基于Landsat TM和OLI数据的30年间土地利用变化及生态敏感性研究——以西安市秦岭段鄠邑区为例

对位于关中平原南缘的西安市秦岭段鄠邑区,采用Landsat TM和OLI数据,分析1990~2021年土地利用及景观格局变化特征,并选取高程、坡度、坡向、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和水系缓冲距离6个敏感性因子,结合层次权重决策分析法（AHP法）评价生态敏感性,识别了不同生态环境敏感区空间分布格局。结果表明：1）在1990~2021年间西安市秦岭段鄠邑区土地利用变化为林地和建设用地面积分别增加了39.31 km²和4.01 km²;耕地、水域、草地和未利用土地的面积分别缩减了41.29 km²、1.16 km²、0.79 km²和0.04 km²;30年间该区土地利用变化速率较大,土地利用程度综合指数从208.48降至204.21,与退耕还林政策的实施及城市建设紧密相关。2）在斑块类型水平上,耕地和建设用地破碎化程度高,分布趋于集中连片;林地和耕地的景观主导性不断降低。在景观水平上,整体格局趋于破碎和离散,景观形状不规则性强,总体异质性和均衡性降低,说明大力发展城乡建设推动了区域景观格局的动态变化,在人为干预和规划下,当地生态环境有所恢复。3）生态敏感性由城市向外围逐渐增加,高敏感区分布在山区和水域区,低敏感区位于城镇规划区周围,不敏感区在城镇中心,是人类活动区,说明生态敏感性和环境抗压能力受人类活动的影响。本研究结果旨在为秦岭区域土地资源可持续利用、生态环境保护提供科学依据,有效防止城市建设的无序蔓延和人类活动的过度干扰,对最大限度保持自然本底具有指导意义。     

典型岩溶湖泊湿地流域景观格局动态变化及趋势预测

岩溶湖泊湿地流域作为景观格局变化的热点研究区域,探讨景观格局动态变化及预测趋势,为岩溶流域生态安全研究提供科学依据。应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,结合普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地流域实际情况,分别对该地区1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015 年6 期遥感影像进行分类、解译,系统地获取地区景观格局状况,分析动态变化特征,并运用CA-Markov 模型对未来湿地景观格局进行模拟预测。结果表明：1990−2015年普者黑岩溶湿地流域景观格局随时间变化显著,景观破碎化程度总体呈现增加趋势,斑块数（NP）从861增加到889,景观类型的优势斑块面积在逐渐增加,而多样性指数从1.064下降到0.966;2020−2030年普者黑岩溶湿地流域建筑用地、农地和湿地景观类型面积在增加,农地和林地在减少,其中,较为突出的是建筑用地占有率由2.79%上升到2.97%,农地占有率60.12%增加到60.74%,湿地占有率6.67%上升7.02%,而林地占有率由26.70%下降到26.40%。景观格局进行预测可以发现湿地面积、建筑用地面积和农地变化幅度最大,本文相关研究和预测结果可为普者黑流域生态保护提供一定的建议和参考。     

天津滨海新区重点海岸带土地生态景观综合分析与评价

土地生态景观分类是土地分类的深化,土地生态景观分析能够更好地审视生态环境的现状和变化。文章以天津滨海新区重点海岸带为研究区域,以高精度航空影像和GF-2卫星影像为数据源,结合Naveh的景观分类系统完成了研究区的土地生态景观遥感调查。在遥感调查的基础上,选取斑块面积（CA）、斑块数量（NP）、最大斑块所占景观面积比例（LPI）等12项景观格局指标对研究区的景观现状进行了综合分析,发现：1）工业及居住景观呈团块式聚集,农业景观和人工养殖景观破碎程度较高;2）研究区景观异质性明显,景观格局类型稳定性差且景观格局分布具有明显的地域性;3）工业及沿岸浅海区规划较好,然而荒漠景观分布面积较多且集中,需要重点规划和治理。研究表明景观格局能够准确反映研究区景观的基本特征,对研究区今后的生态环境改善、旅游景观分析以及土地资源利用和规划提供一定的参考价值和指导意义。

