Actinolite-hornblende pairs in metamorphosed gabbros,Hidaka mountains,Hokkaido

Actinolite-actinolitic hornblende and actinolitic hornblende-hornblende pairs are described from gabbroic amphibolites and epidote amphibolites formed by dynamic metamorphism during uplift of gabbroic rooks in the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt, Hokkaido. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that coupled substitutions involved in the transition from actinolite to hornblende are essentially those of edenite and tschermakite-ferritschermakite together with smaller amounts of glaucophane-riebeckite, i.e. Al^IV, Al^VI, Fe³⁺, A-site occupancy and Na^M4 increase with replacement of Mg by Fe²⁺+ Mn and Si by Al^IV. During metamorphism the amount of deformation due to shearing has affected the degree of compositional discontinuity in the actinolite-hornblende series and the compositional gap is most pronounced in the epidote amphibolite. The coexisting actinolite-hornblende do not represent an equilibrium pair as textural relations indicate that the actinolitic amphiboles are relics. It is suggested that shearing deformation during uplift has caused an overstepping of the changing physico-chemical conditions of metamorphism so that compositional readjustment of amphiboles was not achieved. Equilibrium-disequilibrium actinolite-hornblende pairs are discussed from other localities where rocks of basaltic composition have been metamorphosed.     

Amphiboles of a Metagabbro--Amphibolite Sequence, Hidaka Metamorphic Belt, Hokkaido

The western part of the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt, Hokkaido, consistsof primary pyroxene gabbro and lesser amounts of olivine gabbrothat have been dynamically metamorphosed to metagabbro—gabbroicamphibolite-amphibolite-epidote amphibolite during uplift andshearing about 23 m.y. ago. Textures and the presence of relic and recrystallized amphiboleand plagioclase in the same rock indicate incomplete reactionand non attainment of equilibrium during recrystallization. EPMA and bulk analyses of 165 amphiboles indicate a continuousoverall compositional range from actinolite to dark green hornblende(with 100 mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺+Fe³⁺Mn) ratios varying from 89.5 to 32.0)marked by increasing Al, Fe, Ti, and Na. A compositional gapis usually present between relic and recrystallized amphibolesin any one rock which becomes more prominent with increasingshearing. In addition to host rock chemical control, amphibole compositionis largely dependent on the An content of coexisting plagioclase.Locally epidote and sphene exert a strong influence on bothamphibole and plagioclase compositions. Amphibole Ti and Mncontents decrease with shearing and Fe enrichment of the hostrocks largely as a result of the incoming of rutile, sphene,and Fe-Ti oxides. Analysis of host rock oxidation ratio andamphibole compositions indicates that the rocks essentiallybehaved as closed systems to oxygen during metamorphism. Al^1V-Al^IV, Al^IV-Fe³⁺, and Al^IV-(Na, K)^A are the main substitutionsin the amphiboles. Within any one rock the recrystallized amphibolesare enriched in Al, Fe, Ti, and Na relative to the relice amphiboles.Increasing metamorphism results in a progressive change of amphiboles(recrystallized) to more Fe and Si (rather than Al) rich compositionsreflecting the trend towards greenschist where Fe-actinolite(+Mg chlorite) would be stable. Differentiation of the amphiboles is within the limits of SiAlreplacement and the compositional limits of the early stagereaction rim and replacement amphiboles in the host olivineand pyroxene metagabbros.     

Evolution cristallochimique des amphiboles dans la série granitique de Fort-Trinquet (Mauritanie)

The precambrian postorogenic pluton of the Fort-Trinquet area (Northern Mauretania) is composed by a series of granitic rocks in which amphiboles are the characteristic mafic minerals. Twenty six amphiboles have been separated and chemically analysed; the optical properties and the unit-cell data are also given.The crystallographic and chemical differences between these minerals reflect the variations in bulk composition of the host-rocks. In the plutonic suite, two igneous trends have been recognized: 1) a granitic trend (quartz monzonite-adamellite-granite) and 2) a syenitic trend (syenite-quartz bearing syenite-alkali granite). The amphiboles of the first trend belong to the tremolite-hastingsite series; they become richer in hastingsite mole with increasing proportion of quartz and decreasing Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio in the rocks. The granitoids of the second trend are characterized by the occurrence of two amphiboles: a primary prismatic green-coloured actinolitic hornblende generally surrounded by a dark blue rim of riebeckite composition; the riebeckite may also form some acicular crystals associated to needles of stilpnomelane. These coexisting amphiboles would result from autometasomatic reactions which affected the rocks of the syenitic trend and which gave rise to the late alkali pegmatites where the constituent is a low arfvedsonitic riebeckite. The major substitutions involved in that amphibole transformation are Na^x R³⁺Ca^x R²⁺ and Na^xSiCa^xAl^IV.Comparison with experimental data allows to estimate the physical conditions during the emplacement and the tardimagmatic evolution of this granitoid series.     

