Experimental simulation of chemistry transformation of anaerobic water during aeration

Experiments were carried out to simulate the transformations of anaerobic freshwater chemistry at aeration. Quantitative characteristics of the passage from dissolved into suspended state in the course of aeration were obtained for Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ag, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Be, Al, Ga, Cr, Ti, Zr, U, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, V, Ge, As, Mo, and W. The decrease in the concentration of dissolved forms was found to be maximal for Fe and Mn, reaching 0.03 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively; these values correspond to the solubility of newly-precipitated oxihydrates of those elements. Among other elements, a high degree of removal is typical of elements-hydrolysates (Cr, Zr, Al, Ga, Be, Ti, and the majority of rare-earth elements), some heavy metals (Zn, Ag, Cd, and Co), and W.     

Space-time variations of river water chemistry in RF southern Far East

Concentrations and seasonal variations of water chemistry, including dissolved and particulate forms of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni in rivers of Primorskii Krai are determined. It is shown that, unlike the macrocomposition, the effect of hydrological regime on the concentration of dissolved metal forms is controversial and depends on anthropogenic load, watershed landscapes, and pH variations. Elevated concentrations of dissolved metal forms are recorded in the beginning of spring flood and during low-water period. Beyond the limits of local impact of wastewater, the concentrations of dissolved forms of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in river waters of the region insignificantly differ from the clearest rivers of the World.     

中国地震局系统期刊编排质量分析

以中国地震局系统公开出版发行的２５种学术类、综合类期刊为研究样本,对照有关文献工作的国家标准、规范,对这些期刊的开本、封面、条码、书脊、目次表、摘要、关键词、分类号、序号、量和单位、数字和日期、数学和物理公式、图、表、总目次和索引、项眉、作者简介、收稿日期、参考文献表、版权标识、印刷装帧等情况进行了统计分析,得出地震期刊编排质量大体符合国家标准,规范的结论,指出了存在的问题,提出了进一步加强地硅期进编排标准化、规范化工作的建议。     

Assessment of the Uvod Reservoir pollution with heavy metals

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn) in bottom sediments, water, snow, and biota of the Uvod Reservoir, as well as of rare-earth elements (Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Y, and Yb) in its water are assessed. Geochemical studies of concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn in soils, water, and snow allow us to state that the metals enter the reservoir mostly from natural sources; however, some part of them are of anthropogenic origin. The sum of concentrations of light rare-earth elements (La, Ce, and Nd) make almost the total of all rare-earth elements in the reservoir—from 70 to 97%, depending on the sampling site. The highest concentrations of metals (and the highest percentage of their labile forms) are recorded in the Priplotinnyi and Kolbaskinskii (in macrophite deposits) pools and at the site of water inflow from the Volga-Uvod canal. There is also reason to suppose a secondary entry of the elements under study into the water mass. The largest variations in metals’ concentrations are observed during the periods of spring and autumn floods, when a great quantity of terrigenous suspended matter enters the water body. The distribution of the above metals and rare-earth elements in water is uneven; their highest concentrations are observed in the site of water inflow from the canal and in the Uvod River (the latter is likely to be due to the effect of the settlement of Pistsovo). The analysis of biota (fennel-leaved pondweed and zooplankton) has shown that the Uvod Reservoir is polluted with heavy metals.     

Concentrations of trace elements in muscle of sturgeons in the Caspian Sea

Concentrations of 21 trace elements were determined in muscle of beluga (Huso huso), Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) and stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) collected from coastal regions of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, surrounding the Caspian Sea during 2000-2001. Concentrations of Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Sn, Hg, Pb and Bi in the muscle were apparently different among the five species of sturgeons. Especially, beluga showed the highest concentrations of Hg, Pb and Mn in all the five species. In addition, more than half of the individuals of beluga exceeded the guideline level (0.3 microg/g wet wt.) of Hg for food in UK. However, V, Cr, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr and Ba concentrations were similar among five sturgeons. Growth-dependent increase in Hg in beluga, Cu in Persian sturgeon, and Zn in Russian sturgeon were observed, whereas V, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, Sr, Mo, Sn, Hg and Bi concentrations in Persian sturgeon, Pb in ship sturgeon, and Cr, Mn, and Rb in stellate sturgeon were negatively correlated with body length. All species of sturgeon in Azerbaijan showed the highest concentration of Sr and the lowest concentration of Rb, while the five sturgeons from Iran showed opposite trends. Concentration of V, which is present in oil, in sturgeons in the Caspian Sea was considerably lower than that of fish from Kuwait, but was comparable to that of Cambodia and the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. To our knowledge, this study provides the first extensive data on multielemental accumulation in sturgeons of the Caspian Sea.     