     

塔里木河下游生态输水后植被景观格局动态变化研究

2000-2005年, 塔里木河流域管理局先后7次向塔里木河下游断流区进行了生态输水, 输水河道两岸的植被得到了一定的恢复. 以2000-2005的中巴资源卫星CCD影像为主要数据源, 获得了6 a的植被/非植被二值图, 并计算各年的景观格局指数, 分析了6 a植被景观格局的变化. 结果表明: 植被景观动态度在第四时段(2003-2004年)最大, 为47.83%; 在第三时段(2002-2003年)最小, 为-1.39%; 2000-2005年植被景观的动态变化呈正向趋势. 2000-2005年, 植被景观斑块个数与景观形状指数增加, 蔓延度指数下降了36.9, 斑块结合度指数均高于99, 表明研究区的植被景观破碎化程度、分离程度增加, 而景观类型联通性较高. 植被斑块面积均处于增加趋势且远离河道植被恢复率越小, 但植被景观的比重仍小于50%, 说明非植被类型是研究区的基质类型, 组成了景观的最大斑块. 针对缓冲区Zone 1, 植被景观的平均分维数处于减小趋势且2005年的斑块个数最小, 斑块结合度指数处于增加趋势, 表明近河道区域植被较为稳定, 受生态输水的干扰度较小, 植被景观斑块之间越来越聚集. 6 a间Zone 1的植被最大斑块指数均大于10%, 远高于其它5个缓冲带, 表明离河道越近植被景观的优势度最大.     

基于RS和GIS的喀斯特山区生态系统构成与格局及转化分析——以贵州毕节地区为例

为了更好地了解贵州省毕节地区生态系统类型的构成、格局与转化特征,本文基于面向对象分类和空间统计与分析技术,对毕节地区2000年和2010年生态系统类型进行提取,并对生态系统构成、格局和转化特征进行定量分析。结果表明:从生态系统构成和格局看,2010年研究区生态系统类型以林地和耕地为主,分别占研究区面积的42.65 ％和42.51 ％;2000和2010年该区均具有较高的斑块数和较小的平均斑块面积,说明该地区景观破碎化程度较高;2010年斑块总数较2000有所减少,表明研究区景观连通性得到改善,景观整体趋于规整化;2010年旱地斑块总面积和平均斑块面积有所减少,针叶林、草地则增加,显示该地区退耕还林还草项目的实施有所成效;旱地和针叶林的聚集度都增加,表明二者连通性增强、景观更加集中。从生态系统转化特征看,2000-2010年,研究区生态系统类型间转化总面积为1 298.25 km2,面积明显减少的是旱地和水田,明显增加的主要为林地、草地,土地面积转移矩阵显示旱地主要向林地、草地转化;受旱地面积较大影响,毕节、黔西、大方的面积变化和生态系统转化剧烈程度都较大,8个县（市）的生态系统类型相互转化强度值均为正值,可见生态系统覆被类型均向着较好的方向发展。      

Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the Tarim River basin, western China

The wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are a rich area of biodiversity and natural resources in the inland arid region of China. However, this wetland area has decreased in size during the past several decades. Water quality and biodiversity has declined due to expanded agricultural activities since 1960s. Using remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) techniques, we investigated the dynamics, spatial patterns and fragmentation of the wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River from 1980 to 2000. We found that the total area of the wetlands was reduced by 45.8% and the density of the patches increased four times from 1980 to 1990. From 1990 to 2000, though the total area of the wetlands slightly increased the number of the patches increased three times and the density of the patches doubled. Based on the analyses of transition matrixes, diversity and fragmentation indexes, and spatial distribution alternation of the wetlands, we found the landscape diversity and fragmentation indices increased while wetland dominance index decreased dramatically. Among the wetland types, the areas of the river-channel, reservoir and pond wetlands increased while the areas of the lake and marsh wetlands decreased continuously.     