徐州-宿州地区榴辉岩类捕虏体中角闪石的结构、矿物化学及成因意义

徐州-宿州地区中生代闪长质岩石中存在丰富的榴辉岩类捕虏体。对该类捕虏体的岩相学和矿物化学研究表明,其中的角闪石具有4种产状：1）位于石榴石中的早期角闪石包裹体,为镁质普通角闪石;2）与榴辉岩中矿物平衡存在的原生角闪石,为韭闪石或韭闪石质普通角闪石;3）位于石榴石和单斜辉石周边的退变角闪石,主要为浅闪石质和阳起石质普通角闪石;4）沿单斜辉石解理分布的出溶角闪石,主要为浅闪石、浅闪石质角闪石和含亚铁韭闪石质普通角闪石。不同产状角闪石矿物化学成分的差异和温压估算结果显示,榴辉岩类捕虏体经历了一个顺时针的P—T演化轨迹,进而反映了中生代早期华北克拉通东部造山作用的存在。     

A Comparison of amphiboles from medium- and low-pressure metabasites

A comparison of published metabasite amphibole analyses from medium and low-pressure metamorphic terrains reveals that there is no systematic variation in Na, Na^M4, Al or Al^VI as a function of pressure. This may be due to blurring of the differences by variation in oxidation state, or by analytical differences between laboratories. It is not due to variable Mg/Fe in whole rocks. Differences that can be recognised are generally higher Ti/Al ratios in the low-pressure amphiboles, and a very poorly developed compositional gap between actinolite and hornblende compared with a well-developed gap at medium pressures. These features, together with the relatively low-grade appearance of calcic plagioclase at low pressures, provide the best means of distinguishing metabasites from the two facies series.All three features can be explained by the configuration of cation-exchange equilibria at the greenschist/amphibolite facies boundary. Enrichment in Ti at low-pressures is due to the positive slope of reactions partitioning Ti into the amphibole. The composition gap in amphiboles at medium-pressure is due to overstepping of the tschermakite-enriching equilibrium. At low pressures this overstepping still occurs, but the equilibrium tschermakite-content in the amphibole is much lower for a given amount of overstepping. The relatively low-grade appearance of oligoclase at low pressures is due to convergence of the tschermakite and anorthite-enriching equilibria with decreasing pressure.     

A petrochemical study of calcic amphiboles from the East Bull Lake anorthosite-gabbro layered complex,District of Algoma,Ontario

Calcic amphiboles are ubiquitous in the East Bull Lake anorthosite-gabbro complex, northeastern Ontario. The mode of occurrence suggests the amphiboles replaced clinopyroxene throughout the stratigraphic levels of the pluton, but they are also prolific in the top younger units. Three types of amphiboles, namely (1) tremolite-actinolite, (2) actinolitic hornblende and (3) hornblende, were identified. The composition of the amphiboles shows that they define a continuous series without any obvious compositional-miscibility gap. The analyses further indicated that the amphiboles evolved from actinolite to hornblende through coupled substitution involving edenite and tschermakite end members. Among the three coexisting amphiboles, chlorine is concentrated in hornblende. This is due to preferential location of hornblende along grain boundaries and/or its favourable structure.The compositional variability of amphiboles is controlled by (1) bulk rock composition and (2) faulting and fracturing. The most Fe- and Al-rich hornblendes are confined generally to top units in the gabbro. These units are rich in Si and Fe, but relatively poor in Mg. The Mg-rich tremolite is restricted to a Si-poor, Mg-rich troctolite unit. Amphiboles in gabbro samples from fault zones also contain relatively Mg-rich calcic amphibole. The fault gabbro is highly oxidized.     