青藏高原可可西里库赛湖年纹层石英颗粒表面形态特征研究

湖泊是风成沉积的理想载体,利用扫描电镜分析石英砂的表面微结构特征,可以用于判断石英颗粒被风或水流搬运的相对距离和湖泊的水动力条件,从而判断其沉积环境与演化历史.库赛湖位于青藏高原北部可可西里地区,是青海省沙尘天气频发的地区之一,为进一步证实库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层的风成成因,以库赛湖沉积年纹层为研究对象,结合青藏高原北部典型沙丘沉积、库赛湖冰面风成沉积、典型河流沉积和库赛湖湖滨相水成粗颗粒沉积样品,利用扫描电镜对上述沉积物石英颗粒表面特征进行观察研究,并统计35种特征的出现频率.结果表明:库赛湖地区典型风成物石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、中低浮雕、翻板、新月型撞击坑、球根状边缘、直形阶梯、弓形阶梯、碟形坑等微形貌特征;典型水成物石英颗粒表面具有V型撞击坑、小型和中型贝壳状断口、少量溶蚀坑等微形貌特征;库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、低浮雕、翻板、新月形撞击坑、球根状边缘、碟形坑等明显风成特征,与研究区风成物的石英颗粒表面特征相似,而与研究区典型水成物的石英颗粒表面特征差别很大.因此,库赛湖年纹层中的粗颗粒层是由风成作用形成的.     

Epiphyton Geochemistry in the Ivankovo Reservoir

Epiphyton chemistry was studied in the Ivankovo Reservoir; a large number of micro- and macroelements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Yb, Zn, W) were determined with the use of up-to-date analytical methods. Comparative characteristics of the geochemistry of macrophyte epiphyton of different ecological groups is given for the Ivankovo Reservoir. The potential of epiphyton as a biogeochemical indicator of anthropogenic impact on the water body is examined.     

IRTCES CELEBRATED ITS 20 YEARS BIRTHDAY WITH A PAGEANT

The 20th anniversary of IRTCES was celebrated with a pageant at the IRTCES building in Beijing on July 21, 2004. Mr. Lisheng Suo, the Vice Minister of Water Resources, Mrs. Zhengying Qian, the former vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Mr. Y. Aoshima, the Director and Representative, UNESCO Office of the Representative to DPR Korea, Japan, Mongolia, PR of China and Republic of Korea, Mr. Xiaogang Tian, the Secretary General of the Chinese National Commission of UNESCO, Dr. Guangdou Zhang, Academician of Chinese Academy of Science and Chinese academy of engineering, Dr. Bingnan Lin, Academician of Chinese Academy of Science, Mr. Zhenhuai Yang, the former Minister of MRS, Mr. Gengyi Chen, the former Vice Minister of MRS and Mr. Chunyuan Zhang,the former Vice Minister of MRS and 110 guests attended the ceremony.     

藏北改则县别若则错活动断裂的发现及其地质意义

由于调查研究资料有限,目前对藏北高原内部近EW向的伸展变形样式和具体调节机制一直存在诸多争议。最新开展的地表调查在藏北高原西部的别若则错新发现了1条长约20km、走向近NNW的走滑断裂。该断裂表现出断塞塘、水系错动及断层崖等典型的走滑断裂变形标志。水系错动及构造地貌显示,别若则错断裂是以右旋走滑运动为主、兼具明显正断分量的张扭性断层,是高原内部近EW向伸展变形的产物。通过与羌塘古大湖进行对比分析,认为该断裂错断的最新地貌体是晚更新世的冲洪积扇,未错断全新世扇体,且断崖坡角已显著变缓,表明其最新活动时间可能为晚更新世。综合分析地表调查和遥感影像的错断位移恢复结果,发现最新一次断裂活动的最大右旋走滑位移约2～3m。晚更新世早—中期冲洪积扇体的累积最大右旋走滑位移约44m,垂直错动约2m,由此推测该断裂晚第四纪以来走滑速率约1mm/a,显示弱走滑变形特征。别若则错断裂近NNW的走向与印度和欧亚板块碰撞的主压应力轴(σ1)的夹角约30°,而已发现的区域性共轭走滑断裂与σ1呈约60°～75°的较大夹角,两者显著不同,表明藏北地区共轭走滑断裂带的组合方式可能存在不同的样式:一种是钝角,可能与拉萨和羌塘地体内的剪切作用或块体挤出有关;另一种是锐角,可能代表着新生破裂特征,推测其可能与高原内部近SN向正断层的N向的延伸有关,其成因机制仍需进一步研究。     

