误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现及原因分析

目的:探讨误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现并分析其原因。方法:收集CT误诊为肺癌的40例病灶直径≥1cm的肺结核结节或肿块。回顾性分析病灶的形状、内部特征、强化特点、边缘、邻近肺组织改变及淋巴结并分析误诊原因。结果:①病灶形状及部位,类圆形22例,分叶状10例,不规则8例,上叶18例,下叶12例,中叶10例,②内部特征,密度均匀28例,空洞3例,钙化7例,空洞伴钙化2例,③病灶强化特点,中度欠均匀强化18例,中度均匀强化5例,轻度欠均匀强化6例,无明显强化11例,④边缘特征及邻近组织改变,边缘不光整40例,边界模糊12例,毛刺征18例,卫星灶40例,胸膜增厚及粘连11例,胸膜凹陷征3例,引流支气管管壁增厚5例,⑤肺门及纵隔淋巴结,淋巴结肿大31例,肿大淋巴结均匀强化21例,环形强化4例,无明显强化6例。结论:误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现不典型,结节或肿块周围的卫星灶提示肺结核的可能,但需要组织活检才能明确诊断。     

大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体重金属的水平及其生态评价

于2005年11月采集了大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水和水生生物样品,并测定了水和水生生物样品中重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg、As)的含量,并对湖区生物体重金属进行了污染评价.研究结果表明,大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水中重金属含量较小,绝大部分采样点水质都属于国家Ⅰ类水标准;水生生物体内CD、Pb含量为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的含量为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的含量为螺＞虾＞鱼;而鱼类重金属含量则为底栖鱼类＞中上层鱼类,肉食性鱼类＞植食性鱼类.大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体中CD、Pb的污染指数为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的污染指数则为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的污染指数则为螺＞虾＞鱼.     

Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results

Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim.     

Concentrations of trace elements in muscle of sturgeons in the Caspian Sea

Concentrations of 21 trace elements were determined in muscle of beluga (Huso huso), Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) and stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) collected from coastal regions of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, surrounding the Caspian Sea during 2000-2001. Concentrations of Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Sn, Hg, Pb and Bi in the muscle were apparently different among the five species of sturgeons. Especially, beluga showed the highest concentrations of Hg, Pb and Mn in all the five species. In addition, more than half of the individuals of beluga exceeded the guideline level (0.3 microg/g wet wt.) of Hg for food in UK. However, V, Cr, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr and Ba concentrations were similar among five sturgeons. Growth-dependent increase in Hg in beluga, Cu in Persian sturgeon, and Zn in Russian sturgeon were observed, whereas V, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, Sr, Mo, Sn, Hg and Bi concentrations in Persian sturgeon, Pb in ship sturgeon, and Cr, Mn, and Rb in stellate sturgeon were negatively correlated with body length. All species of sturgeon in Azerbaijan showed the highest concentration of Sr and the lowest concentration of Rb, while the five sturgeons from Iran showed opposite trends. Concentration of V, which is present in oil, in sturgeons in the Caspian Sea was considerably lower than that of fish from Kuwait, but was comparable to that of Cambodia and the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. To our knowledge, this study provides the first extensive data on multielemental accumulation in sturgeons of the Caspian Sea.     

盐碱池塘浮游动物的群落演替和多样性

于1997年4月5日至1998年9月1日对山东高青赵店乡渔场34个盐碱池浮游动物群落演替及其多样性进行了研究,采集了389个浮游动物定量水样。结果表明,轮虫主要是在夏秋高温季节占主导地位,桡足类在春季和秋末冬初在大部分养鱼池和所有无鱼对照池中占绝对优势,原生动物在养鱼池浮游动物中占相当比重,浮游动物生物量的冬季变动一般都有放养早期的春季生物量峰值和盛夏至初秋的生物量高峰,浮游动物多样性指数的季节变动形式与浮游动物生物量的季节变动不尽相同,其季节变动的总趋势是,冬季最低,春季开始上扬,夏季最高,秋季又开始下降;浮游动物多样性指数在浮游动物生物量峰值时多是低谷,而生物量下降时多样性指数又上升,无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物多样性指数和生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

