蒋家沟砾石土不同粗粒含量直剪强度特征

蒋家沟流域内大量泥石流由滑坡引发,滑坡转化为泥石流的3个过程中,首先是在斜坡体内大范围剪切破坏。在其物源区与沉积区内分布大量砾石土,其强度特征对于蒋家沟泥石流的起动机制具有重要意义。由于砾石土颗粒粗大,粗细粒配比和试验尺寸对强度特征有一定的影响。为此在室内现场两用大型直剪仪下进行蒋家沟砾石土不同粗粒含量下的直剪强度试验,结果表明：在干密度为2.0 g/cm3、含水率为7 %时,砾石土除在粗粒含量为74.31 %的低垂直压力（50,100 kPa）时剪应力-水平位移关系有峰值外,其余土样没有明显峰值;同一粗粒含量试样在水平剪切应变值为0.02时的剪切模量 随垂直压力增加而增大;在相同垂直压力下, 随粗粒含量增加而增大,且在较低垂直压力下的 随粗粒含量增长更为显著。内摩擦角值随粗粒含量增加而增大;黏聚力在粗粒含量为48.7 %时最小。粗粒含量小于 48.7 %时,试样黏聚力值随粗粒含量增大而减小;当粗粒含量大于48.7 %时,黏聚力随粗粒含量增加而显著增大。     

基于三维激光扫描仪的青藏铁路风沙工程效益评价

三维激光扫描技术是近年来发展起来的新型空间信息测量技术。将三维激光扫描技术应用于青藏铁路沿线风沙工程防护体系的效益评价中,通过对铁路沿线典型防沙措施积沙形态特征、断面蚀积廓线以及蚀积量的精确测量发现:砾石方格内垂直铁路方向易形成稳定凹曲面,且方格两侧沙埂处积沙较多,中心部位积沙较少,固沙效果显著。阻沙栅栏有效防护距离为栅栏高度的12倍,单位宽度拦截沙量高达14.93 m3,设置防护体系时,阻沙栅栏间隔应保持其高度的9~12倍。研究结论为青藏铁路沿线风沙综合防护体系的措施选择、结构优化和合理布局提供技术支撑。     

紫色土中砾石夹层对土壤水分入渗的影响

为探究紫色土中砾石夹层对土壤水分入渗的影响因素,通过室内模拟土柱入渗试验,采用一维垂直水头法研究2种砾石粒径（10~20 mm、20~76 mm）和5种砾石含量（0%、10%、20%、30%和40%）分别与累积入渗量、入渗特性和湿润锋进程之间的关系。利用Horton方程和Philip公式验证入渗特性,以及幂函数拟合湿润锋进程。结果表明:① 在相同砾石粒径下,累积入渗量随着砾石含量的增加而减小;对于20~76 mm粒径砾石夹层,20%砾石含量及以上含量对水分入渗的阻碍程度相似。② 当砾石粒径相同时,初始入渗率、平均入渗率、稳定入渗率都随砾石含量的增加而减小;当砾石含量相同时,大粒径砾石夹层的初始入渗率大于小粒径砾石夹层。③ 砾石粒径大小与其对湿润锋的阻碍程度呈负相关。④ Horton方程对累积入渗量变化规律的验证效果要优于Philip公式;幂函数能较好地模拟含砾石夹层土壤中湿润锋的进程。     

不同应力条件下砾石土防渗料和反滤料联合抗渗试验研究

利用自行研制的可提供高水压、高应力的粗粒土大型高压渗透仪,对双江口砾石土心墙堆石坝防渗料和反滤料进行了联合抗渗试验,研究不同应力状态下防渗料和反滤料的渗透变形特性。结果表明：（1）单向压缩条件下,防渗料的渗透系数随应力的增加而减小,且渗流稳定时的渗透系数与应力的关系满足Louis负指数方程;试样发生破坏的临界坡降随应力的增加而增大。（2）水平加荷、竖向自由变形条件下,试样的渗透系数随水平应力的增加先减小后增大。试样发生破坏的临界坡降随水平应力的增加先增大后减小。在达到峰值之前,反滤料越松或越细,临界坡降随水平应力增大的幅度越大;在达到峰值之后,反滤料越密或越细,临界坡降随应力减小的幅度越大。     

陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体坡面产流产沙试验

采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体边坡的产流产沙过程。结果表明:①砾石存在改变了坡面入渗速率,径流系数受入渗速率的影响,随砾石含量的增加先线性递减后线性递增,并在10%砾石含量处存在阈值;径流系数随降雨强度的增加线性递增。②含砾石堆积体坡面流速较纯土堆积体降低,且随雨强增大,砾石延缓径流流动的作用越显著;雨强对径流流速的影响随砾石含量增加持续减弱。③土壤剥蚀率在产流24~33 min后显著增加,砾石主要对显著增加后的平均剥蚀率产生影响。④雨强1.0 mm/min时,砾石存在促进降雨侵蚀,产沙量增大;雨强大于1.0 mm/min时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应。     

强化空气扰动技术中表面活性剂的选择

为了提高空气扰动技术（air sparging,AS）的效果,做了一系列的实验,研究了表面活性剂强化空气扰动技术（surfactant-enhanced air sparging, SEAS）中表面活性剂的选择方法。结果表明：在气流运行方式以鼓泡为主要机制时,表面活性剂的加入强化了气泡的起泡性和稳泡性,使空气饱和度增加;在气流运行方式以微孔道为主要机制时,表面活性剂的加入因减小了表面张力而减小了空气驱替水所需的毛细压力,使空气饱和度增加。比较Tween-80、TritonX-100、SDS和SDBS在介质上的吸附损失,确定出在中砂中TritonX-100为优,在砾石中SDBS为优。     

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla) 灌丛沙丘: 形态特征及表面气流

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙丘是内蒙古高原阴山北麓农牧交错带的主要风沙堆积类型。野外调查表明灌丛沙丘在该区主要分布在耕地、冲积扇下风侧和村落周围等人类活动频繁的地段。根据对耕地、冲积扇下风侧典型样地灌丛沙丘形态参数的详细测量和沙丘及丘间地气流的系统观测结果,发现灌丛沙丘覆盖度及风沙沉积量顺风向减小,近地面气流空气动力学粗糙度顺风向减小; 在沙丘单体,风速廓线由迎风坡经丘顶至背风坡趋于复杂。在沙丘形态诸参数中,沙丘高度与水平尺度之间存在良好的幂函数相关,表明在目前风况和沙源环境中该区灌丛沙丘处在加积增高阶段,但其速率小于水平扩展。该区灌丛沙丘的规模主要受上风侧可供沙源有效性和灌丛生长状况的控制,灌丛沙丘的出现是该区土壤风蚀和土地退化的主要标志。     

砂砾岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的数值模拟分析

砂砾岩储层一般具有岩性和渗透性变化大、孔隙度低、连通性差、孔隙结构复杂和非均匀性严重等特点,因此,在水力压裂过程中,裂缝扩展形态难以控制,大规模改造难度大。针对国内某典型砂砾岩油藏特征,采用数值计算方法对砂砾岩压裂裂缝的扩展规律进行了研究,包括地应力场、砾石含量和粒径等对裂缝扩展形态及压裂压力的影响。研究表明,砾石的存在增加了压裂裂纹扩展的复杂性,裂纹主要有止裂、偏转、穿透和吸附4种表现模式,但主应力差严格控制着裂纹的走向,随着主应力差的增大,裂纹由总体绕砾扩展转变为总体穿砾扩展,失稳压力随着主应力差的增大而明显减小;砾石含量的多少体现了砂砾岩试样宏观的非均匀性,含量越高均匀性越差,随着砾石含量的提高,裂纹与砾石的相互作用占据主导地位,失稳压力随砾石含量的增加而增大;当砾石体积含量一定时,砾石粒径对压裂压力的影响主要取决于砾石排列的随机性,失稳压力随砾石粒径的增大而略有增大。     

连续降雨下不同砾石含量工程堆积体土壤侵蚀

为探究砾石对工程堆积体土壤侵蚀的影响与其作用机制,通过室内模拟降雨研究了连续降雨下不同砾石含量的重壤质堆积体水蚀过程。结果表明:①堆积体砾石含量增加,坡面产流历时延长,产流率线性减小,土壤剥蚀率降低;②连续降雨下,堆积体所含砾石主要通过对坡面产流历时、坡面产流率、砾石覆盖率的多重影响发挥减沙作用,主成分回归方程可表达多个变量与平均土壤剥蚀率的关系;③一定砾石含量下,堆积体坡面砾石覆盖率随表土的剥离而增大,导致土壤剥蚀率呈指数函数递减趋势,并与累积土壤侵蚀总量存在较好的函数关系。工程堆积体所含砾石对土壤侵蚀程度的削减可为生产建设项目下垫面水土保持治理提供重要参考。     

