第八讲 长波和超长波动力学

在对流层中上层,流场型式多呈波状,系统的尺度比较大,一般围绕整个地球有3—6个波,且自西向东缓慢移动,这就是大气长波(或称Rossby波)。在对流层上层和平流层低层,有更大尺度的波动,其水平波长比一般长波长,通称为超长波。长波和超长波的活动同天气演变有密切关系,往往是造成大范围天气变化的重要条件。本讲将讨论长波和超长波的一般动力学特性及其活动的基本规律。     

热带大气运动的长波和超长波(二)

本文对热带湿大气运动的长波、纬向超长波(纬向扰动尺度L1～104公里,经向扰动尺度L2～106公里)和经向超长波(L1～103公里,L2～104公里)进行了尺度分析,得到了适合这些运动的近似方程。对于纬向超长波,与干大气一样为正压无辐散运动;但对于长波和经向超长波,它们的运动特征与干大气有着巨大的差别,在这类运动中,位势部分、辐散辐合和垂直气流相当重要,而且重力内波波速大大变慢,因而可以认定混合的Rossby-重力波是热带长波和经向超长波的一个重要特性。我们所得的结果与Charney对干大气的分析不一致,也与Murakami对湿大气的分析不一致。从而证实了谢义炳教授最近提出的空气温度对大气运动有重要影响的观点。同时,在假定基本气流U=0的情况下,对线性化扰动方程进行了频率分析,证实了上述尺度分析的结果是正确的。     

热带大气运动的长波和超长波(一)

对热带干大气运动的长波、纬向超长波(纬向扰动尺度L_1～10~4公里,经向扰动尺度L_2～10~3公里)和经向超长波(L_1～10~3公里,L_2～10~4公里)进行了尺度分析,得到了适合这些运动的近似方程。对于纬向超长波,与长波的情况一样为正压无辐散运动;但在经向超长波时,则涡度方程中存在辐散项,这一结果与Matsuno得到的在热带存在Rossby波和惯性-重力波混合的情况是一致的。同时,在存在基本气流切变的情况下,对线性化扰动方程进行了频率分析,结果指出,当n≥1时,Rossby波和惯性-重力波是可分的;当n=0,而纬向尺度L_1～1000公里时,存在混合Rossby-重力波,这就证实了上述尺度分析的结果是正确的。于是,把尺度分析的结果与热带波动运动中Rossby波和惯性-重力波是可分的或混合的特性统一了起来。     

地形对长波和超长波不稳定发展的影响

图3.2.1—3.2.5表示了地形对长波和超长波移动和发展影响的一般规律。如以地形脊对东移西风冷槽的影响为例,当地形相当涡度和扰动涡度的振辐比am/a20较小时,在它越过地形脊时,首先流场槽减弱而温度槽加强,减弱的流场槽以较快的速度移动,而温度槽则相对减慢,越过地形脊后,流场槽又重新增强。我们根据地形的影响,初步讨论了一锢囚气旋在向风坡填塞,在背风坡又重新产生的物理过程。超长波的斜压不稳定的不能发展,是由于温度场东进和流场西退造成的。根据地形脊对超长波脊移动的影响,可以推测,在两个地形超长波脊之间的地区,最有利于超长波脊的不稳定发展。阻塞脊出现频数的地理分布的观测结果和理论推测有很好的一致性。     

地形对长波和超长波系统影响的物理过程

(一)地形影响的物理过程,过去较多地是从正压涡度方程来说明的。事实上,地形不仅影响着正压流场,而且还同时影响着随高度改变的切变流场和温度场。我们首先通过σ-坐标的涡度、散度和热力学方程进行尺度分析(水平尺度—10~3公里),得到一组能够说明中纬度大地形影响特性的简化方程组,并考虑如图1的两层模式,对于任意函数有     

