The QuakeSim Project: Web Services for Managing Geophysical Data and Applications

We describe our distributed systems research efforts to build the “cyberinfrastructure” components that constitute a geophysical Grid, or more accurately, a Grid of Grids. Service-oriented computing principles are used to build a distributed infrastructure of Web accessible components for accessing data and scientific applications. Our data services fall into two major categories: Archival, database-backed services based around Geographical Information System (GIS) standards from the Open Geospatial Consortium, and streaming services that can be used to filter and route real-time data sources such as Global Positioning System data streams. Execution support services include application execution management services and services for transferring remote files. These data and execution service families are bound together through metadata information and workflow services for service orchestration. Users may access the system through the QuakeSim scientific Web portal, which is built using a portlet component approach.     

甘肃省地震局高性能计算系统

高性能计算是现代科学研究、工程技术开发和大规模数据处理的关键支撑技术,在地震系统发挥着日益重要的作用。甘肃省地震局高性能计算集群系统由60个节点、采用40 GB InfiniBand网络互连组成,峰值计算速度达9.2万亿次/秒。作为地震系统重要的科技服务平台之一,为地震反演、数据分析、数值模拟等领域以及科研创新平台提供高性能计算环境。     

Inversion of magnetotelluric data in the presence of strong bathymetry/topography

We describe an algorithm for inverting magnetotelluric (MT) data in the presence of strong bathymetry or topography. Instead of correcting distortions due to bathymetry or topography we incorporate them directly into the inversion. To achieve a high accuracy in computing MT responses we use finite‐difference approximations that permit sloping discrete boundaries inside model elements. The same approach is applicable to any seafloor electromagnetic calculation and can also be used to incorporate steep topography on land. We test our approach on various topographic features and compare our results to that of a finite element approach. Finally, we present inversion examples that illustrate the effectiveness of our inversion algorithm in recovering true subsurface structures in the presence of strong bathymetry and topography.     

人工地震数据管理平台

人工地震数据的存储管理及共享技术发展迅速,但是存储管理方式、资源利用率及服务水平等还有很大的提升空间。针对以上问题初步建立人工地震数据平台,利用Web和数据库技术,整合并存储已有人工地震数据资源,以便向公众及地震科研人员提供最新工作进展和研究成果。该平台的建立,利于科学研究工作的交流合作和观测资料的充分利用,从而为我国防震减灾事业做更大贡献。     

国际地震预警研究现状与研究热点的可视化分析

检索Web of Science数据库中有关地震预警的文献数据,使用Web of Science的数据分析功能和Cite Space可视化分析工具,对地震预警领域的文献数据进行统计分析,探究地震预警领域的研究现状和研究热点,以期为相关机构和研究人员提供参考。     

基于网格的地震模拟工作流调度

网格为地震模拟等大规模工作流应用提供了强大的计算能力,如何保障此类应用的软实时性要求是工作流调度问题的一个挑战.利用排队模型来描述网格资源的动态负载压力,提出了评估工作流健壮性量化指标及其计算方法.基于DAG图转换得出的任务执行优先级,根据最大健壮性优先的思想,确定了执行工作流子任务的候选资源;将工作流全局截止时间划分问题描述为一个约束下的非线性规划问题并通过已有方法求解该问题,提出了工作流全局截止时间动态划分方法;最后,提出了一种健壮性增强的地震模拟工作流调度算法RESAESW.仿真实验采用实际地震模拟工作流应用和实际系统数据来验证提出算法的性能表现,实验结果表明本文算法在网格环境的自适应性和地震模拟工作流应用的截止时间要求方面优于其他两个实际网格系统中的调度算法.     

Modeling,ray tracing,and block nonlinear travel-time inversion in 3D

We describe an integrated forward and inverse three-dimensional modeling system that can deal with complex geological structures. The system has been designed to handle large-scale problems by using a distributed approach. It uses seismic ray tracing for forward simulation, time-to-depth mapping, and nonlinear travel-time inversion.A novel decomposition method is our tool to attack large-scale problems in a parallel approach. The system is fully implemented and we demonstrate its performance with synthetic examples.This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under SBIR Grant III-9300992.     

基于云计算的九分量噪声互相关函数计算及其在China Array密集台阵数据的应用

提出一种基于云计算的九分量噪声互相关函数的计算方法,可以利用弹性的云计算服务,实现海量噪声互相关函数计算的分解和加速。本文将此技术应用于"中国地震科学台阵探测——南北地震带北段"674个宽频带台站2014~2015年的三分量连续记录,获取了所有台站间的九分量噪声互相关函数。总体计算共完成了约22万条台站对路径上近14.9亿条单天互相关函数的计算,整体平均耗时约为10.2h,完成等量计算,传统计算模式需要耗时近6个月,基于云计算的NCF计算技术实现了近400倍的加速,并可以弹性地扩充。分析了所得九分量噪声互相关函数中瑞利面波的ZH振幅比,并与天然地震中瑞利面波的振幅比进行了比较,验证了计算结果的可靠性。基于云计算的噪声互相关函数计算方法,为利用现代计算技术处理海量数据提供了重要参考。     

