太阳微波尖峰辐射的高时间、高频率分辨率偏振观测

利用北京天文台 ２．６—３．８ ＧＨｚ频谱仪的观测资料,找到 １１个微波尖峰辐射事件．尖峰一般具有数十毫秒的寿命,数百个ｓｆｕ的流量密度和数十至数百ＭＨｚ的带宽,这与以前的报道类似．尖峰的偏振度各式各样,有的尖峰还有数千ＭＨｚ／ｓ的频率漂移．某些尖峰在二个偏振态之间有８毫秒的时间延迟（最大延迟可达１６毫秒）．另外,还发现了尖峰的偏振度随频率剧烈变化的偏振反转现象．     

Microwave Millisecond Spike Emission in the Solar Flare of 1991 May 16

Properties, including the time duration, polarization, quasi-periodical oscillations and so on, of the microwave spike emissions observed at 2.5 GHz and 2.6 GHz during the solar flare of 1991 May 16 are analyzed statistically. The left-handed and right-handed circular polarizations of the spike emissions at 2.5, 2.6 and 3.1 GHz are reported in detail. At these 3 frequencies, most of the spikes are superposed on both the rising (and maximum) and the descending phase of the burst. It is noteworthy that spikes also appeared superposed on the small bursts that appeared after the main burst. The spike emission lasted 17 minutes. Polarization reversals on different timescales appearing in the spike emissions at 2.5 and 2.6 GHZ are described. Our statistical analysis indicates that the polarization reversals at 2.5 and 2.6 GHz differ in characters on average, the polarization reversal at 2.5 GHz is earlier than that of 2.6 GHz by about 1.5 minutes, and polarization reversal of the spike emission is more frequent at 2.5 GHZ.     

Ion-Sound Model of Microwave Spikes with Fast Shocks in the Reconnection Region

A new model for solar spike bursts is considered based on the interaction of Langmuir waves with ion-sound waves: l+st. Such a mechanism can operate in shock fronts, propagating from a magnetic reconnection region. New observations of microwave millisecond spikes are discussed. They have been observed in two events: 4 November 1997 between 05:52–06:10 UT and 28 November 1997 between 05:00–05:10 UT using the multichannel spectrograph in the range 2.6–3.8 GHz of Beijing AO. Yohkoh/SXT images in the AR and SOHO EIT images testify to a reconstruction of bright loops after the escape of a CME. A fast shock front might be manifested as a very bright line in T _e SXT maps (up to 20 MK) above dense structures in emission measure (EM) maps. Moreover one can see at the moment of spike emission (for the 28 November 1997 event) an additional maximum at the loop top on the HXR map in the AR as principal evidence of fast shock propagation. The model gives the ordinary mode of spike emission. Sometimes we observed a different polarization of microwave spikes that might be connected with the depolarization of the emission in the transverse magnetic field and rather in the vanishing magnetic field in the middle of the QT region. Duration and frequency band of isolated spikes are connected with parameters of fast particle beams and shock front. Millisecond microwave spikes are probably a unique manifestation of flare fast shocks in the radio emission.     

The study of multi-band radio observations on ultraviolet flares of chromospheric active binary V711 Tauri

The chromospherically-active binary, V711 Tau, had been observed by using the American Very Large Array (VLA) at five bands from 1.4 to 15 GHz. During the observation, the source was undergoing an intense flare, its radio luminosity up to 1.8 × 10¹⁸ erg s^–1 Hz^–1. The degree of circular polarization in the phase of the most intense flare was very small. With the decaying of the flare the flux density decreased, spectral index became smaller, spectra steeper and reversal frequency lower; the degree of circular polarization increased and its direction was dependent on frequency. These observational facts support the conclusion that the emission during intense flare is synchrotron (or synchro-cyclotron) mechanism. The magnetic intensity is about 10 G near = 1, the average electron energy, 4 MeV, the electron density with larger than 10 keV, 3 × 10⁴–9 × 10⁴ cm^–3 and the electronic energy spectrum index in power-law distribution 1.3.     