Composition of hornblendes formed during the hercynian progressive metamorphism of the Aracena metamorphic belt (SW Spain)

This paper attempts to illustrate the chemical variations of metamorphic hornblendes regarding host rocks and prograde variations. Changes related to bulk chemistry (orthoamphibolites) mainly concern Si, Al, Mg, Fe_tot and Ca. The Mg, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ contents of hornblendes are, however, not strictly related to host rook compositions and Mg enrichments are correlated with increasing Fe³⁺ contents in the amphiboles. Thus, variations of oxygen fugacity may control the Mg contents of the Ca amphiboles studied but this does not show clear relations with the prograde metamorphism. The most sensitive but irregular variation related to the metamorphic conditions is the prograde enrichment of the alkalis into the A vacant position and an increase of the (Na+K)_tot/Na+K+Ca ratios of the amphiboles. Increasing Ti and Al^IV contents as well as decreasing Al^VI concentrations are also, but much less evidently, related to increasing T and P. A variation trend from tschermakitic to edenitic hornblendes may be drawn using Shido's end members calculation; this tendency and the relative deficiency of Al^VI contents in the low-grade members suggests that the amphiboles studied were subjected to conditions of a low-pressure metamorphism type. Such a conclusion is in agreement with the occurrence of andalusite-cordierite/sillimanite-cordierite associations in the metapelitic rocks, and the absence of Fe-rich garnet and epidote from the orthoamphibolites of the amphibolite facies at Aracena. Comparisons with Ca amphiboles from other metamorphic areas show, in agreement with various authors, that Abukuma hornblendes are similar to those encountered in high-grade thermal aureoles and tonalitic intrusives but different from the hornblendes of Barrovian metamorphism types.     

Equilibrium coexistence of three amphiboles

Electron probe and wet chemical analyses of amphibole pairs from the sillimanite zone of central Massachusetts and adjacent New Hampshire indicated that for a particular metamorphic grade there should be a restricted composition range in which three amphiboles can coexist stably. An unequivocal example of such an equilibrium three amphibole rock has been found in the sillimanite-orthoclase zone. It contains a colorless primitive clinoamphibole, space group P2₁/m, optically and chemically like cummingtonite with blue-green hornblende exsolution lamellae on (100) and (¯101) of the host; blue-green hornblende, space group C2/m, with primitive cummingtonite exsolution lamellae on (100) and (¯101) of the host; and pale pinkish tan anthophyllite, space group Pnma, that is free of visible exsolution lamellae but is a submicroscopic intergrowth of two orthorhombic amphiboles. Mutual contacts and coarse, oriented intergrowths of two and three host amphiboles indicate the three grew as an equilibrium assemblage prior to exsolution. Electron probe analyses at mutual three-amphibole contacts showed little variation in the composition of each amphibole. Analyses believed to represent most closely the primary amphibole compositions gave atomic proportions on the basis of 23 oxygens per formula unit as follows: for primitive cummingtonite (Na_0.02Ca_0.21 ^– Mn_0.06Fe²⁺ _2.28Mg_4.12Al_0.28) (Al_0.17Si_7.83), for hornblende (Na_0.35Ca_1.56Mn_0.02Fe_1.71Mg_2.85Al_0.92) (Al_1.37Si_6.63), and for anthophyllite (Na_0.10Ca_0.06Mn_0.06Fe_2.25Mg_4.11Al_0.47) (Al_0.47Si_7.53). The reflections violating C-symmetry, on X-ray single crystal photographs of the primitive cummingtonite, are weak and diffuse, and suggest a partial inversion from a C-centered to a primitive clinoamphibole. Single crystal photographs of the anthophyllite show split reflections indicating it is an intergrowth of about 80% anthophyllite and about 20% gedrite which differ in their b crystallographic dimensions. Split reflections are characteristic of all analyzed orthorhombic amphiboles so far examined from Massachusetts and New Hampshire except the most aluminous gedrites, and the relative intensity of the gedrite reflections is roughly proportional to the degree of Na and Al substitution. Thin sections of a few of these anthophyllite specimens show lamellae parallel to (010) that are just resolved with a high power objective.Publication approved by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey.     