污染大气边界层的长波冷却率模式

考虑大气气溶胶在长波窗区的散射和吸收作用以及水汽的连续吸收作用，建立了一个适用于污染大气边界层的长波冷却率模式。计算结果表明：当单位面积气柱中气溶胶含量为７８５．９ｍｇ／ｍ２时，气溶胶的作用可使到达地面的长波向下辐射增大３９Ｗ／ｍ２。在大气窗区，大气气溶胶和水汽的连续吸收对长波冷却率的影响是同等重要的。在水汽含量和气溶胶浓度较大的大气边界层内，水汽连续吸收的冷却率最大时可达１．３Ｋ／ｄ，气溶胶的冷却率最大时可达到１．６６Ｋ／ｄ，二者对长波冷却率的贡献均不容忽视     

一个全球大气格点模式和超长波预报问题

本文是作者在“一个修改的σ坐标初始方程”北半球模式的基础上发展全球大气模式的第一个报告.文中给出了这个全球格点模式方程组的基本计算方案;并对一个全球大气形势预报的实例进行了分析,与半球模式预报的结果作了比较,讨论了有关超长波的预报问题.     

长波低值期和汕尾市暴雨

1思路大气波动是由各种不同波长的振动迭加而成的，不同波长的振动对天气过程发生、发展和变化起着不同的作用。因此，可以应用谐波分析的方法，把各种波长从总振动中分离出来，然后应用分离出来的简谐波、合成波或其参数的某些特征作为天气过程的前兆，作出过程预报。汕尾市地处沿海，受海陆因子的影响造成天气变化的复杂性，加上海上恻站少、资料缺乏，增加了暴雨预报的困难。应用谐波分析方法作天气过程的预报，只考虑高度场在整个纬圈的平均情况，大大削弱了海陆因子造成的影响，使预报客观化，准确率也相应提高。2纬向谐波分析的原理纬…     

长波、超长波特征与暴雨的关系

通过对暴雨出现候前第2—3候500hPa候平均图上的大气环流长波、超长波特点,进行人工归类分析,归纳出5种较大样本暴雨征兆型环流形势,并具体论述了各种环流的形势特点及其与暴雨间的对应规律。     

球面E-P通量的计算及其应用

讨论了行星波作用通量Eliassen-Palm flux(E-P通量)在球面准地转条件下的表达式,纬圈环状总质量权重的变换形式,及其在绘图分析中的应用与技巧。结合实例,通过对欧洲中心再分析资料Interim的计算绘图,说明不同形式E-P通量在实际分析时的差异及特点。     

DESIGNATION AND APPLICATION OF A SPHERICAL LONG-WAVE SPECTRAL MODEL

A two-level,quasi-geostrophic long-wave model based on spherical coordinates was developed with theexplicit part belonging to a low-order model.However,it includes not only diabatic heating,Ekman fric-tion and mountain distribution,but also parameterized forcing effects of transfer properties of transienteddies.Experiment results showed that,due to the introduction of the parameterization of transfer propertiesof transient eddies,remarkable improvements on characters of low-order model had been obtained.Inaddition to its economization in calculation and conciseness in physics as in a low-order model,the long-wave model was shown to describe the energetics and angular momentum balance of the atmosphere much morereasonably,and to present the features of zonal mean westerlies and stationary waves much more correctlythan the corresponding low-order model.This kind of long-wave model was therefore regarded as suitablefor theoretical research and numerical modelling of some aspects of the general circulation of the atmosphere.     

A GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL WITH VARIABLE POLES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS

Since we find out that the global spectral model with trapezoidal truncation has higher resolution inhigh latitudes(polar cap)than in low latitudes,this paper presents a global spectral model with variablepoles which can be located at the center of interested area.The transform methods from traditional globalspectral model to the new model are given and applied to a shallow-water equation model.The control ex-periments for 72h predictions were carried out.The“northern pole”in the transformed model was locatedat 15°N, 135°E.And the results showed that the predictions of weather systems in the area around the“newpole”(the polar cap,latitudes >60°)were better than those by the traditional model and the root mean squareerrors were improved.     