Spikes in solar radio bursts at frequencies near 3 GHz

Many solar microwave bursts presenting fine structures were recorded at high temporal resolution (8 ms) by the 2.6–3.8 GHz spectrometer of National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC). Here we present data that were recorded on 15 April 1998. After data processing, more than one hundred spikes were detected in the interval 07:59:29.622–07:59:50.362 UT. Some of the spikes were single, while others were grouped in clusters. We report the observational characteristics including lifetime, frequency bandwidth, drift rate and polarization degree, as well as duration of spike clusters. Afterwards we discuss the difference between the lifetime of the spikes presented here (near 3 GHz) and those reported formerly at frequency up to 1 GHz, the probable source density and dimension, the brightness temperature and some other characteristics.     

Electron beams in the low corona

Selected high-resolution spectrograms of solar fast-drift bursts in the 6.2–8.4 GHz range are presented. The bursts have similar characteristics as metric and decimetric type III bursts: rise and decay in a few thermal collision times, total bandwidth 3% of the center frequency, low polarization, drift rate of the order of the center frequency per second, and flare association. They appear in several groups per flare, each group consisting of some tens of single bursts. Fragmentation is also apparent in frequency; there are many narrowband bursts randomly scattered in the spectrum. The maximum frequency of the bursts is highly variable.The radiation is interpreted in terms of plasma emission of electron beams at plasma densities of more than 10¹¹ cm^–-3. At this extremely high frequency, emission from the plasma level even at the harmonic is only possible in a very anisotropic plasma. The scale lengths perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field can be estimated. A model of the source region and its environment is presented.Paper presented at the 4th CESRA Workshop in Ouranopolis (Greece) 1991.     

A broadband spectrometer for decimeter and microwave radio bursts

Observations of solar microwave bursts with high temporal and spectral resolution have shown interesting fine structures (FSs) of short duration and small bandwidth which are usually superimposed on the smooth continuum. These FSs are very intense (up to 10¹⁵ K) and show sometimes a high degree of circular polarization (up to 100%). They are believed to be generated by electron cyclotron maser emission (ECME) in magnetic loops. Another type are the microwave type III bursts, which are drifting microwave FSs, and are probably the signatures of travelling electron beams in the solar atmosphere. The exact emission mechanisms for these phenomena, in particular the source configuration, the plasma parameters and the distribution of radiating electrons are not clear. For a detailed study of these problems new observations of intensity and polarization with high resolution in time and in frequency in decimeter and microwave wavebands are essential. In order to investigate these features in greater detail, spectrometers with high temporal and spectral resolution are being developed by the solar radio astronomy community of China (Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO), Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO), Yunnan Astronomical Observatory (YAO), and Nanjing University (NJU)). The frequency range from 0.7 to about 12 GHz is covered by about five spectrometers in frequency ranges of 0.7–1.4 GHz, 1–2 GHz, 2.4–3.6 GHz, 4.9–7.3 GHz, and 8–12 GHz, respectively. The radiospectrometers will form a combined type of swept-frequency and multi-channel receivers. The main characteristics of the solar radio spectrometers are: frequency resolution: 1–10 MHz; temporal resolution: 1–10 ms; sensitivity: better than 2% of the quiet-Sun level. We pay special attention to the sensitivity and the accuracy of polarization. Now, the 1–2 GHz radiospectrometer is being set up. The full system will be set up in 3–4 years.Presented at the CESRA-Workshop on Coronal Magnetic Release at Caputh near Potsdam in May 1994.     

First detection of polarization of the submillimeter diffuse Galactic dust emission by Archeops

We present the first determination of the Galactic polarized emission at 353 GHz by Archeops. The data were taken during the Arctic night of February 7, 2002 after the balloon-borne instrument was launched by CNES from the Swedish Esrange base near Kiruna. In addition to the 143 and 217 GHz frequency bands dedicated to CMB studies, Archeops had one 545 GHz and six 353 GHz bolometers mounted in three polarization sensitive pairs that were used for Galactic foreground studies. We present maps of the I,Q,U Stokes parameters over 17% of the sky and with a 13 arcmin resolution at 353 GHz (850 μm). They show a significant Galactic large scale polarized emission coherent on the longitude ranges [100°,120°] and [180°,200°] with a degree of polarization at the level of 4–5%, in agreement with expectations from starlight polarization measurements. Some regions in the Galactic plane (Gem OB1, Cassiopeia) show an even stronger degree of polarization in the range 10–20%. Those findings provide strong evidence for a powerful grain alignment mechanism throughout the interstellar medium and a coherent magnetic field coplanar to the Galactic plane. This magnetic field pervades even some dense clouds. Extrapolated to high Galactic latitude, these results indicate that interstellar dust polarized emission is the major foreground for PLANCK-HFI CMB polarization measurement.     