基于地震数据专家的子午链台站地磁自动化产品系统设计与实现

基于对子午链台站地震地磁前兆异常以及地球空间环境变化等研究方向的需求分析,利用网络、大数据、云计算等新技术,结合地震数据专家（DatistEQ）软件,设计子午链台站地磁指数报告自动产出系统。该系统通过低代码、敏捷式开发工作流程,连接不同功能节点,可以实现用户定制化、数据标准化、功能智能化的系统报告产出。通过本地或者云端一键流程化工作,将不同类型的数据发送到科研工作者或其他需求者,简化工作流程,优化数据处理,实现高效率产品产出。     

基于ArcGIS Server的地震应急数据与服务共享研究

ArcGIS Server是基于Web Service用来发布企业级GIS应用程序的综合平台。 本文以地震应急数据与服务共享为研究目标, 分析了ArcGIS Server的体系架构和几种常用共享模式的特点, 提出了基于Web Service和ArcGIS Server的共享模式, 详细阐述了地震应急数据与服务共享的理论方法和系统架构, 实现了基于ArcGIS Server开发地震应急信息共享的原型系统。     

A cloud-based synthetic seismogram generator implemented using Windows Azure

Synthetic seismograms generated by solving the seismic wave equation using numerical methods are being widely used in seismology. For fully three-dimensional seismic structure models, the generation of these synthetic seismograms may require large amount of computing resources. Conventional high-performance computer clusters may not provide a cost-effective solution to this type of applications. The newly emerging cloud-computing platform provides an alternative solution. In this paper, we describe our implementation of a synthetic seismogram generator based on the reciprocity principle using the Windows Azure cloud application framework. Our preliminary experiment shows that our cloud-based synthetic seismogram generator provides a cost-effective and numerically efficient approach for computing synthetic seismograms based on the reciprocity principle.     

QuakeSim and the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory

We are developing simulation and analysis tools in order to develop a solid Earth Science framework for understanding and studying active tectonic and earthquake processes. The goal of QuakeSim and its extension, the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory (SERVO), is to study the physics of earthquakes using state-of-the-art modeling, data manipulation, and pattern recognition technologies. We are developing clearly defined accessible data formats and code protocols as inputs to simulations, which are adapted to high-performance computers. The solid Earth system is extremely complex and nonlinear, resulting in computationally intensive problems with millions of unknowns. With these tools it will be possible to construct the more complex models and simulations necessary to develop hazard assessment systems critical for reducing future losses from major earthquakes. We are using Web (Grid) service technology to demonstrate the assimilation of multiple distributed data sources (a typical data grid problem) into a major parallel high-performance computing earthquake forecasting code. Such a linkage of Geoinformatics with Geocomplexity demonstrates the value of the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory (SERVO) Grid concept, and advances Grid technology by building the first real-time large-scale data assimilation grid.     

Are Models Too Simple? Arguments for Increased Parameterization

The idea that models should be as simple as possible is often accepted without question. However, too much simplification and parsimony may degrade a model's utility. Models are often constructed to make predictions; yet, they are commonly parameterized with a focus on calibration, regardless of whether (1) the calibration data can constrain simulated predictions or (2) the number and type of calibration parameters are commensurate with the hydraulic property details on which key predictions may depend. Parameterization estimated through the calibration process is commonly limited by the necessity that the number of calibration parameters be smaller than the number of observations. This limitation largely stems from historical restrictions in calibration and computing capability; we argue here that better methods and computing capabilities are now available and should become more widely used. To make this case, two approaches to model calibration are contrasted: (1) a traditional approach based on a small number of homogeneous parameter zones defined by the modeler a priori and (2) regularized inversion, which includes many more parameters than the traditional approach. We discuss some advantages of regularized inversion, focusing on the increased insight that can be gained from calibration data. We present these issues using reasoning that we believe has a common sense appeal to modelers; knowledge of mathematics is not required to follow our arguments. We present equations in an Appendix, however, to illustrate the fundamental differences between traditional model calibration and a regularized inversion approach.     

高性能集群计算系统的构建

高性能集群计算系统因其具有强大的运算能力、 较高的I/O性能、 高性能管理和较强的系统扩展能力而广受关注。 本文简要介绍了高性能计算的发展现状和高性能集群计算系统构成, 比较详细地描述了系统环境、 系统性能及集群管理与应用情况, 对高性能计算的新技术进行展望。 并以一个实例阐述了集群系统构建等内容。 该系统由192个计算节点、 4个I/O节点、 1个登录节点、 1个管理节点、 1个Windows集群服务节点、 1组盘阵、 1组计算与I/O网络和1组管理网络组成。 系统计算能力在2009年和2010年中国高性能计算机性能TOP100排行榜分别为第36位和第63位, 具有相当的竞争力, 能够在近几年内为地震科研提供有力支持。     

Space- and Time-Dependent Probabilities for Earthquake Fault Systems from Numerical Simulations: Feasibility Study and First Results

In weather forecasting, current and past observational data are routinely assimilated into numerical simulations to produce ensemble forecasts of future events in a process termed “model steering”. Here we describe a similar approach that is motivated by analyses of previous forecasts of the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP). Our approach is adapted to the problem of earthquake forecasting using topologically realistic numerical simulations for the strike-slip fault system in California. By systematically comparing simulation data to observed paleoseismic data, a series of spatial probability density functions (PDFs) can be computed that describe the probable locations of future large earthquakes. We develop this approach and show examples of PDFs associated with magnitude M > 6.5 and M > 7.0 earthquakes in California.     