大气湿沉降向太湖水生生态系统输送氮的初步估算

测定和分析了2002年7月至2003年6月太湖周边地区太湖站、拖山岛、东山站、无锡、苏州、湖州、常州等7个站点大气降水化学组成,计算了水气界面TN、NH4 -N、NO3--N、T1N、TON的湿沉降率。结果表明,大气降水的TN浓度变化范围为2.06±0.30(常州)-3.71±0.43(拖山岛),太湖流域大气降水已呈富营养化水质的特征;大气降水TN、NH4 -N、NO3--N、TIN、TON的年均湿沉降率分别为2806.75kg/km2、1458.81kg/km2、631.67kg/km2、2090.48kg/km2和716.28kg/km2;每年由湿沉降直接进入太湖水体的TN约为6562.2t,NH4 -N为3410.7t,NO3--N为1476.8t,TIN为4887.5t,TON为1674.7t;TN占入湖河道年输入污染物总量的13.6%.大气湿沉降中,TIN对TN的贡献比较大,平均约占TN的78.78%.TIN的湿沉降率具有季节性分布,夏季高,春季次之,冬秋季低。这种现象无疑对太湖水体的蓝藻爆发和富营养化具有潜在的促进作用.     

Element geochemistry and cleaning potential of the No. 11 coal seam from Antaibao mining district

It has aroused great attention that the mobilization of potential toxic substance during coal mining, pro- cessing and using has serious negative influence on environment. Clearly, the coal cleaning can be prop-erly applied to removing hazardous elements or re-ducing their concentrations prior to combustion, which also is considered as an economical and effective technique in minimizing some of these problems[1]. Unfortunately, there are fairly few studies on the parti-tioning behavior of trac…     

新疆南部构造区带与地震活动状态研究

Based on the studies of earthquake activity, tectonic movement, crustal shortening rate, fault activity, local stress field and historical characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Xinjiang, we divide the south part of Xinjiang into 4 seismotectonic zones, namely, the eastern segment of south Tianshan seismic belt, the Kalpin block, the Kashi-Wuqia junction zone, and the west Kunlun Mountains seismic belt. Using earthquake catalogues from Xinjiang since 1900, and on the basis of integrity analysis of earthquake records in different magnitude ranges, the seismicity state of different seismotectonic zones is analyzed quantificationally by calculating the mean value of annual strain energy release, annual rate of earthquakes with different lower limits of magnitude, b-value, and the parameter m of accelerating strain release model. The characteristic indexes of seismicity state for each of the seismic tectonic zones are then determined, which provide a quantitative basis for earthquake tendency analysis and judgment.     

Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives

The scientific community that includes meteorologists, physical scientists, engineers, medical doctors, biologists, and environmentalists has shown interest in a better understanding of fog for years because of its effects on, directly or indirectly, the daily life of human beings. The total economic losses associated with the impact of the presence of fog on aviation, marine and land transportation can be comparable to those of tornadoes or, in some cases, winter storms and hurricanes. The number of articles including the word ``fog' in Journals of American Meteorological Society alone was found to be about 4700, indicating that there is substantial interest in this subject. In spite of this extensive body of work, our ability to accurately forecast/nowcast fog remains limited due to our incomplete understanding of the fog processes over various time and space scales. Fog processes involve droplet microphysics, aerosol chemistry, radiation, turbulence, large/small-scale dynamics, and surface conditions (e.g., partaining to the presence of ice, snow, liquid, plants, and various types of soil). This review paper summarizes past achievements related to the understanding of fog formation, development and decay, and in this respect, the analysis of observations and the development of forecasting models and remote sensing methods are discussed in detail. Finally, future perspectives for fog-related research are highlighted.     