Amphibolitization of metagabbros in the Scottish Highlands

Abstract Compositions of actinolite, hornblende and cummingtonite, together with pyroxene and plagioclase, are studied in basic intrusions in the Dalradian of north-east Scotland, and the Glen Scaddle complex in the West Moine. Amphibolitization is due to influx of water from the country rocks. Pyroxene compositions are found to have adjusted to the regional metamorphic environment. Owing to the difficulty of diffusion of Al and Si, calcic amphiboles are zoned and commonly contain quartz blebs. Discontinuities in zoning give rise to actinolite-hornblende pairs. Compared with north-east Scotland, disequilibrium is less strong in the Glen Scaddle area: in the latter, plagioclase compositions have been greatly changed, Na partition between hornblende and plagioclase is close to equilibrium, the maximum Al content of hornblende is lower and zoning patterns are more consistent. The Fe/Mg ratio in calcic amphiboles varies with Al content, while approaching equilibrium partition with other minerals. Both zoning patterns and Fe/Mg partition with cummingtonite suggest that Fe/Mg of the calcic amphiboles increases more strongly with increasing (Al^vi+Fe³⁺) than can be explained simply by substitution of Al,Fe³⁺ for Mg on M2. Model reactions for amphibole formation are constructed. Cummingtonite formed at lower chemical potential of CaO than actinolite: Ca was exchanged for Mg,Fe between orthopyroxene-derived and clinopyroxene-derived local systems. Both cummingtonite and actinolite were formed because of kinetic constraints, as intermediate reaction products: actinolite-hornblende pairs represent disequilibrium. This work suggests that many occurrences of actinolite with hornblende, where the minerals are zoned, may also be due to diffusion kinetics.     

Mineral reactions participating in intragranular fracture propagation: implications for stress corrosion cracking

Two examples of mineral reactions accompanying intragranular fracturing of silicates are described from amphibolites at the Grenville front, Coniston, Ontario, and a granodiorite within the Miéville shear zone, Switzerland. At these localities coarse grained (> 1 mm) hornblende and biotite respectively have undergone initial deformation by intense transgranular fracturing. The ambient temperature of deformation is estimated at 400–500°C for the amphibolites, and 250–300°C for the granodiorite.Fracture intensity within hornblende increases with progressive deformation until fractures coalesce and grains lose cohesion. Fractures are occupied by hornblende in close optical continuity with the parent grain, and typically contain median sutures decorated by arrays of solid inclusions. Relative to the parent grain, hornblende in fractures is depleted in Ti, Al, plus K, and enriched in Mg. Given the preferential partitioning of Mg, Al^VI and Ti into the M2 site of calcic amphiboles, the decrease of Ti and Al^VI in the host-to-crack transition is consistent with the corresponding increase of the Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) ratio.Fractures within biotite are bounded by an envelope of paler brown biotite which corresponds to a decrease of Ti and increase of Fe + Mg relative to regions unaffected by cracking. Fractures are occupied by secondary ilmenite, low-Ti biotite and high-Ti muscovite. Ti and Al do not vary significantly as a function of Mg/(Fe + Mg) in the host-to-crack transition, as anticipated from the approximately equal partitioning of these two cations into the M1 and M2 octahedral cation sites. The direct relationship of the mineral reactions to the fractures is taken as evidence for the participation of the reactions in crack propagation. These features may thus represent examples of natural stress corrosion cracking.     

The compositional variation of synthetic sodic amphiboles at high and ultra-high pressures