Using landscape indicators and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the optimum spatial scale of urban land use patterns in Wuhan,China

Quantifying land use patterns and functions is critical for modeling urban ecological processes, and an emerging challenge is to apply models at multiple spatial scales. Methods of determining the optimum scale of land use patterns are commonly considered using landscape metrics. Landscape metrics are quantitative indicators for analyzing landscape heterogeneity at the landscape level. In this study, due to their widespread use in urban landscape analyses and well-documented effectiveness in quantifying landscape patterns, landscape metrics that represent dominance, shape, fragmentation and connectivity were selected. Five metrics include Patch Density, Contagion, Landscape Shape Index, Aggregation Index and Connectivity. Despite a wide application of landscape metrics for land use studies, the majority mainly focuses on the qualitative analysis of the characteristics of landscape metrics. The previous models are limited in exploring the optimum scale of land use patterns for their lack of quantitation. Therefore, taking the City of Wuhan as an example, the land use unit was treated as a patch, and the landscape pattern metrics at different spatial scales were calculated and compared so as to find the optimum one. Furthermore, a mathematical model of landscape metrics was proposed to quantify the scale effect of urban land use patterns, generating a complementary tool to select the optimum scale. In addition, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was introduced to determine the respective weights of the chosen landscape metrics in this model. Fractal dimension was ultimately applied to verify the chosen optimum scale of our study region. The results indicated that 60 m is confirmed to be the optimum scale for capturing the spatial variability of land use patterns in this study area.     

近30年吉林市景观格局变化及气候效应

在ArcGIS、ENVI、Excel和FRAGSTATS软件支持下, 利用景观指数中的斑块数量、最大斑块指数、斑块密度、周长面积分维数、聚集度和香农多样性指数, 对1980年、1995年和2010年的吉林市景观格局进行了分析。结果表明:近30年间吉林市斑块数量、斑块密度、周长面积分维数和香农多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势, 聚集度呈先减少后增加的趋势, 最大斑块指数逐渐减少;林地景观面积、草地景观面积一直在减少, 湿地景观面积呈先增加后减少趋势, 旱田景观面积逐渐增加。在东北地区气候变化背景下, 吉林市景观格局的变化对该区气候产生了一定的影响, 使该区气温上升、降雨量减少。吉林市景观格局变化与气温、降雨量变化的空间分布格局有较好的对应关系。     

Seagrass patches and landscapes: The influence of wind-wave dynamics and hierarchical arrangements of spatial structure on macrofaunal seagrass communities

The spatial arrangement of seagrass beds varies from scales of centimeters to meters (rhizomes, shoot groups), meters to tens of meters (patches), to tens of meters to kilometers (seagrass landscapes). In this study we examine the role of patch scale (patch size, seagrass % cover, seagrass biomass), landscape scale (fractal geometry, patch isolation) and wave exposure (mean wind velocity and exceedance) variables in influencing benthic community composition in seagrass beds at three intertidal sites in northern New Zealand (two sites in Manukau Harbour and one site in Whangapoua Harbour). Analysis of univariate community measures (numbers of individuals and species, species richness, diversity and evenness) and multivariate analyses indicated that there were significant differences in community composition inside and outside of seagrass patches at each of the three sites. Partialling out the spatial and temporal components of the ecological variation indicated that seagrass patch variables explained only 3–4% of the patch scale variation in benthic community composition at each of the sites. The temporal component was more important, explaining 12–14% of the variation. The unexplained variation was high (about 75%) at all three sites, indicating that other factors were influencing variation in community composition at the scale of the patches, or that there was a large amount of stochastic variation. Landscape and wave exposure variables explained 62.5% of the variation in the species abundance data, and the unexplained variation at the landscape level was correspondingly low (12%). Canonical correspondence analysis produced an ordination that suggests that, while mean wind velocity and exceedance were important in explaining the differences between the communities in the two harbours, spatial patterning of the habitat, primarily fractal dimension, and secondarily patch isolation (or some factors that were similarly correlated), were important in contributing to variability in community composition at the two sites in Manukau Harbour. This study suggests that spatial patterning of seagrass habitat at landscape scales, independent of the patch scale characteristics of the seagrass beds, can affect benthic community composition. Community composition inside and outside seagrass habitats involves responses to seagrass bed structure at a series of hierarchical levels, and we need to consider more than one spatial scale if we are to understand community dynamics in seagrass habitats.     

