper will explore the relationship between the local and the global in the music industry through the lens of place-based cultural policies.The first part of the paper will outline current debates around the complex interaction of the local and the global in culture in general and the popular music industry in particular. Alongside the continuous expansion of globalisation has been a reassertion of ‘place', of ‘locality'. Whilst this has been investigated to some extent at the level of local music scenes it has never been fully addressed in terms of music industry policy as part of an economic development strategy. Yet it is here that the particular values of ‘place' are asserted in the face of some ‘global' music industry with a view to developing (or at least retaining some of the benefits of) a local music industry.Whilst situating itself within these debates about the relationship of local and global musical production and consumption, the paper explores the different strategies of two northern English cities and their attempts to promote culture, and music, within each cities ‘cultural quarter': Sheffield's Cultural Industries Quarter and Manchester's Northern Quarter. The paper analyses the role and appropriateness of local authority policy intervention, the importance of ‘soft' networks within local music scenes and the different ways in which authorities in each example have tried to overcome dichotomies of art and industry, cultural and economy.     

The role of industrial archaeology in conservation: The Reşiţa area of the Romanian Carpathians

Industrial archaeology has developed as an important aspect of conservation during the second half of the twentieth century in the Western world and there have been great opportunities in transition countries since 1989 on account of economic restructuring and the importance given to 'niche' tourism. While the core interest lies with machines and industrial buildings, attention is also given to transport systems and the social context, with respect to relations between owners, managers and workers. Moreover, the desirability of maintaining old industrial installations within their traditional landscape settings enables industrial archaeology to make a contribution to sustainable development. This paper considers the prospects for Romania, with particular reference to the Reşiţa area of the Banat Carpathians. The mineral resources of this region gave rise to a metallurgical industry which was established under Habsburg administration in the eighteenth century and continues today. In addition to the principal factories in Anina and Reşiţa, the mining installations, transport systems and power stations contribute to a diverse industrial region in a distinctive physical and cultural setting. The development of the complex is summarised and the opportunities for conservation are evaluated. The tourist infrastructure of the area is also examined with regard to the range of accommodation available. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

贵州旅游地质资源开发利用的探讨

本文扼要地从岩溶地质景观、变质岩地质景观、古生物群遗迹、地热等方面论述了贵州旅游地质资源,并探讨了如何合理开发利用贵州旅游地质资源,以期达到发展贵州旅游经济,服务于贵州旅游业。     

四川宝兴县地质旅游资源及其开发价值

宝兴县具有丰富的地质旅游资源，种类多，品种齐，与宝兴县其他旅游资源相得益彰，是宝兴县旅游资源的重要组成部分，不但在宝兴县旅游开发中具有重要的地位和作用，而且还具有重要的地质科学考察价值。     

Some economic characteristics of animal husbandry in Pakistan

In spite of the predominance of agriculture in the economy of Pakistan, animal raising is the most neglected industry in the country. The study points out some of the reasons for such neglect and lack of enthusiasm in organizing the cattle industry. Cost and return method has been used to relate the importance of crops over livestock in the farm economy.     

International tourism and its impact on the Slovenian society and landscape

By all the usual measurements, Slovenia should present a particularly attractive destination for tourists. First, it has a diversity of natural phenomena; second, the cultural landscape has imprints of many peoples and times. But oddly enough only several resorts, based on attractions of nature, like Rogaka Slatina (mineral wells), Portoro-Portorose (Mediterranean littoral) and Bled (alpine lake) are comparable to similar places in Europe. On above named examples the effects of the tourist industry are elaborated. This paper suggests that the phenomenon tourism impacts the culture, economy and looks of a diversity of Slovenian regions. Due to a basic ignorance during most of the socialist era, in Slovenia as a whole tourism gives bread only to 3% of the resident population. Opportunities for the development of this branch of economy are diverse.