数值模式中长波辐射参数化方案的对比试验

应用一个简化的长波辐射参数方案，与郭晓岚－钱永甫模式原有长波辐射参数化方案进行了对比，分析了它们对１００ｈＰａ，３００ｈＰａ，５００ｈＰａ，７００ｈＰａ及地面的高度场、温度场、流场及气压场模拟结果的影响，发现不仅两者结果相当一致，而且与实测结果也符合很好。     

东北冷涡的位涡动力诊断模型及应用

对一次较典型的东北冷涡过程，利用自然坐标系下的Ertel位涡守恒原理，分析曲率位涡和切变位涡之间的转换及分布特征，得出了涡旋加强或减弱的位涡动力诊断模型，并通过实例计算提出了预报东北冷涡过程的一种方法。     

DESIGN OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL GLOBAL ADIABATIC SPECTRAL PRIMITIVE EQUATION MODEL

A three-dimensional(3D)global adiabatic spectral primitive equation model has beendesigned.The main features are as follows.(1)Adoption of spherical harmonics and Tschebyscheff polynomials as the basis functions inthe horizontal and vertical respectively,but the unknowns in the spectral equations are two-dimensional;(2)Inclusion of the tropopause,which may vary with time and space;(3)Suggestion of a spectral method for representing the vertical structure of the atmosphereapplicable to the unsmoothed profile case;(4)In consideration of nonlinear vertical aliasing a technique is proposed to avoid it andnonlinear computational instability.Based on real data forecasts up to 48 hours have been performed.The results show that thestatistical verifications with the model are superior on the average to those with the T42L9 usedoperationally before 1995 at NMC of China at the same mean resolution.     

AN IMPROVED SEMI-IMPLICIT TIME DIFFERENCE SCHEME OF SPECTRAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS

In fact,the popular semi-implicit time difference scheme of spectral model still includes someimportant linear terms using time explicit difference scheme,and the major terms are directlyrelated to fast internal-and external-gravity waves in the atmospheric forecasting equation.Additionally,due to using time difference on two terms at different time.the popular schemeartificially introduces unbalance between pressure gradient force and Coriolis force terms whilenumerically computing their small difference between large quantities.According to thecomputational stability analysis conducted to the linear term time difference scheme in simpleharmonic motion equation,one improved semi-implicit time difference scheme is also designed inour study.By adopting a kind of revised time-explicit-difference scheme to these linear terms thatstill included in spectral model governing equations,the defect of spectral model which only partlyusing semi-implicit integrating scheme can be overcome effectively.Moreover,besides all spectralcoefficients of prognostic equations,especially of Helmholtz divergence equation,can be workedout without any numerical iteration,the time-step (computation stability) can also be enlarged(enhanced) by properly introducing an adjustable coefficient.     

BP模型的原理及其气象应用

结合气象应用简要介绍人工神经元网络ＢＰ模型的原理和方法，对其在气象预测中的应用经验作了评述。     

太阳短波辐射分光谱计算模式

本文采用太阳短波辐射分光谱模式计算了我国太阳辐射收支各分量。模式中主要考虑及计算了大气中各种成份在不同谱区对太阳辐射的吸收和衰减作用。如水汽、均匀混和气体的红外吸收，紫外和可见光区的臭氧吸收、雷利散射及大气气溶胶的削弱作用等。给出了大气中各种成份在不同波段对太阳辐射的削弱。并且分析了我国太阳辐射收支各分量1月、7月的分布特征。模式误差在4％～10％，比较理想。为无辐射观测的高原、沙漠、海洋等地区提供了一种较好的计算方法。     

全球大气多层原始方程距平谱模式的研制

距平滤波模式（ＡＦＭ）是具有独特优点的长期天气预报模式，本文推广进而设计了一类全球大气多层原始方程距平谱模式，并利用该模式对热带海温距平产生的大气响应进行了试验性模拟，结果表明多层原始方程距平模式不同于ＡＦＭ，更有别于ＧＣＭ，在短期气候异常的动力学过程研究或预报方面显示出广泛的应用价值。     

IMPROVEMENT OF A GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL BY INTRODUCING THE SECONDLAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The second law of thermodynamics has never been taken into account in the traditional hydrodynamics and numer-ical weather prediction models,which is a serious oversight in the history of mechanics.Introducing the thermodynamicirreversibility into the hydrodynamic systems,the theory and method proposed in this study would not only lead theoutputs of a numerical weather prediction model to noticeable improvement,but lead the structure of hydrodynamics todeepgoing transformation.