Sodic amphiboles in high pressure and ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks are complex solid solutions in the system Na₂O–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (NMASH) whose compositions vary with pressure and temperature. We conducted piston-cylinder experiments at 20–30?kbar and 700–800?°C to investigate the stability and compositional variations of sodic amphiboles, based on the reaction glaucophane=2jadeite+talc, by using the starting assemblage of natural glaucophane, talc and quartz, with synthetic jadeite. A close approach to equilibrium was achieved by performing compositional reversals, by evaluating compositional changes with time, and by suppressing the formation of Na-phyllosilicates. STEM observations show that the abundance of wide-chain structures in the synthetic amphiboles is low. An important feature of sodic amphibole in the NMASH system is that the assemblage jadeite–talc?±?quartz does not fix its composition at glaucophane. This is because other amphibole species such as cummingtonite (Cm), nyböite (Nyb), Al–Na-cummingtonite (Al–Na-Cm) and sodium anthophyllite (Na-Anth) are also buffered via the model reactions: 3cummingtonite?+?4quartz?+?4H₂O=7talc, nyböite?+?3quartz=3jadeite?+?talc, 3Al–Na-cummingtonite + 11quartz + 2H₂O=6jadeite + 5talc, and 3 sodium anthophyllite?+?13quartz?+?4H₂O=3 jadeite + 7talc. We observed that at all pressures and temperatures investigated, the compositions of newly grown amphiboles deviate significantly from stoichiometric glaucophane due to varying substitutions of Al^IV for Si, Mg on the M(4) site, and Na on the A-site. The deviation can be described chiefly by two compositional vectors: [Na^AAl^IV]<=>[□^ASi] (edenite) toward nyböite, and [Na^(M4)Al^VI]<=>[Mg^(M4)Mg^VI] toward cummingtonite. The extent of nyböite and cummingtonite substitution increases with temperature and decreases with pressure in the experiments. Similar compositional variations occur in sodic amphiboles from UHP rocks. The experimentally calibrated compositional changes therefore may prove useful for thermobarometric applications.     

Chemical composition of pargasite and hornblende in low to High grade metamorphic rocks of the Rhodope zone,Xanthi, Greece

Summary The chemistry of amphiboles from schists, quartzofeldspathic gneisses and migmatites ranging in metamorphic grade from greenschist to amphibolite facies has been determined by electron microprobe. Intercalated amphibolites suggest that some of the rocks retrograded from the eclogite stability field; others were never metamorphosed above greenschist facies. Rocks which contain other mineralogical evidence for an original high pressure assemblage have amphiboles with high Na/K, low Fe and relatively low Ti. Other high-grade rocks contain amphibole of broadly pargasitic composition. The pargasites from more Ca-rich bulk compositions have less substitution of Na for Ca in the M4 site than do those from Ca-poor bulk compositions. A lower grade assemblage of amphiboles ranges from hornblende through actinolitic hornblende to actinolite; this is retrograde in the gneisses and migmatites, but may be prograde in the schists. In contrast, the high-grade assemblage shows almost constant high K with variable Na and quite different trends for edenite-type substitution (^IVAl variation with A site occupancy) and variation of^IVAl with Fe/(Fe + Mg) and with Ti.

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Chemische Zusammensetzung von Pargasit und Hornblende in niedrig- bis hoch-gradig metamorphen Gesteinen der Rhodope-Zone, Xanthi, Griechenland

Zusammenfassung Die Chemische Zusammensetzung von Amphibolen aus Schiefern, Quarz-Feldspat-Gneisen, und Migmatiten, deren metamorpher Grad von Grünschiefer- bis zur Amphibolitfazies reicht, wurde mit der Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde bestimmt. Zwischengeschaltete Amphibolite legen die Vermutung nahe, daß einige der Gesteine durch retrograde Metamorphose aus dem Eklogit-Stabilitatsfeld hervorgegangen sind; andere jedoch hatten niemals in ihrer Entwicklung einen höheren Grad als den der Grünschie-ferfazies erreicht. Gesteine, die andere mineralogische Hinweise für eine ursprungliche Hochdruck-Paragenese führen, enthalten Amphibole mit hohem Na/K, niedrigen Eisen und relativ niedrigen Ti. Andere high-grade Gesteine enthalten Amphibol von pargasitischer Zusammensetzung. Die Pargasite aus mehr Kalzium-reichen Gesteinen zeigen geringere Substitution von Natrium für Kalzium an den M4 Plätzen als jene aus Kalzium-armen Gesteinen. Eine niedriger-gradige Paragenese von Amphibolen umfaßt Zusammensetzungen von Hornblende über aktinolitische Hornblende bis zu Aktinolit; diese ist in den Gneisen und Migmatiten retrograd, durfte in den Schiefern jedoch prograd sein. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigt die hochgradige Paragenese fast durchwegs konstant hohe Kalium-Gehalte mit variablem Natrium und einen anderen Trend für Edenit-artige Substitution (^IVAl Variation mit Besetzung der A Plätze) und eine Variation von^IVAl mit Fe/(Fe + Mg) und mit Ti.