71 GHz (4.2 mm) solar radio bursts in the period July 1967 to December 1969

The results of 2 1/2 years (July 1967 – December 1969) monitoring of solar radio bursts at 71 GHz ( = 4.2 mm) at the Radio and Space Research Station, Slough are presented. During this period only seven events were positively identified as 71 GHz bursts. One of these events (6 July, 1968) is among the largest solar bursts ever recorded anywhere in the microwave-millimetre wave band (47000 × 10^–22Wm^–2Hz^–1), and the associated magnetic field may possibly have exceeded 7200 G. Another event (27 March, 1969) has demonstrated that bursts at 71 GHz can be both intense (4700 × 10^–22Wm^–2Hz^–1) and complex. On other occasions, the absence of any detectable event at 71 GHz helps to define the high frequency spectrum of the burst, this being an important factor in determining the initial energy distribution of the electrons ejected by the associated flare. On one such occasion (21 March, 1969) the derived energy distribution index is 8, in contrast with the more usual values of 2–4.1969–1970 NCR-OAR Senior Post-Doctoral Research Associate at Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass., U.S.A.     

Millisecond Radio Spikes in the Decimetric Band

We present the results of the analysis of thirteen events consisting of dm-spikes observed in Toruń between 15 March 2000 and 30 October 2001. The events were obtained with a very high time resolution (80 microseconds) radio spectrograph in the 1352 – 1490 MHz range. These data were complemented with observations from the radio spectrograph at Ondřejov in the 0.8 – 2.0 GHz band. We evaluated the basic characteristics of the individual spikes (duration, spectral width, and frequency drifts), as well as their groups and chains, the location of their emission sources, and the temporal correlations of the emissions with various phases of the associated solar flares. We found that the mean duration and spectral width of the radio spikes are equal to 0.036 s and 9.96 MHz, respectively. Distributions of the duration and spectral widths of the spikes have positive skewness for all investigated events. Each spike shows positive or negative frequency drift. The mean negative and positive drifts of the investigated spikes are equal to −776 MHz s⁻¹ and 1608 MHz s⁻¹, respectively. The emission sources of the dm-spikes are located mainly at disk center. We have noticed two kinds of chains, with and without frequency drifts. The mean durations of the chains vary between 0.067 s and 0.509 s, while their spectral widths vary between 7.2 MHz and 17.25 MHz. The mean duration of an individual spike observed in a chain was equal to 0.03 s. While we found some agreement between the global characteristics of the groups of spikes recorded with the two instruments located in Toruń and Ondřejov, we did not find any one-to-one relation between individual spikes.     

Type III burst pair

We present a special solar radio burst detected on 5 January 1994 using the multi-channel (50) spectrometer (1.0–2.0 GHz) of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO). Sadly, the whole event could not be recorded since it had a broader bandwidth than the limit range of the instrument. The important part was obtained, however. The event is composed of a normal drift type III burst on the lower frequency side and a reverse drift type III burst appearing almost simultaneously on the high side. We call the burst type III a burst pair. It is a typical characteristic of two type III bursts that they are morphologically symmetric about some frequency from 1.64 GHz to 1.78 GHz on the dynamic spectra records, which indicates that there are two different electron beams from the same acceleration region travelling simultaneously in opposite directions (upward and downward). A magnetic reconnection mode is a nice interpretation of type III burst pair since the plasma beta 0.01 is much less than 1 and the beams have velocity of about 1.07×10⁸ cm s^–1 after leaving the reconnection region if we assume that the ambient magnetic field strength is about 100 G.     