中国省级地震局因特网地震数据服务状况分析

作者对我国各省(直辖市、自治区)地震局在因特网上运行的信息网站进行了浏览,搜集了这些网站在地震数据服务方面的信息,从地震数据共享的角度,对我国省级地震局的因特网地震数据服务状况进行了分析。本文概要介绍分析结果,并对进一步发展因特网上的地震数据服务提出若干建议。     

基于Android的地震观测数据可视化综合服务平台研发

各类应用服务的不断深化,对地震数据服务的可视化和便捷性需求提出更高要求,而当前数据服务多依赖于电脑环境,直观性与通用性有所欠缺。利用天地图、Highcharts等先进技术,构建基于Android的地震科学数据可视化综合服务平台。通过丰富、直观的表现形式,向公众展示河南省区域内地震监测台站分布与概况、地震目录及测震波形等信息,提供观测数据查询下载、可视化动态浏览,同时具备震情速递、地震科普宣传功能。利用该平台将建立触手可及、高效便捷的地震科学数据传输渠道,大幅度提升社会服务能力,增强地震科学数据的可读性与普及性,实现数据服务与防震减灾的有机融合。     

使用MATLAB获取地震前兆数据库中观测数据

地震前兆数据库中的观测数据具有极高的科研及应用价值.MATLAB作为具有强大功能的科学计算及分析平台是地震前兆数据分析的得力工具.虽然如此,但MATLAB提供的数据库工具箱并不能完全操控基于ORACLE的前兆数据库.因此,直接通过MATLAB获取前兆观测数据进行后续的前兆统计及分析工作受到了影响.本文首先介绍了主流的数据库访问机制以及在MATLAB中如何实现以这些机制对前兆数据库进行访问并指出了其中的缺陷;然后,给出了通过组件对象模型(COM)的访问方式获取前兆观测数据的方法;最后,给出了使用该方法进行函数封装后,在实际应用中的实例的全部源代码.通过本文提供的方法,台站工作人员或科研人员可以快速、方便的通过MATLAB获取前兆数据库中的相关信息进行科研及日常管理工作.     

Reconstructing Regional Ionospheric Electron Density: A Combined Spherical Slepian Function and Empirical Orthogonal Function Approach

The computerized ionospheric tomography is a method for imaging the Earth’s ionosphere using a sounding technique and computing the slant total electron content (STEC) values from data of the global positioning system (GPS). The most common approach for ionospheric tomography is the voxel-based model, in which (1) the ionosphere is divided into voxels, (2) the STEC is then measured along (many) satellite signal paths, and finally (3) an inversion procedure is applied to reconstruct the electron density distribution of the ionosphere. In this study, a computationally efficient approach is introduced, which improves the inversion procedure of step 3. Our proposed method combines the empirical orthogonal function and the spherical Slepian base functions to describe the vertical and horizontal distribution of electron density, respectively. Thus, it can be applied on regional and global case studies. Numerical application is demonstrated using the ground-based GPS data over South America. Our results are validated against ionospheric tomography obtained from the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate (COSMIC) observations and the global ionosphere map estimated by international centers, as well as by comparison with STEC derived from independent GPS stations. Using the proposed approach, we find that while using 30 GPS measurements in South America, one can achieve comparable accuracy with those from COSMIC data within the reported accuracy (1 × 10¹¹ el/cm³) of the product. Comparisons with real observations of two GPS stations indicate an absolute difference is less than 2 TECU (where 1 total electron content unit, TECU, is 10¹⁶ electrons/m²).     

基于GT3的网格计算平台的构建及应用

基于CEDAGrid项目的需求, 通过应用Web服务技术和网格计算技术, 构建了基于GT3的网格计算应用平台, 在有4个节点的网格计算平台上(其中只有3个节点参与了科学计算任务)进行了地震应力触发计算实例(以川滇地区为例, 共有17个断层), 系统耗时为13min25s, 如果只在一个节点上进行计算, 则需要时间为35min10s。 该实例的成功运行证明, 基于网格技术构建的计算平台可以解决传统的地震领域内的科学计算问题, 在时间效率上可以提高许多, 如果应力触发计算本身越复杂, 网格的计算资源越丰富, 网格计算的执行效率会体现的越优越。 通过这一科学计算试验为网格技术在地震领域的应用做了有意的探索。