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With 4 Figures     

Mineral chemistry of banded migmatites from Hafafit and Feiran areas, Egypt

The migmatitic rocks exposed in Hafafit and Feiran areas exhibit some migmatitic structures as the banded, agmatic, boudinage and schlieren structures. The dominant type of these structures is the stromatic migmatites. Electron microprobe analyses of plagioclases, biotites and amphiboles from Hafafit and Feiran areas, in the Eastern Desert and Sinai, Egypt, are carried out and the metamorphic conditions are discussed. The present study revealed marked differences in the composition of plagioclases, biotites and amphiboles from Hafafit and Feiran localities. The obtained data indicated that plagioclases of the Feiran migmatites are of andesine and oligoclase composition, and display anorthite content from An₂₀ to An₃₈; whereas the Hafafit migmatites show a wider range of plagioclases from An₁₀ to An₆₀, and therefore plagioclases have labradorite, andesine and oligoclase composition. This may be due to the slow rate of the crystallisation processes. The analyses indicated that biotites of the studied areas are of metamorphic origin showing significant variation in Fe–Mg. It is worth mentioning that biotites from Hafafit migmatites have Mg–biotite composition while that of Feiram migmatites have Fe–biotite composition. High Mg and low Fe contents in biotite suggest higher crystallisation temperature. The composition of amphiboles in Hafafit migmatites is ferro-tschermakitic hornblende, while amphiboles from Feiram migmatites are magnesio-hornblende. High Ti content in the hornblende of Feiran migmatites suggests that they were formed at slightly higher temperatures and lower pressure than the Hafafit migmatites (i.e. Feiram migmatites and Hafafit migmatites were formed at granulite and amphibolite facies, respectively). Discrimination diagrams show that the muscovite is of secondary origin. Moreover, the present study confirmed that these migmatites are mainly formed by metamorphic differentiation via partial melting.     

Processes of regional metamorphism and ultrametamorphism and some problems of the geology of the deep-lying sections of folded zones

On the basis of 135 pairs of chemical analyses of coexisting hornblendes and biotites, we have established a relationship between the contents of Al^IV, Al^VI, Fe³⁺, Mg, Ti, Na, and K and the overall iron index in the hornblendes and the depth of granitoid formation. This relationship has been emphasized by the R-method of factor analysis. We have examined the strength and nature of the correlations between the elements in the hornblendes and have considered the types of Isomorphism in the amphiboles according to depth, from the viewpoint of crystal chemistry. A regular increase in the amounts of A^IV in hornblende from <0.8 to > 1.6 formula units; of (Al^VI + Fe³⁺ + Ti) from <0.5 to >1. 0 formula units; of (K + Na) from <0.35 to >0. 64 formula units; and of Group A from <0.24 to >0.51 formula units has been recorded from the near-surface granitoids to the ultra-abyssal types. Biotites In this respect display no adequately clear and reliable information.—Authors.     

Coarsening kinetics of the exsolution microstructure in alkali feldspar

Actinolite, hornblende and biotite coexisting in greenschist mafic metagreywackes have been analysed with the electron microprobe to obtain information on their chemical relationship during metamorphism. As in some other parts of the world, the two calcic amphiboles coexist in the greenschist facies because of a miscibility gap between them which is observed under conditions of low-pressure regional metamorphism; it is thought that the two amphiboles are in equilibrium, or at least that the actinolite participated in hornblendeforming reactions. Contact metamorphism by granitic intrusives of these metagreywackes has converted them to hornblende hornfelses with the assemblage hornblende, andesine, quartz, biotite±cummingtonite; the hornblendes of the hornfelses are found to have compositions between actinolite and hornblende of the greenschists, and frequently show fine exsolution lamellae of cummingtonite as a result of oversaturation in this component. The distribution of Fe-Mg between hornblende and biotite changes from the greenschist to the hornblende hornfels facies, and the K _D is probably dependent on Al^VI in the hornblende.     