春秋两季鄱阳湖浮游动物的编目、数量分布与变动

分析鉴定了1999年春、秋两季,在鄱阳湖区8个断面24个采样站采得的水样．共观察到各类浮游动物共150种．其中轮虫动物物种最为丰富,为96种,占总种数的64．0％,且单位体积的数量亦呈明显优势,说明轮虫动物是该湖区浮游动物的优势类群;其次为原生动物．24个采样站中,原生动物、轮虫动物、枝角类、桡足类这四类浮游动物个体数量分布的差异极大,其中第10、12、13和23号站中的个体数量较高,超过100ind／L最大数量出现在13号站,个体数量高达1101．60ind／L鄱阳湖浮游动物的数量有明显的季节变动,尤属轮虫的变动最大．本次调查中轮虫和枝角类的数量春季大于秋季,而原生动物和桡足类则秋季大于春季．     

陕西洛川不同时代黄土中的碳酸钙的沉积速率及其在地质年代测定中的意义

选择地处西北半干旱区、又具有代表性的黑木沟标准剖面,逐一测试其土层中的碳酸钙与干容重,进而由相关参数推算各土层的碳酸钙的沉积速率(V,下同),这是笔者的尝试。结果表明,该剖面中的碳酸钙的沉积速率,均有自下而上递增的趋势,各层总平均速率为0.20g/cm2·103a     

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in fish-eating birds wintering in the Gdańsk Bay, 1981–82 and 1982–83

Seventy-four samples of adipose fat of 10 species of fisheating birds commonly wintering in Gdańsk Bay and one of little auk, a rare species in this area, have been analysed for residues of HCB, ΣBHC, ΣDDT and PCBs. Auks (guillemot, black guillemot and razorbill), which probably stay a whole year in the Baltic area, contained in their fat twice the level of PCBs as mergansers, and 5–6 times as much as in divers and grebes—birds which stay in the sea mainly after the breeding season. ΣDDT levels were somewhat higher but comparable in auks and grebes, and lower in mergansers and divers. ΣBHC and HCB levels were 3–4 times and 5–10 times higher, respectively, in auks than in birds from other families studied. When comparing residue levels found in adipose fat of birds taken during the wintering seasons of 1981–1982 and 1982–1983 with those taken in 1975–1976 or 1980–1981, an initially rapid, but in recent years a rather slow decline in ΣDDT level is detectable for grebes, mergansers and divers, and in the case of PCBs the residue levels fell slightly. In auks, the ΣDDT residue level fell by half, but remains rather stable in recent years, while there are only minor fluctuations in the residue level of PCBs.     

青藏高原可可西里库赛湖年纹层石英颗粒表面形态特征研究

湖泊是风成沉积的理想载体,利用扫描电镜分析石英砂的表面微结构特征,可以用于判断石英颗粒被风或水流搬运的相对距离和湖泊的水动力条件,从而判断其沉积环境与演化历史.库赛湖位于青藏高原北部可可西里地区,是青海省沙尘天气频发的地区之一,为进一步证实库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层的风成成因,以库赛湖沉积年纹层为研究对象,结合青藏高原北部典型沙丘沉积、库赛湖冰面风成沉积、典型河流沉积和库赛湖湖滨相水成粗颗粒沉积样品,利用扫描电镜对上述沉积物石英颗粒表面特征进行观察研究,并统计35种特征的出现频率.结果表明:库赛湖地区典型风成物石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、中低浮雕、翻板、新月型撞击坑、球根状边缘、直形阶梯、弓形阶梯、碟形坑等微形貌特征;典型水成物石英颗粒表面具有V型撞击坑、小型和中型贝壳状断口、少量溶蚀坑等微形貌特征;库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、低浮雕、翻板、新月形撞击坑、球根状边缘、碟形坑等明显风成特征,与研究区风成物的石英颗粒表面特征相似,而与研究区典型水成物的石英颗粒表面特征差别很大.因此,库赛湖年纹层中的粗颗粒层是由风成作用形成的.     