大布苏地区土地利用及其景观格局变化研究

利用大布苏地区1996年和2001年两个时相的TM遥感图像,获取不同时期的土地利用信息,分析了大布苏地区土地利用时空变化,借助FRAGSTATS软件进行了景观格局变化研究。研究结果表明,土地利用变化的总趋势是水域、荒草地减少,居民用地、耕地增加,土地利用综合程度指数降低;从景观尺度上看,斑块密度、多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数减小,最大斑块指数、景观形状指数增加。     

新疆乌恰康苏地区构造地貌与景观生态格局研究

新疆乌恰康苏地区位于西昆仑山与西南天山对冲作用形成的盆山耦合带,其构造地貌具有显著的山地-平原分布格局特征.文章以"3S"技术为基础进行构造地貌填图,划分新疆乌恰康苏地区的景观类型,研究构造地貌对该区域景观生态格局的影响.采用垂向山地-平原构造地貌为指标,划分5个景观类;以土地利用类型+植被覆盖为指标,划分6个景观型;...     

长江三角洲经济与社会可持续发展若干问题咨询综合报告

长江三角洲是我国最大的经济核心区,特别是邓小平同志多次视察上海并决定浦东开发开放以来,这一地区的经济建设取得了举世瞩目的发展。该地区虽仅占有全国１％的土地、６％的人口,但１９９６年所创产值却占国内生产总值的１５１％,相当于全国财政收入的１８７％。同时,该地区也已成为继珠江三角洲之后我国与世界各国经济往来最频繁的地区和海内外投资的新的热点。但是,长江三角洲在经济增长方式、产业结构与布局、农业持续发展、长江口整治与建设上海国际航运中心、环境保护等方面也存在不少亟待研究和解决的问题。受国家计委委托,中国科学院学部从１９９６年开始组织江、浙、沪地区的有关院士和专家,对长江三角洲地区的经济与社会可持续发展的几个重大问题进行了长达两年的调查研究,提出了《长江三角洲经济与社会可持续发展若干问题咨询综合报告》及４个专题报告。本刊摘要转发该综合报告,供国内地学界科技人员从事有关研究时参考。《报告》认为,长江三角洲应在我国率先实现现代化并带动长江沿江经济带和长江流域的发展。在现有经济支柱的基础上,进一步确立长江三角洲在长江流域乃至全国的经济主导地位,建设成为三大基地,发挥四大功能,提供五方面服务,即：成为我国进入世界市场、     

新疆荒漠露天矿区生态受损及砾幕层重构方法研究

露天矿开采过程中的岩土剥离、土地压占导致大面积的地表、植被及地下水系被破坏和景观格局的改变,带来一系列生态环境问题.西北荒漠矿区作为我国未来煤炭资源战略的重要接替区,若无针对性的生态修复对策,将会严重威胁到我国国土生态安全.选取西北荒漠区7座典型露天煤矿,采用实地调研与实证研究法、遥感影像法、比较研究法等,从地貌重塑、...     