南太行山地区中基性侵入岩中角闪石的矿物学及其成因

角闪石作为南太行山地区中基性侵入岩中主要组成矿物,其详细的成因矿物学研究对了解该套岩石的形成机理具有重要意义。电子探针分析表明角闪石的成分变化很大如SiⅣ、AlⅣ和A位置上的Na和K离子,主要为韭闪石、韭闪石质普通角闪石、普通角闪石和阳起石质普通角闪石。且富镁和钙,为钙镁质角闪石。同时,不同岩石类型中的角闪石的组成无显著差异。大颗粒的核心部位形成于深部岩浆房中(18 ~25km),其组成的连续变化主要反映结晶深度的不同。角闪石的成因矿物学研究表明该套岩石不可能来源于华北古老的下地壳,而可能起源于新增生的下地壳和/或壳幔过渡带。     

Stable isotopes and amphibole chemistry on hydrothermally altered granitoids in the North Chilean Precordillera: a limited role for meteoric water?

Whole rock and mineral stable isotope and microprobe analyses are presented from granitoids of the North Chilean Precordillera. The Cretaceous to Tertiary plutonic rocks contain important ore deposits and frequently display compositional and textural evidence of hydrothermal alteration even in barren rocks. Deuteric alteration includes replacement of biotite and amphibole by chlorite and epidote, sericitization and saussuritization of feldspars, and uralitization of clinopyroxene and/or amphibole. While whole rock compositions are not significantly affected, compositional variations in amphiboles suggest two types of hydrothermal alteration. Hornblende with actinolitic patches and rims and tight compositional trends from hornblende to Mg-rich actinolite indicate increasing oxygen fugacity from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions. Uralitic amphiboles exhibiting irregular Mg-Fe distribution and variable Al content are interpreted as reflecting subsolidus hydration reactions at low temperatures. The δD values of hydrous silicates vary from −63 to −105‰. Most δ¹⁸O values of whole rocks are in the range of 5.7 to 7.7‰ and are considered normal for igneous rocks in the Andes. These δ¹⁸O values also coincide well with the oxygen isotope composition of geochemically similar recent volcanics from the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (δ¹⁸O = 7.0–7.4‰). Only one sample in this study (δ¹⁸O = 3.0‰) appears to be depleted by isotope exchange with light meteoric water at high temperatures. The formation of secondary minerals in all other intrusions is mainly the product of deuteric alteration. This also holds true for the sample from El Abra, the only pluton associated with mineralization. This indicates the dominant role of a magmatic rather than a meteoric fluid in the alteration of the Cretaceous and Tertiary granitoids in northern Chile. Received: 8 July 1998 / Accepted: 15 April 1999     

Diffusion in coronas around clinopyroxene: modelling with local equilibrium and steady state,and a non-steady-state modification to account for zoned actinolite-hornblende

Retrograde coronas of Caledonian age, between clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the Jotun Nappe Complex, Norway, illustrate the effects of diffusion kinetics on mineral distributions among layers and on the compositions of hornblende-actinolite. One corona type comprises a symplectite of epidote + quartz adjacent to plagioclase, and a less well-organized intergrowth of amphibole + quartz replacing clinopyroxene. The observed mineral proportions imply an open-system reaction, but the similarity of Al/Si ratios in reactant plagioclase and product symplectite indicates approximate conservation of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. The largest inferred open-system flux is a loss of CaO, mostly derived from consumption of clinopyroxene. The approximate layer structure, Pl|Ep + Qtz|Hbl + Qtz|Act±Hbl + Qtz|Cpx, is modelled using the theory of steady-state diffusion-controlled growth with local equilibrium. To obtain a solution, it is necessary to use a reactant plagioclase composition which takes into account aluminous (epidote) inclusions. The results indicate that, in terms of Onsager diffusion coefficients L _ii , Ca is more mobile than AL (L _CaCa/L _AlAl3.) (where means greater than or approximately equal to). This behaviour of Ca is comparable with that of Mg in previously studied coronas around olivine. Si is non-diffusing in the present modelling, because of silica saturation. Oxidation of some Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ occurs within the corona. Mg diffuses towards its source (clinopyroxene) to maintain local equilibrium. Other coronas consist of two layers, hornblende adjacent to plagioclase and zoned amphibole + quartz adjacent to clinopyroxene. In the zoned layer, actinolitic hornblende forms relict patches, separated from quartz blebs by more aluminous hornblende. A preliminary steady-state, local-equilibrium model of grain-boundary diffusion explains the formation of low-Al and high-Al layers as due to Al immobility. Zoning and replacement are qualitatively explained in terms of evolution of actinolite to more stable aluminous compositions. This is modelled by a non-steady-state modification of the theory, retaining local equilibrium in grain boundaries while relatively steep zoning profiles develop in grain interiors through slow intracrystalline diffusion. Replacement of actinolite by hornblende does not require a change in P–T conditions if actinolite is a kinetically determined, non-equilibrium product. The common preservation of a sharp contact between hornblende and actionolite layers may be explained by ineffectiveness of intracrystalline diffusion: according to the theory, given sufficient grain-boundary Al flux, a metastable actinolite + quartz layer in contact with hornblende may be diffusionally stable and may continue to grow in a steady state.     

Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer

The Al-in-hornblende barometer, which correlates Al^tot content of magmatic hornblende linearly with crystallization pressure of intrusion (Hammarstrom and Zen 1986), has been calibrated experimentally under water-saturated conditions at pressures of 2.5–13 kbar and temperatures of 700–655°C. Equilibration of the assemblage hornlende-biotite-plagioclase-orthoclasequartz-sphene-Fe-Ti-oxide-melt-vapor from a natural tonalite 15–20° above its wet solidus results in hornblende compositions which can be fit by the equation: P(±0.6 kbar) = –3.01 + 4.76 Al _hbl ^tot r ²=0.99, where Al^tot is the total Al content of hornblende in atoms per formula unit (apfu). Al^tot increase with pressure can be ascribed mainly to a tschermak-exchange ( ) accompanied by minor plagioclase-substitution ( ). This experimental calibration agrees well with empirical field calibrations, wherein pressures are estimated by contact-aureole barometry, confirming that contact-aureole pressures and pressures calculated by the Al-in-hornblende barometer are essentially identical. This calibration is also consistent with the previous experimental calibration by Johnson and Rutherford (1989b) which was accomplished at higher temperatures, stabilizing the required buffer assemblage by use of mixed H₂O-CO₂ fluids. The latter calibration yields higher Al^tot content in hornblendes at corresponding pressures, this can be ascribed to increased edenite-exchange ( ) at elevated temperatures. The comparison of both experimental calibrations shows the important influence of the fluid composition, which affects the solidus temperature, on equilibration of hornblende in the buffering phase assemblage.     

Amphibole zoning in the Garland Peak Syenite,Red Hill complex,New Hampshire: camptonitic parental magmas and differentiation to silica-oversaturated syenites

The Garland Peak Syenite (GPS) of the Red Hill complex, New Hampshire, consists predominantly of amphibole, oligoclase, perthite, and quartz; amphiboles have homogeneous kaersutite cores with strongly zoned rims ranging in composition from pargasite to hastingsite to hornblende. The thin section scale association of kaersutite, an amphibole that typically crystallizes in silica-undersaturated magmas, with quartz suggests that the GPS magma experienced substanital changes in magmatic composition, including silica activity, during its crystallization history. Kaersutite-bearing camptonites are also associated with the Red Hill complex. The camptonite amphiboles are very similar in composition to the core kaersutites in the GPS, suggesting that the earliest GPS liquid may have had camptonitic affinities. In order to elucidate the process where-by silica-undersaturated magmas differentiate to saturation, amphiboles in these rocks were analyzed by electron and ion microprobe techniques. Amphiboles show a progressive increase in REE abundances from the camptonites to the GPS kaersutite cores to the GPS pargasite/hastingsite/hornblende rims. The systematic change in REE concentrations, and the variations in V, Ti, Sr versus Zr, Eu/Eu⁰ and La/Yb versus Ce, suggest a possible differentiation relationship for the amphiboles and imply that the GPS was derived from magmas similar to camptonites. Rimward depletions in Sr, Ti, V, and Eu/Eu⁰, and the increase in La/Yb values suggest that parental camptonites fractionated plagioclase, magnetite, and amphibole to produce the silica-oversaturated GPS. Bulk-rock modelling agrees with the trace element record preserved in the amphiboles, that plagioclase, magnetite, and amphibole fractionation caused silica saturation. Minor pegmatitic patches occur in the GPS. Ferrohornblendes in the pegmatites have REE abundances distinct from the other GPS amphiboles, and this difference may be due to open system processes.