我国煤炭需求、探查潜力与高效利用分析

能源结构中全球大多数国家的主体能源是石油,而我国以富煤、贫油、少气为本土资源特点,煤炭是主体能源.目前随着我国改革开放的不断深入,社会经济快速发展,能源的需求大幅度增加.这使得对煤炭资源的勘探与开采必须不断深入,进入到第二深度空间日益紧迫.在开采过程中的难度随之增大,故必须引入当代高、新技术,防范灾害并提高煤炭综合利用效率.基于对我国主体能源-煤炭存储与需求的分析,本文将研讨以下几个问题：1）我国面临的能源形势与国策;2）当今对化石能源的需求、煤炭资源的生产和消费特点;3）全球和我国煤炭资源的生产、利用、需求、潜能和存在的问题;4）煤炭深部勘探、开采和高新技术的应用;5）我国煤炭的高效利用与其在能源结构中的不可替代;6）我国在发展进程中第二深度空间的煤炭需求乃必然轨迹.     

三峡水库长江干流及其支流枯水期浮游植物多样性与水质

2010年4月对长江干流和26条支流未淹没区与回水区的浮游植物进行调查.结果表明,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻共占浮游植物种类的93.33%～93.88%.干流优势种类有1门1种、未淹没区有3门6种、回水区有5门6种,出现率分别为15.38%、9.23%和25.00%.回水区现存量平均值最高、未淹没区其次、干流最低.现存量组成在干流、未淹没区和回水区之间有差异,绿藻所占比例干流最高,硅藻所占比例未淹没区最高,隐藻、蓝藻和甲藻所占比例均在回水区最高.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀性指数(J),未淹没区最高、干流次之、回水区最低.17条支流回水区H’和8条支流回水区J均低于未淹没区.水质评价显示,轻或无污染断面(采样点)的比例,干流为76.92%,未淹没区为84.62%,回水区为47.06%.19条(73.08%)支流回水区出现中污染或重污染,7条(26.92%)支流未淹没区出现中污染或重污染.三峡工程蓄水对回水区浮游植物与水质影响比长江干流更大.     

Non-destructive monitoring of trace element levels in short-tailed albatrosses (Phoebastria albatrus) and black-footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigripes) from Torishima Island, Japan using eggs and blood

Concentrations of 18 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in abandoned eggs of short-tailed albatrosses and abandoned eggs and blood of black-footed albatrosses from Torishima Island, Japan in 2002. Mercury concentration was highest among the toxic elements in egg content of both the two species. In some egg contents of black-footed albatrosses, Hg concentrations were higher than the threshold level that may cause decreased hatchability and aberrant nesting behavior in some avian species. Concentrations of Cd in egg content and Ba in egg content and shell increased with an increase in egg breadth/length ratio, whereas Hg in egg content showed an opposite trend in black-footed albatrosses. Since egg breadth/length ratio is known to increase with the age of mother bird, this result may imply that concentrations of these elements in eggs vary with age of mother bird. In blood of black-footed albatross chicks, concentration of Hg was highest among the toxic elements and the Hg concentration showed an increase in the later growth stages. In contrast, concentration of Sr in blood decreased with growth stage. Since the behaviour of Sr is similar to that of Ca in animals, it is conceivable that Sr was used along with Ca for the formation of bone.     