论干旱区景观生态特征与景观生态建设

分析了干旱区景观结构特点与景观生态过程的基本特征,从景观生态学角度,提出了干旱区生态环境建设研究的理论与方法以及生态建设的策略,对干旱区景观生态学研究的重点课题进行了探讨。     

基于3S技术的岩溶地区城市景观生态安全评价——以贵阳市为例

基于景观生态学理论,借助多时相遥感数据与GIS空间分析技术,运用“压力-状态-响应（press-state-response,PSR）”模型,构建岩溶地区城市景观生态安全评价体系,通过空间叠加分析得到2000年和2013年贵阳市城市生态安全等级分布图,并就其空间分布规律与演化特征进行了对比分析,结果表明:2000年、2013年贵阳市城市生态安全指数均较低,2000年处于安全级别以上的值为3.04,2013年处于安全级别以上的值下降到1.78,在空间分布上呈西南向东北递增的趋势;在2000-2013年间,景观生态安全指数除湿地以外其他景观类型均呈现明显的下降趋势,其中农田恶化较为明显,湿地是唯一改善的景观类型。研究时段内贵阳市景观生态安全状况处于恶化趋势,因而建议在今后的城市规划与建设中应优化土地利用格局,以提高城市景观生态安全水平。      

Geospatial modeling to identify the effects of anthropogenic processes on landscape pattern change and biodiversity

This research used geospatial data to quantify biodiversity changes and landscape pattern change to track anthropogenic impacts of such changes at the Mouteh Wildlife Refuge (MWR), Isfahan, Iran. Satellite image duration of four decades, LandSat_1-5, and IRS-P6 data were used to develop land cover classification maps for 1971, 1987, 1998, and 2011. The number and size of land cover patches, the degree of naturalness, and the diversity indices were calculated and compared for a 40-year period. The results showed an increasing concern with regard to unplanned human activities. Some improvements of the natural landscape also occurred in the core protected zone of the study area. The number and size of land cover patches, the degree of naturalness, and the diversity indices were calculated. Overall changes in natural land use between 1971 and 1998 at MWR showed that the number of patches for natural land use has increased, but it also showed a decrease in 2011. Similar changes were observed for seminatural land use. Within the artificial classes, the number and area of patches were higher and the largest patch occurred in 2011. The maximum variation of diversity is related to the year 2011. The results showed an increasing concern with regard to unplanned human activities. Some improvements of the natural landscape also occurred in the core protected zone of the study area. Remote sensing and geographic information system offers an important means of detecting and analyzing temporal changes occurring in our landscape.     

喀斯特山区不同岩性分区下的景观生态质量差异——以罗甸县为例 

以贵州省罗甸县为例,获取岩性及2000、2005、2010和2015年4期景观格局分布等数据,从景观稳定程度和干扰程度视角对比分析了不同岩性分区的人为活动对景观生态质量变化的影响模式。研究表明:（1）利用景观稳定程度和干扰程度进行评价,能较好地反映不同岩性分区的景观生态质量差异;（2）非喀斯特区域的景观稳定程度高于亚喀斯特区域,典型喀斯特区域的景观稳定程度最低;（3）亚喀斯特区域的景观干扰程度高于非喀斯特区域,典型喀斯特区域受到的干扰最小;（4）非喀斯特区域的景观生态质量最好,亚喀斯特区域次之,典型喀斯特区域的景观生态质量较差;（5）2000—2015年,不同岩性分区下的景观生态质量变化呈现出不同趋势。典型喀斯特区域4期的景观生态质量分别为0.30、0.18、-0.24、-0.18,2000—2010年景观生态质量有所下降,但2010—2015年景观生态质量处于上升状态;亚喀斯特区域4期的景观生态质量分别0.55、0.17、0.32、-0.51,2000-2005年景观生态质量下降,而2005—2010年景观生态质量上升,2010-2015年景观生态质量又处于下降状态;非喀斯特区域4期的景观生态质量分别为0.66、0.38、0.27、-0.30,2000-2015年景观生态质量一直处于下降状态。受岩性及人类活动影响的亚喀斯特区域景观生态质量更为敏感。因此,在生态环境治理措施中应根据岩性的差异进行分区对待,更需关注亚喀斯特区域的景观生态质量。      

Study on the oasis landscape fragmentation in northwestern China by using remote sensing data and GIS: a case study of Jinta oasis