侧限条件下加筋对土体沉降的影响

针对侧限条件下加筋对土体沉降的影响问题,开展离心模型试验,设置三组对比试验,即在试验土体中未铺设筋材、铺设竖向间距分别为5 cm和3 cm间距的筋材,记录土体中典型点沉降量。试验发现典型点沉降随加速度增加而增加,未铺设筋材、铺设5cm间距筋材及铺设3cm间距筋材的土体沉降量依次降低。表明侧限情况下加筋也能够减小土体沉降,而且加筋间距越小,控制土体沉降效果越显著。侧限情况下筋材仍能起作用可能与土体变形不均有关。这种发现有利于深入理解加筋的作用机理。     

沙漠公路风蚀破坏规律的数值模拟研究

通过Fluent软件对沙漠公路的风蚀破坏规律进行数值模拟研究。分析公路不同横断面时风沙流扰动、增速、减速、恢复的过程,确定路基(堑)高度、边坡坡率和路面宽度等公路断面设计参数对风沙流扰动的影响,提出沙漠公路路基(堑)风蚀破坏规律。结果表明：路面宽度的改变对路基沿程风速变化影响较小,各特征点处风速变化小于5%。路基(堑)高度和边坡坡率对风沙流扰动的影响较大。随路基(堑)高度增加,风沙流流场的扰动被增强,路基(堑)风蚀破坏越显著,当边坡坡率为1:1时,路基模型高度250 mm时的迎风路肩风速为模型高度60 mm时的 1.15倍,其背风坡脚风速降低45%;路堑模型高度250 mm时的背风堑顶风速为模型高度60 mm时的1.05倍,迎风堑脚处风速降低高达80%。建议沙漠公路宜采用中低路基(堑),不宜高填深挖。当路基(堑)高度一定,边坡坡率为1:1.75或1:2时,路基(堑)沿程风速变化平缓,沙漠路肩不易被吹蚀破坏;路堑中堑脚位置处不易出现堆积。其结论与室内风蚀风洞试验结果有很好的一致性     

Characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface

The characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface have been investigated through field observation and wind tunnel experiments. On moving sand surface, the pattern of wind speed profile in sand flow follows the power function and its power exponent is about 0.20. While on Gobi surface, due to collision of sand grains with gravels, the structure of sand flow differs from that on moving sand surface, which decreases exponentially with height. The height of blown sand activities on Gobi surface is mainly concentrated below 20 cm. In addition, the structure of sand flow can reach a peak at a certain height and increases with inlet wind velocity.     

干旱环境下氯盐和硫酸盐对遗址土体强度的影响

为了探讨氯盐和硫酸盐对遗址土体强度的影响,本文通过室内试验,对洗盐后的素土分别以0.2%的梯度加入NaCl和Na2SO4两种可溶盐,测试特定盐分含量和类别的含盐土在干旱环境下的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性波速以及抗风蚀能力的变化。试验结果表明：在室内环境条件下,盐分的存在对土体起着一定的胶结固化作用,使得土体的强度表现出相应程度的增大,并且硫酸盐对土体的胶结固化作用比氯盐显著。随着盐分含量的增加,含盐试样的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度呈现出指数形式的增大; 垂直于压制方向和平行于压制方向的弹性波速均呈现出增大的趋势; 随着挟沙风速的增大,试样的风蚀损失量增加,同时在18ms-1的挟沙风速作用下,随着盐分含量的增加,试样的风蚀损失量逐渐减小,含盐试样表现出渐进破坏的形式。     

兰新铁路百里风区挡沙墙防沙效益研究

基于兰新铁路百里风区十三间房车站附近K1476＋875～K1477＋000沿线的集沙量观测系统,对2009年试验期间该处挡沙墙防沙功能的观测进行分析．结果表明：该地区大风以9、10级为主,集沙量与微地形关系密切,集沙量沿高度方向呈指数递减;地面构筑物的存在改变了风沙流场,挡沙墙上方的积沙量随挡沙墙高度增加而减小,增加挡...     

The effect of unsteady winds on sediment transport on the stoss slope of a transverse dune, Silver Peak, NV, USA

Rapid (10 s) measurements of sediment transport and wind speed on the stoss slope of a transverse dune indicate that the majority of sand transported is associated with fluctuations in wind speed with a periodicity of 5–20 min duration. Increases in the sediment transport rate towards the dune crest are associated with a small degree of flow acceleration. The increase in wind speed is sufficient, however, to greatly increase values of the intermittency index ( γ ), so that the duration of saltation is extended in crestal regions of the dune. The pattern of sediment transport on the stoss slope and, therefore, the locus of areas of erosion and deposition change with the regional wind speed. Erosion of the crest occurs during wind speed events just above transport threshold, whereas periods of higher magnitude winds result in deposition of sand upwind of the crest, thereby increasing dune height. Although short-term temporal and spatial relations between sand transport and wind speed on the stoss slope are well understood, it is not clear how these relations affect dune morphology over longer periods of time.     