鄱阳湖及周边经济区农业地球化学环境评价

文章以《江西省鄱阳湖及周边经济区1：25万多目标地球化学调查》资料为基础,详细论述了植物所需的C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、B、Mo、Cl共16种营养元素的分布特征。利用8843件表层土壤样品中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr等重金属元素含量及其土壤pH值,采用内梅罗指数法对区内元公害水稻产地土壤环境质量、无公害蔬菜产地土壤环境质量以及绿色食品产地土壤环境质量进行综合评价。在此基础上,对鄱阳湖及周边经济区表层土壤生态地球化学环境质量进行了综合评价。     

Trace element accumulation in fishes collected from coastal waters of the Caspian Sea

Concentrations of 13 trace elements (V, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in muscle of bony fishes collected from coastal areas of the Caspian Sea (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran). In all the fishes, Zn concentration was highest, followed by Cu, Se, Mn and Co, while levels of toxic elements (Ag, Cd, Cd, Tl and Pb) were relatively low. Concentrations of several elements were significantly varied between the species in each sampling area. For most of the trace elements examined, the concentrations decreased significantly with body weight of fishes. In contrast, a positive correlation with body weight was found for Co, Se and Pb concentrations in one fish species, and Hg in 2 fish species. Geographical difference in the concentrations of trace elements was examined using the Caspian roach collected from five stations of Iranian coastal waters. The concentrations of Co, Mo, Ag, Cd and Tl were higher in fishes from western stations than those from eastern stations, whereas the opposite trend was observed for Hg, indicating that local sources of trace metal pollution may be present in the Iranian coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Levels of trace elements in Caspian fishes were relatively low in comparison to those of other regions, but Zn and Hg levels in some specimens exceeded the guideline values for food.     

巢湖沉积物重金属富集特征与人为污染评价

本文分析了巢湖主要入湖河流河口区表层沉积物及西部湖心区沉积岩芯中Al、Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Li、V等金属元素变化特征,采用地球化学方法对金属元素变化的"粒度效应"进行矫正,并以Li、V为参照元素对矫正结果进行检验;参考历史沉积物,对河口区及西部湖心区沉积物重金属人为污染特征进行分析;结合沉积岩芯210Pb年代结果,估算西部湖心区近150a来Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb等重金属元素的人为污染贡献量.结果表明,河口表层沉积物重金属污染具有显著的空间差异,南淝河河口重金属人为污染最重,其中Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的人为污染贡献量分别为12.2、32.2、25.3、479.9和76.0 mg/kg,分别占总含量的35%、37%、64%、92%和77%;其次是柘皋河河口,主要重金属污染元素为Cu、Zn和Pb,人为污染贡献量达57.6、57.0和19.5 mg/kg,分别占总含量的73%、47%和36%;而派河、白石山河、杭埠河等河口表层沉积物中重金属元素人为污染程度较弱.巢湖西部湖心区主要污染元素为Cu、Zn、Pb,人为污染开始于1950s,1980年以来其人为污染贡献量显著增加,平均为16.2、245.6、47.8 mg/(m2.a),分别占各元素沉积通量的23%、61%和37%;Ni人为污染开始于1980s初期,人为污染贡献量平均为12.6 mg/(m2.a),占其沉积通量的13%左右;Cr基本未受人为污染影响.西部湖心区沉积岩芯及南淝河河口表层沉积物中重金属污染程度均表现为Zn>Pb>Cu,而且南淝河河口沉积物重金属污染程度显著高于西部湖心区.结合主要入湖河流径流量与河口沉积物重金属污染特征,认为巢湖西部湖心区重金属污染主要通过南淝河输入,来自合肥等城市的废水是主要的污染源.     

红外热成像技术在震后房屋损坏快速鉴定中的应用研究.

