Hartley变换化极

本文采用一种新颖的积分变换Hartley变换,系统推导了其频率域化极方法,提出在实数空间利用Hartley变换进行磁异常化极.结合现有的低纬度化极方法,讨论了低纬度Hartley变换化极特性,实现低纬度化极.理论模型计算表明建立的Hartley变换化极方法准确、可靠,实际资料处理表明该化极方法具有实用性.     

A technique for the analysis of the response of dams to earthquakes

A finite element technique is developed for two-dimensional problems of dynamics of dam–water–foundation systems taking into account all interactions rigorously. Water–foundation interaction, which previous developments have only simulated, is considered by imposing proper conditions at the fluid–solid interface. Furthermore, the technique permits treatment of layered foundations. An application to a concrete gravity dam–water–foundation system is presented and discussed.     

地震前兆仪器管理系统建设

长期以来,对前兆台网仪器的管理缺乏系统性。为此,研发了前兆仪器管理系统。该系统实现了对前兆仪器从购买到淘汰整个生命周期的管理,其中包括安装、接入、运行、故障、停测、报废等,以及仪器故障维修流程的管理,其中包括故障登记、处理、维修、备机备件库等。基于这些信息,对仪器及故障维修情况进行综合统计分析,为管理决策提供信息支持。本文主要介绍了该系统设计的一些主要技术方面和系统实现的主要功能。     

地震预测直面社会的可行性分析

地震能否预测，以及地震预测对社会安定的影响是当前社科界非常敏感和关注的问题。文章对上述问题结合实例作了深入分析，认为只要敢于突破旧观念，善于创新技术途径，地震预测就能走出目前的“混沌”状态，在10年内将地震三要素的短期预报推进到可直面社会的新高度。文中最后对地震预测直面社会前的必要工作，提出了一些具体建议。     

Analytic expressions for the velocity sensitivity to the elastic moduli for the most general anisotropic media

For non‐linear kinematic inversion of elastic anisotropy parameters and related investigations of the sensitivity of seismic data, the derivatives of the wavespeed (phase velocity and group velocity) with respect to the individual elastic moduli are required. This paper presents two analytic methods, called the eigenvalue and eigenvector methods, to compute the derivatives of the wavespeeds for wave propagation in a general anisotropic medium, which may be defined by up to 21 density‐normalized elastic moduli. The first method employs a simple and compact form of the eigenvalue (phase velocity) and a general form of the group velocity, and directly yields general expressions of the derivatives for the three wave modes (qP, qS₁, qS₂). The second method applies simple eigenvector solutions of the three wave modes and leads to other general forms of the derivatives. These analytic formulae show that the derivatives are, in general, functions of the 21 elastic moduli as well as the wave propagation direction, and they reflect the sensitivity of the wavespeeds to the individual elastic moduli. Meanwhile, we give results of numerical investigations with some examples for particular simplified forms of anisotropy. They show that the eigenvalue method is suitable for the qP‐, qS₁‐ and qS₂‐wave computations and mitigates the singularity problem for the two quasi‐shear waves. The eigenvector method is preferable to the eigenvalue method for the group velocity and the derivative of the phase velocity because it involves simpler expressions and independent computations, but for the derivative of the group velocity the derivative of the eigenvector is required. Both methods tackle the singularity problem and are applicable to any degree of seismic anisotropy for all three wave modes.     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

高斯牛顿迭代法在地震计传递函数计算中的应用

介绍了利用地震计对阶跃电流标定或稳态正弦电流标定的响应波形获取地震计传递函数的方法。对阶跃标定电流的响应波形进行傅立叶变换(FFT)和扣除阶跃信号频谱的运算获得地震计的幅频特性;从稳态正弦标定电流的响应波形可直接提取幅频特性,然后用高斯牛顿迭代法拟合出地震计传递函数的各个系数。该方法的最大优点是只需要已知幅频特性或其有限离散点的数值就可以拟合出地震计的传递函数,较目前常用的需要同时已知幅频和相频特性的拟合方法更为方便和实用。     

Contribution of the Solar Constant Variations to Calculations of Insolation for the Holocene Period

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Insolation is one of the most important factors that affect the changes in the global climate and weather. Therefore, its accurate calculation is a relevant question of...     