红壤小流域不同土地利用方式坡面下水塘底泥养分含量变化

以我国南方丘陵区红壤小流域为研究对象,对不同土地利用方式坡面下的4个水塘底泥中养分含量作了分层比较研究(0-5 cm,5-10 cm,10-15 cm,15-20 cm,20-25 cm,25-30 cm)．结果表明:4个水塘底泥养分含量差异明显,在0-15 cm泥层有机碳、全氮、速效氮和全磷含量以邻近村庄的水塘(简称C塘)底泥最高,其次为板栗园坡下的水塘(简称B塘),水稻田坡面下水塘(简称S塘)和花生地坡面下水塘(简称H塘)最低;在15-30 cm泥层,有机碳和速效氮含量以B塘最高,而全氮和全磷含量则以C塘最高;有效磷含量除C塘0-15 cm底泥外,其余均为痕量．表明土地利用方式对其坡面下水塘底泥养分含量影响明显．各水塘底泥养分随泥层加深均呈递减趋势,其中全氮和速效氮减幅以C塘最大,分别为36．0％和38．7％,有机碳和全磷减幅则以B塘最大,为29．4％和31．9％;各塘底泥养分含量的最大降幅主要在浅层底泥,水塘养分积累加速表明近年来农村面源污染加剧．传统农业耕作方式的改变是农村水体底泥养分含量增加的主要原因之一．     

Chalcophile elements (Hg,Cd, Pb,As) in Lake Umbozero,Murmansk province

Lake Umbozero (the second largest in the area and the deepest in Murmansk province) was studied with the aim to establish the biogeochemical features of the distribution of chalcophile elements (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) in water, bottom sediments, and whitefish organs and tissues. Lake Umbozero is subject to the effect of emissions and effluents of mining-and-metallurgical plants in Murmansk province, as well as airborne anthropogenic pollution of global character. Surface and near-bed peaks were recorded in the distribution of Pb and Cd in water mass. Those peaks can be due to phytoplankton development in surface layers and the precipitation of dead organisms and mechanical suspension into bed layers. The mean Pb and Cd concentrations in Umbozero water mass exceed the mean for lake water in taiga zone. Water body pollution manifests itself in an increase in concentrations of elements, such as heavy metals, in the surface layers of bottom sediments. The largest contamination factors were recorded for Cd and Pb. Lake pollution by highly toxic chalcophile elements also caused their accumulation in whitefish organs and tissues: the biological accumulation coefficient is >1 for Cd in kidneys (5.8) and for Hg in kidneys, liver, and muscles (3.6, 3.3, and 2.2, respectively).     

Shifts in the Processes of Oxygen and Nutrient Balances in the River Elbe since the Transformation of the Economic Structure

The reduction of pollution in the river Elbe since 1990 has resulted in changes in the processes taking place in the river. The heterotrophic degradation which dominated until 1990 was accompanied by a lack of oxygen, floating masses of sewage fungi, and sludge formation in the areas of still water. Since the early 1990s, autotrophic processes have come to dominate, with an increase in pH fluctuations and the oxygen production potential, but evidently not the chlorophyll level during the growing season. The degradable organic pollution of the Elbe is determined by algae production. The high levels of ammonium previously encountered in the Elbe were attributable to not only dischargers but also in particular the lack of oxygen in the water. Via heterotrophic nitrate assimilation, nitrate served as an oxygen reserve, resulting in high levels of nitrite. At present, when the oxygen contents are sufficient, the concentration reductions of nitrate and nitrite along the reach of the Elbe are approximately parallel, which in view of the lack of ammonium indicates the denitrification of microzones low in oxygen. The relative proportion of structurally bound substance turnover will become increasingly important for the Elbeπs material budget.     