Similar periodicities in the range 12 to 150 days in solar,ionospheric and atmospheric time series

Data series for the same time interval of characteristic solar parameters (sunspot number R; flux at 2.8 GHz), ionospheric parameters (critical frequency of the E-region) and atmospheric parameters (stratospheric and tropospheric temperatures T) have been analysed by the maximum-entropy method, in order to study the occurrence of periodicities in those parameters in the range from 12 to 150 days. Digital filtering of the most pronounced of the detected periods (mainly in the range between 19 to 33 days) shows a similar but not identical feature in the time interval 1974–1978. It is demonstrated that sunspot number and solar radio flux at 2.8 GHz behave in a similar way on the average, and at periods greater than 20 days. Although a number of similar periods occurred in solar, ionospheric and atmospheric parameters, cross-correlation estimations only show a relationship between periods in solar and ionospheric data, but none between solar data and stratospheric and tropospheric temperatures; exception: T (35 km) correlates with R at 12.3 days. The most obvious correlation was found between the critical frequency of the E layer and the solar flux at 2.8 GHz at a frequency of approximately 1/23 days^–1.Proceedings of the 14th ESLAB Symposium on Physics of Solar Variations, 16–19 September 1980, Scheveningen, The Netherlands.     

19 GHz (1.58 cm) solar radio bursts in the period July 1967 to December 1969

The results of 21/2 yr (July 1967–December 1969) monitoring of solar radio bursts at 19 GHz ( = 1.58 cm) at the Radio and Space Research Station, Slough, are presented. Observations at this frequency are important in helping to define the form of the microwave spectrum of solar bursts since many of the more intense bursts have their spectral peak in the frequency region above 10 GHz. Fifteen bursts with peak flux increases exceeding 1000 × 10^–22 Wm^–2 Hz^–1 were observed during this period.     

Highly polarized Type III microwave bursts on 15 April 1998

A group of type III bursts observed with the 2.6–3.8 GHz spectrometer of National Astronomical Observatory of China on 15 April 1998 is analyzed. They have the characteristics of broad bandwidth (>100 MHz), very short durations (<100 ms), high polarization degree (100%), high frequency drift rates (>1 GHz s^–1), and fast pulsations (with a period of about 100–200 ms). Their time profiles are also analysed. According to these characteristics, we suggest that these microwave type III bursts may be due to the fundamental plasma emission.     

Millisecond radio spikes on long centimetre and short decimetre wavelengths and occurrence frequency

High time-resolution data observed in two periods, respectively, by three frequencies (1.42, 2.84, and 3.67 GHz) or four frequencies (1.42, 2.00, 2.84, and 4.00 GHz) of fast sampling radiotelescopes were processed. Obtained were some significant results showing that during the obviously rising or maximum phases of solar cycle 22, the occurrence frequency of millisecond radio spikes at three or four frequencies decreased with the frequency increase and the highest occurrence frequency was at 1.42 GHz. If we assume the secondx-mode is pre-dominant in the growth rate of ECM instability, we calculate the magnetic intensity of source regions with spike bursts at the four frequencies and interpret the occurrence frequency of millisecond radio spikes on long centimetre and short decimetre wavelengths. Finally, this paper suggests that, owing to the Razing effect, whenf126 MHz the occurrence frequency of millisecond radio spikes starts to decrease.     

The characteristics of type IV-associated spikes at metric wavelengths

Out of 120 solar type IV events recorded at the Trieste Astronomical Observatory, we have selected 15 groups of spike bursts. We analyze their properties, concentrating on the characteristics of their polarization. We find that the polarization of the spikes varies over a wide range, but that within a particular group of spikes it remains almost constant. Sometimes groups of spikes with different degrees of polarization occur almost contemporaneously, probably indicating that more than one source is active at nearly the same time.Occasionally spike bursts accompany type III bursts. Then, unlike the case with type IV-associated events, the polarization of the spikes varies greatly.Proceedings of the Workshop on Radio Continua during Solar Flares, held at Duino (Trieste), Italy, 27–31 May, 1985.     

A rare centimetric spike event on 10 March 2002

A group of centimetric spikes was detected during the burst of 10 March 2002 with the spectrometer of NAOC (National Astronomical Observatories of China). These centimetric spikes are resolved clearly in the time and frequency panels. A statistical analysis shows that these spikes have very short durations (5–10 ms), narrow bandwidths (20–40 MHz), very high polarization degrees (≥90%), and relatively weak flux densities (10–40 sfu). The simultaneous 2D image observations of NoRH (Nobeyama Radioheliograph) and SSRT (Siberian Solar Radio Telescope) imply that the spikes should come from a small source region, which was located in an area with a complex magnetic field. It is also found that the spikes are polarized in the X-mode. These observations suggest that the electron cyclotron maser (ECM) is the most likely mechanism of these centimetric spikes.     