The purpose of this study is to investigate the oasis landscape fragmentation in northwestern China’s arid regions. Landscape maps of Jinta oasis were compiled by using GIS based on Landsat TM data of 1990 and 2000. Landscape indexes for evaluating fragmentation are patch area, patch density, corridor density and split index. Results indicated many difference. First, between the years 1990 and 2000, the landscape fragmentation in Jinta oasis decreased slightly. Second, the area of the matrix decreased at the class level. The landscape fragmentation of the matrix (bare soil) increased as a result of increased influence of human activities on matrix and was opposite to the irrigated farmland whose area is larger and more aggregated in 2000 than in 1990. Third, dense corridor system is one of the most prominent characteristics of the arid regions. It is one of the key factors resulting in the landscape fragmentation; especially the fragmentation within the same patch types. The corridor density of irrigated farmland, residential area and forestland were quite large in Jinta oasis both in 1990 and 2000. The pattern of Jinta oasis is characterized by agricultural oasis embedded in Gobi and in the desert, where the ecosystem was disturbed strongly by the intense human activities.     

青藏高原木里矿区及其周边土地覆被变化及景观格局脆弱性响应

矿区开发会导致周边土地覆被及景观格局发生剧烈变化, 但目前对青藏高原典型矿区及其周边土地覆被长时间序列变化缺乏动态监测, 尤其缺乏对景观格局脆弱性响应特征的深入认识, 因此无法针对矿区合理开发和生态修复等提出有效的科学指导。通过遥感技术和土地变化科学研究手段, 以及景观格局脆弱性概念, 对青藏高原北部木里矿区及周边1975 - 2016年土地覆被时空变化和景观格局脆弱性进行分析和评估。结果表明： 木里矿区在2000年后剧烈扩张, 导致周边土地覆被面积缩减, 其中高寒草甸湿地面积损失最大, 其次为其他和高寒草甸。矿区开发对周边生态系统的间接影响效应在逐渐增大, 表现为水域面积减少, 高寒草甸湿地出现退化以及矿区发生少量逆转。受矿区扩张影响, 区域景观格局脆弱性不断增强, 可能对周边生态系统服务功能产生负面影响。因此, 未来矿区的生态修复和规划过程中, 应当优化景观格局, 降低景观格局脆弱性。研究成果可为青藏高原及其他生态脆弱地区的矿区合理开发规划及生态修复等工程提供一定参考。     

西安都市圈道路网络化对景观格局的影响

在快速城市化过程中,道路网络快速扩张对区域生态景观的分割、隔离、破坏等是导致生态景观过程与格局演变的重要原因。研究道路网络化对景观格局的影响可为快速城市化地区生态、道路建设和区域可持续发展规划提供参考。本文以西安都市圈为例,利用GIS和RS技术,基于西安都市圈TM遥感影像和Arcgis 10.1、Fragstats 4.2软件平台,通过构建道路网空间指数,定量评价了路网空间结构和景观格局变化,并从空间上分析了道路网络化对景观格局的影响。结果表明:1)1985—2015年,西安都市圈路网发育不断成熟,基本呈现以西安市区为中心、空间指数向四周递减(除杨陵区和阎良区外)且东高西低的趋势。2)随着城市化进程的不断推进,西安都市圈景观呈现多样化、复杂化和破碎化。其中:园地、林地和建设用地规模扩大,景观聚集度上升;耕地、水域及滩涂景观破碎化程度不断加深。3)30年间,高等级道路的修建、低等级道路的不断完善以及市内环路打通等,使得西安都市圈路网逐渐完善,景观优势度下降,破碎化程度上升,形状趋于规则化。此外,路网发育的程度不同对不同地类的影响各不相同:路网成熟的区域,建设用地面积较多,形状较规则,呈聚集状态,林地面积较少,且零星分布,破碎化程度较高;道路结构简单的区域,林地聚集成片,聚集度较高,耕地、水域及滩涂在路网空间指数各等级影响域内均呈现破碎化状态,且形状较不规则。