Temporal trends of brominated flame retardants in coastal waters of Japan and South China: Retrospective monitoring study using archived samples from es-Bank,Ehime University,Japan

The present paper is a summary of studies conducted at the Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, on temporal trends of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in coastal waters of Japan and South China. Archived marine mammal fat tissues and dated sediment cores were used to evaluate temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in relation to their usage in the region. The results indicate that environmental concentrations of these BFRs in Japan and South China increased significantly during the last several decades. Temporal trends in the contaminant concentrations were consistent with historical consumption of the corresponding BFRs. PBDE levels in marine mammals and sediments from Japan, after showing peak concentrations in the 1990s, appear to be leveling off in recent years, in accordance with the discontinued usage of Tetra- and Octa-BDEs in Japan from the 1990s. The change in concentration levels was also accompanied by changes in PBDE congener profiles, i.e. shift towards increased proportion of higher brominated BDEs. Furthermore, in recent years HBCD concentrations in marine mammals from Japan appear to exceed those of PBDEs, presumably reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. In finless porpoises from the South China Sea, PBDE levels were much higher than HBCD concentrations both in the past and recent years, implying consumption of HBCDs was not as high as that of PBDEs in China. In dated sediment cores from Tokyo Bay, concentrations increased exponentially with doubling times of 4.6–7.9 years, 6.1–12 years and 7.1–12 years for BDE-209, ΣPBDEs and HBCDs, respectively.     

Temporal trends of brominated flame retardants in coastal waters of Japan and South China: retrospective monitoring study using archived samples from es-Bank, Ehime University, Japan

The present paper is a summary of studies conducted at the Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, on temporal trends of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in coastal waters of Japan and South China. Archived marine mammal fat tissues and dated sediment cores were used to evaluate temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in relation to their usage in the region. The results indicate that environmental concentrations of these BFRs in Japan and South China increased significantly during the last several decades. Temporal trends in the contaminant concentrations were consistent with historical consumption of the corresponding BFRs. PBDE levels in marine mammals and sediments from Japan, after showing peak concentrations in the 1990s, appear to be leveling off in recent years, in accordance with the discontinued usage of Tetra- and Octa-BDEs in Japan from the 1990s. The change in concentration levels was also accompanied by changes in PBDE congener profiles, i.e. shift towards increased proportion of higher brominated BDEs. Furthermore, in recent years HBCD concentrations in marine mammals from Japan appear to exceed those of PBDEs, presumably reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. In finless porpoises from the South China Sea, PBDE levels were much higher than HBCD concentrations both in the past and recent years, implying consumption of HBCDs was not as high as that of PBDEs in China. In dated sediment cores from Tokyo Bay, concentrations increased exponentially with doubling times of 4.6-7.9 years, 6.1-12 years and 7.1-12 years for BDE-209, SigmaPBDEs and HBCDs, respectively.     

富营养化湖泊围隔中重建水生植被及其生态效应

水体富营养化导致水生植被衰退、蓝藻水华暴发、水质恶化和水生生态系统崩溃.恢复水生植被被认为是改善受损水体水质和提高其生态系统稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过构建大型围隔,根据水生植物的耐污程度及其对水质和底质等条件的需求,选取几种适宜的水生植物在围隔内进行移栽与群落构建,并以不移栽水生植物的围隔和围隔外水体作为对照.实验期间(2011年4月至2012年6月),围隔内移栽的几种水生植物全部存活,并建立了相对稳定的群落.同时还跟踪监测了3个处理组的水质情况,结果显示,移栽水生植物的围隔内水质明显优于围隔外,与未移栽水生植物围隔相比,也有很大程度的改善,其中移栽水生植物围隔内水体的总氮、铵态氮、总磷、水下消光系数相比于围隔外水体分别低30.55%、44.09%、36.04%和42.13%,相比于未移栽水生植物围隔内水体分别低5.96%、13.40%、6.70%和7.60%,透明度分别比围隔外水体和未移栽水生植物围隔水体高74.59%和8.70%,浮游植物生物量也大大低于围隔外,而浮游动物生物量却明显高于后者.此外,实验后移栽水生植物围隔内沉积物氮、磷含量及其间隙水总氮、总磷、铵态氮浓度明显低于围隔外和未移栽水生植物围隔.研究表明,在富营养化浅水湖泊中通过建立围隔进行合理的群落配置,进而逐步恢复水生植物是完全可行的,而水生植物恢复后加强对其管理和维护至关重要.