本文引入了目前地震现场房屋快速安全性鉴定工作的辅助手段——红外热像无损检测技术,借用图像处理手段、数学统计方法等,探讨了震后房屋破坏红外图像的表现效果,分析了红外图像与各影响因素的关系.文中以汶川地震现场建筑物的典型震害为代表,重点分析了框架结构、砖混结构、简单结构房屋的红外图像表现.本文所涉及的建筑材料主要有水泥砂浆、钢筋混凝土、红砖、黏土、楠木、石棉瓦、水泥板等:表面装饰层材质有红漆、白色抹灰、黄色涂料、白色壁纸、红色瓷砖、白色瓷砖等.材料的物理性质不同,其表现出的红外图像特征差别较大.统计相关分析结果显示:图像的表现效果在下午时段优于中午时段和上午时段;晴天拍摄图像的表现效果最佳,雨天次之,阴天最差.同时,要考虑红外热像无损检测技术检测漏水破坏的优势,充分利用雨天对建筑物破坏的影响;光照射情况与红外图像表现效果的关系为:直面照射条件优于倾斜照射和不能照射;破坏程度相关分析统计结果显示,构件的“基本完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏”这3个破坏等级,随着破坏程度的递进,图像的表现效果增强;而构件的“中等破坏、严重破坏、毁坏”这3个破坏等级,随着破坏程度的递进,图像的表现效果无显著变化;对结构类型数据统计结果显示,底框架结构图像的表现效果优于砖混结构、框架结构和简单结构;装饰层材质分类相关统计分析结果显示,图像表现效果与材质性质、颜色、表面粗糙状况等因素有关.     

Detecting rupture precursors and determining the main fracture spread direction of rock with dynamic rock resistivity change anisotropy

In the past, domestic and abroad scientific workers have done a large number of experiment researches on a great number of researches of experiment for the relationship between electrical resistivity change and the load stress on rock (Geoelectric Testing Group, Department of Geophysics, Peking University and Research Division, Seismological Brigade of Lanzhou, 1978; Zhang, 1981; Chen, et al, 1983; Zhao, et al, 1983; Zhang, Lu, 1983; Zhang, et al, 1985; Brace, Orange, 1968; Kurite, 1986; Teisseyre, 1989), such as imitating dynamic fracture of rock, frictional sliding course, and observing its resistivity change shape with a lot of experimental workssuch as simulating the dynamic course of crustal rocks fracturing and frictional slipping along the fracture surface, and observing its resistivity change shape with experiment. They found that, in the fracture process of rock under loading, not only its resistivity shape change notably, and its direction changes also very clearly, and therefore many scientific workers have shown strong interest in anisotropy of resistivity change, and have done some researches onfor it.     

地球内部壳幔介质地震各向异性与动力学响应

实际的地球介质十分复杂,远非当今人们所采用的理想模型可以概括,因为其属性和结构的变异是非均匀、非线性和各向异性的.在研究地球内部壳幔介质与结构、构造与属性差异、金属矿产资源和油、气、煤能源的勘查中,无论是区域构造格局、岩相和结构特征(如裂缝、破碎带、不同尺度的洞穴以及一些不规则几何体)均十分复杂.近年来基于成山、成盆、成矿、成岩和成灾研究的不断深化,对地下介质各向异性的研究受到广泛的关注.地震波动传播理论和介质与结构的物理属性研究结果表明:地震各向异性在成因上主要是由岩石、矿物和晶体的晶格优势取向、应力场异常变异和构造裂缝与深部物质运移造成的.为此,本文对14次地震各向异性会议的主体内涵进行分析,在此基础上,指出了在各向异性研究的发展进程中、特别是在应用中尚存在着的一些问题.在深化认识地球内部物质物理属性的基础上,探讨了S波分裂和偏振效应与地震各向异性与介质结构分区、构造活动,油气田勘探与岩相特征,裂隙与构造精细刻划和地震活动区(带)深部介质与构造环境的深层过程和动力学响应的关系.最后提出了地震各向异性在地球物理学发展中的作用和今后的任务.     

包头地震台形变干扰分析

整理包头地震台伸缩仪、水管倾斜仪和水平摆倾斜仪观测资料,依据干扰类型分析发现,风扰、雷电降雨、温度与气压、标定与地震,仪器故障与停电是影响3台仪器观测的主要因素,干扰特征主要表现为缺记断记、数据突跳、尖脉冲、高频干扰、台阶、毛刺,大幅度变化、曲线加粗和趋势性变化等。不同类型观测仪器对干扰的响应不同,识别并剔除干扰,有利于地震观测数据应用,对地震异常判定具有参考价值。