Evolution of the barrier islands of southern Long Island, New York

Three lines of evidence based on data from more than 400 boreholes and vibrocores have been used to reconstruct the evolution of the barrier islands during the Holocene transgression in southern Long Island, New York: (1) the Holocene transgressive stratigraphic sequence behind the present barriers, (2) the stratigraphic patterns of the inner shelf, and (3) the morphology of the now-buried late Pleistocene coastal features. The extensive preservation of backbarrier sediments, radiocarbon dated between 7000 and 8000 yr BP, on the inner shelf of southern Long Island suggests that the barriers have not retreated by continuous shoreface erosion alone, but have also undergone discontinuous retreat by in-place ‘drowning’ of barriers and stepwise retreat of the surf zone. Such stepwise retreat of the surf zone has prevented the backbarrier sediments from being reworked. Based on the presence of submerged barrier sand bodies in seismic records, it is inferred that about 9000 years ago, when the sea stood about 24 m below the present sea level, a chain of barriers developed on the present shelf about 7 km offshore of the present barriers. With continued sea-level rise, the – 24 m barrier built upward until the sea reached about – 15 m MSL, just prior to 7000 yr BP. The barriers were then submerged by the rapidly rising sea, and the surf zone shifted rapidly landward to a position about 2 km from the present shoreline. The surf zone overstepped to the landward margin of the old lagoon, which had become fixed at the steep seaward face of mid-Wisconsinan (?) or Sangamonian coastal barriers. During the past 5000 or 6000 years, the shoreface has retreated continuously by about 2 km. Evidence from southern Long Island and elsewhere in regions of coastal submergence indicates that rapid sea-level rise and low sand supply seem to favour the stepwise retreat of barriers, whereas slow rates of submergence and a greater supply of sand generally favour continuous shoreface retreat. Stationary upbuilding, or seaward progradation of barriers may occur when supply of sand is great, and/or submergence is slowed or reversed. Morphologic highs on the pretransgression surface (such as old barrier ridges) tend to fix the migrating barrier shoreline during either continuous retreat, or stepwise retreat of barriers.     

Aerodynamic grain‐size distribution of blown sand

Aeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer.     

Wind tunnel and field testing of a simple sand catcher for sampling inhomogeneously saltating sand in desertified environments

Problems of vertical alignment and vibrations of disposable coffee cups used in a modified version of the De Ploey saltating sand catcher were solved. The new version was tested in a sediment wind tunnel. Its catches appeared linearly related to amounts of eroded sand, largely independent of wind speed and wind direction, and depended logarithmically on height. The catch efficiency may therefore be taken to be approximately independent of wind speed and direction. The instrument performed well under conditions of inhomogeneously saltating sand in a strongly desertified environment in Central Sudan. Use and results show the improved simple catcher to be easy to assemble, reproducible and cheap, suitable for multipoint use to cover all inhomogeneities in outdoor saltating sand fields.     

风沙流中沙粒浓度分布的实验研究

利用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）,在风洞内对与天然沙接近的石英沙风沙流沙颗粒浓度沿高度分布进行了研究。对 3种不同轴线风速研究结果表明,风沙流中沙粒浓度沿水平方向基本不变,而随高度呈指数衰减,而且其衰减速率与风速密切相关。风速越大,衰减速率越慢;风速越小,衰减速率越快。风沙运动一旦发生时,靠近沙床表面的沙粒浓度随风速变化很小,可以认为趋于稳定,达到最大值。     

Wind Tunnel Experiment of Anti-erosion Efficiency on the Sand Beds Coverd by Different Shapes of Roughness-Elementes

In order to study the relationship between the shapes of roughness-elements on sand beds and the surface sand activity inhibition, we chose six shapes of elements including spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical, square shape, pie and hemispherical shape by hand with equal quality kept. We carried out the experiment with the 10% coverage on the wind tunnel. The results revealed that ① the erosion and anti-erosion rate of spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical and square roughness-elements were better than the pie and hemispherical on the non-sand wind; ② On the sand-driving wind conditions, spherical, triangular, cylindrical covered beds became erosion to erosion-deposition with the increase of wind speed, and the erosion rate was increased with the wind speed. When the wind speed was more than 10 m/s, the sand-beds showed a strong erosion, and the pie and hemispherical elements’ resistance function were weakest; ③ No matter the non-sand wind or sand wind, the erosion rate was affected by the elements’ aspect ratio, height and spacing. The slender elements with a prominent upper edge were clearly superior to broad rounded elements.