瞬变电磁波场转换算法的改进

地球物理电磁场数据与虚拟地震波场数据之间存在数学上的等效转换关系,通过这种等效转换,可有效提高地球物理电磁法对地下目标体分界面的辨识度.但是这种转换在数学上属于不适定问题,可采用奇异值分解法处理.由于大奇异值控制计算矩阵的主要信息,小的奇异值控制计算矩阵的次要信息,传统的截断奇异值分解法只保留大奇异值,而忽略小的奇异值,导致数值解不够精确.本文提出一种新的修正方案——改进截断奇异值法,采用岭估计方法计算由小的奇异值引起的虚拟波场.模型计算结果表明：改进截断奇异值法比传统的奇异值分解法得到的波场转换结果更好,对某煤矿采空区探测数据进行了处理,成功分辨出采空区分界面.

     

Ecosystem objectives to support the UK vision for the marine environment

European Maritime States already have commitments to protect species and habitats and maintain quality standards in coastal and offshore waters. These are a direct response to environmental legislation in Europe and commitments made to biodiversity conservation in OSPAR and at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. An integrated approach to management requires that these are consistent with the requirements for sustainable development, and include wider social considerations and active stakeholder participation. This review describes a hierarchical framework that incorporates the marine objectives and delivery statements of ecological, social and economic sectors. The framework leads from the UK's guiding principles for sustainable development, through visionary statements and strategic goals for high level delivery, to operational objectives and statements of action which deliver management. Parts of this hierarchy can already be populated for the UK, especially those at the higher levels. At the operational level, however, there is less clarity. The review shows that, despite some gaps, existing commitments for ecological components of the ecosystem are transparent and generally conform to this framework, due largely to high profile government funding of environmental protection and science and a single national vision for the marine environment. Specific objectives for six components of the ecosystem were developed; benthic habitats, seabirds and mammals, phytoplankton and zooplankton, fish, and physical/chemical quality of the water and atmosphere. The objectives included some that avoided limits and others that aimed to achieve targets, and for management to be effective it will be important to have a common understanding of how these can together be interpreted and made operational. In a review of 13 social and economic sectors, few provided a clear breakdown of objectives leading from a high level vision or a sustainable development principle. Six sectors did not have high level government targets for production or other measures of sectoral performance. Such commercial operations generally determine their own operational delivery targets based on market forces. Recent proposals in Europe to create an integrated framework for social, economic and environmental activities will need to carefully balance the development of a strong and competitive marine economy with existing international obligations to environmental protection.     

A non-traditional approach to the analysis of flood hazard for dams

The traditional and still prevailing approach to characterization of flood hazards to dams is the inflow design flood (IDF). The IDF, defined either deterministically or probabilistically, is necessary for sizing a dam, its discharge facilities and reservoir storage. However, within the dam safety risk informed decision framework, the IDF does not carry much relevance, no matter how accurately it is characterized. In many cases, the probability of the reservoir inflow tells us little about the probability of dam overtopping. Typically, the reservoir inflow and its associated probability of occurrence is modified by the interplay of a number of factors (reservoir storage, reservoir operating rules and various operational faults and natural disturbances) on its way to becoming the reservoir outflow and corresponding peak level—the two parameters that represent hydrologic hazard acting upon the dam. To properly manage flood risk, it is essential to change approach to flood hazard analysis for dam safety from the currently prevailing focus on reservoir inflows and instead focus on reservoir outflows and corresponding reservoir levels. To demonstrate these points, this paper presents stochastic simulation of floods on a cascade system of three dams and shows progression from exceedance probabilities of reservoir inflow to exceedance probabilities of peak reservoir level depending on initial reservoir level, storage availability, reservoir operating rules and availability of discharge facilities on demand. The results show that the dam overtopping is more likely to be caused by a combination of a smaller flood and a system component failure than by an extreme flood on its own.     