Broad-band circular polarimetry of sunspots, 0.4–1.7 microns: Spatial scans with a 3.4 arc sec diameter aperture

Spatial scans with a resolution of 3.4 arc sec of the broad-band circular polarization of several sunspots have been made in five filter bands over the wavelength range 0.4–1.7µ with a sensitivity of 1 × 10^–6 fractional polarization. The scans, across a spot through the penumbra and umbra center, revealed two important features: (1) The broad-band circularly polarized fluxV reverses in sign, or diminishes to near zero, at the center of the umbral region relative to the outer penumbra. This effect was wavelength dependent and was most clearly detected as a definite reversal in a band at 1.2µ, although a reversal was also detected in a very broad band extending from 0.8 to 1.6µ. (2) There is a marked asymmetry: in all cases the limbward penumbral region exhibited strongerV values than did the disk-center (inward) side of the spot, at all observed wavelengths. Such previously unreported structure in the magnetic circular polarization of sunspots provides new clues for understanding the anomalous large broad-band polarization at short wavelengths and at the same time imposes new constraints on sunspot models. For example, the polarization reversal in the umbra relative to the penumbra can be naively explained by return-flux sunspot models; but this is not the only interpretation. Alternatively, it can relate to reversals in mass-flow velocities and/or vertical velocity gradients, as between the umbra and penumbra.     

The radio signature of twisted magnetic ropes and reconnection site in the low corona

A solar radio burst on 25 August 1999 with fine structures (FS) at 4.5–7.5 GHz is studied in this paper. The FS started about one minute prior to the main burst. The maximum emission took place at 4–5 GHz for the FS, and at 10–11 GHz for the main burst, respectively. The time profiles at 4.5–7.5 GHz coincide very well with those of hard X-rays (from 25 keV to >300 keV) in both the main burst and the FS, which shows that the same population of accelerated electrons is responsible for both the microwave and hard X-ray bursts. The source of FS is 20 arc sec away from the main source close to a compact dipolar magnetic field, which is confirmed by different time and polarization profiles in the FS and main sources. It is interesting that the FS at 4.5–7.5 GHz are associated with a series of twisted magnetic loops or ropes, which may be modulated by Alfvén waves with a period of 1 s and a spatial wavelength of 10³ km in respect to the typical Alfvén velocity of 10³ km s^–1 in corona. These magnetic ropes may be rooted in the dipole site, which extended into the corona during the event and retracted after the event. Therefore, the FS in this event may show an important signature or precursor for energy release. The magnetic reconnection may be triggered by the interaction of the magnetic ropes at the height corresponding to 5–6 GHz, followed by cascaded energy release close to the foot-point of the magnetic ropes.     

Solar microwave bursts as indicators of the occurrence of solar proton emission

A study has been made of the relation of 19 GHz( = 1.58 cm) solar radio bursts to solar proton emission, with particular reference to the usefulness of relatively long duration bursts with intensities exceeding 50% of the quiet Sun flux (or exceeding 350 × 10^–22 W m^–2 Hz^–1) as indicators of the occurrence of proton events during the four years from 1966–69. 76 to 88% of such bursts are directly associated with solar protons and 60 to 85% of the moderate to large proton events in the four year period could have been predicted from these bursts. The complete microwave spectra of the proton events have also been studied, and have been used to extend the results obtained at 19 GHz to other frequencies, particularly in the 5–20 GHz band. The widely used frequency of 2.8 GHz is not the optimum frequency for this purpose since proton events have a minimum of emission in this region. Most of the radio energy of proton events is at frequencies above 10 GHz. The radio spectra of proton events tend to peak at higher frequencies than most non-proton events, the overall range being 5 to 70 GHz, with a median of 10–12 GHz and a mean of 17 GHz.On leave from the Radio and Space Research Station, Slough, England, as 1969–1970 National Research Council-National Academy of Sciences Senior Post-Doctoral Research Associate at AFCRL.