加卸载响应比理论在中强地震（7〉M≥6）预测中的应用

本文运用加卸载响应比理论对中强地震前的加卸载响应比的变化进行了研究。结果表明，中强地震前加卸载响应比明显上升，表现为三种不同的形态，持续时间为半年到两年。     

Refined Early to Middle Miocene diatom biochronology for the middle- to high-latitude North Pacific

Abstract   Refined numerical ages of the diatom biohorizons of the Early to Middle Miocene (11–18 Ma) period in the Neogene North Pacific are presented based on the direct correlation between biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy at Site 887 on the Patton–Murray Seamount in the northeastern Pacific. Sampling intervals of 0.02–0.04 my allowed the determination of the ages of the biohorizons to be more precise than previous studies. The secondary biohorizons established in the northwestern Pacific have been proven to be useful also in the northeastern Pacific, and are linked to magnetostratigraphy directly for the first time. The refined diatom biochronology established in this study will provide a vital basis for the study of the Neogene marine sediments of the middle- to high-latitude North Pacific, which rarely yield calcareous microfossils. Denticulopsis praedimorpha var. prima n. var. is described.     

上海市地铁对地磁观测影响的实验分析

用国际上先进的高精度数字化磁通门,在距上海市地铁交通线的不同距离处进行了野外观测,对上海地区地磁观测环境进行了实测试验和分析。结果显示,城市地铁交通对其周围的地磁观测环境具有较大的影响。分析了地铁列车运行时段在地磁观测中高频成分所呈现的干扰信号空间形态特征、幅度大小、随时间变化的规律,得出这种干扰信号随着距离地铁交通的远近不同而出现的噪音衰减特征,从而为识别地磁台站观测中的地铁等轨道交通干扰噪音给出了有意义的依据。     

A low-order model for the response of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation to climate change

Concern has been expressed that anthropogenic climate change may lead to a slowdown or even collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). Because of the possibly severe consequences that such an event could have on the northern North Atlantic and northwestern Europe, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are needed to explore the associated political and socioeconomic implications. State-of-the-art climate models representing the THC are, however, often too complex to be incorporated into an integrated assessment framework. In this paper we present a low-order model of the Atlantic THC which meets the main requirements of IAMs: it (1) is physically based, (2) is computationally highly efficient, (3) allows for comprehensive uncertainty analysis and (4) can be linked to globally aggregated climate models that are mostly used in IAMs. The model is an interhemispheric extension of the seminal Stommel model. Its parameters are determined by a least-squares fit to the output of a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity. Results of a number of transient global warming simulations indicate that the model is able to reproduce many features of the behaviour of coupled ocean–atmosphere circulation models such as the sensitivity of the THC to the amount, regional distribution and rate of climate change.Responsible Editor: Richard Greatbatch     

水库地震主震前加卸载响应比的变化特征

本文将加卸载响应比理论用于水库地震的预测，分析研究了新丰江、丹江口、参窝以及佛子岭等水库地震主震前加卸载响应比Ｙ随时间的变化。结果表明，水库地震前加卸载响应比Ｙ明显升高。     

A contribution to the exploitation of the diagram of a radar antenna for meteorological measurements

Резюме Были выведены выражения для коэффициента заполнения радиолокационного луча малой ленточной, прямоугольной и круглой метеорологической целью с учетом формы диаграммы антенны. Далее был дредложен метод оценки угловых размеров или же толшины облачного слоя, зондированного под малым углом, посредством анализа изменений эха. Последняя часть работы посвящена рассмотрению проблематики измерения высоты основания облаков или верхней границы облачного слоя.

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Address: Boční II, Praha 4-Spořilov.     

中国北方地区地震灾民过冬问题研究

中国北方地区地震灾民过冬问题是一个救灾技术问题.中国北方地区(黄河以北地区)冬季十分寒冷,如黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆等省、自治区,12月至2月,平均气温都在摄氏零度以下,有时低至摄氏零下二三十度,这种天气下,人很难在野外长时期生存.多地震的云南省,地处云贵高原,在冬季也十分寒冷.西藏自治区冬季更是"寒极".但这些寒冷地区地震时有发生,造成震后应急阶段由于寒冷等因素导致人员伤亡,社会经济损失严重.     

Expert system for the selection of methods to calculate design flood flows

Abstract

This paper presents an expert system to help select the best method to estimate design flood flows for civil engineering works based upon the procedures available, the nature and characteristics of the basin and existing hydrological records. The system presents the user with a list of possible methods ranked in descending grade order and optionally presents explanations which support the selected choices. Ordering is achieved using the knowledge base provided by the expert. The system recommends procedures for both preliminary estimates and final designs. The system also constitutes a valuable aid for junior engineers and experienced hydrologists in the selection of methods. Its conceptual structure can be easily generalized to treat other problems of a similar nature in the field of hydrology and water resources.