古新世－始新世界线的全球事件

深海钻探揭示的古新世－始新世界线许多全球性变化引起了地质学家的普遍关注。这些变化表现在岩性、粘土矿物组合、大陆植物群、大陆哺乳动物、钙质超微化石、底栖有孔虫、氧碳同位素、大气环流强度、海洋环流模式、海平面等方面。通过对古新世－始新世地层沉积学、古生物学、古气候学和古海洋学的研究，确认古新世－始新世地层界线是全球构造事件的结果，表现为全球板块边界重组、扩张中心和转换断层模式改变、海底热液活动是一至二个数量级加强。     

古新统─始新统界线与事件沉积

深海钻探揭示的古新统—始新统界线上许多全球性变化引起了地质学家的普遍关注。这些变化包括：岩性上从海绿石石英砂岩变化到粘土岩、粘土矿物组合从伊利石／蒙脱石为主变化为高岭石为主、大陆植物群的绝灭和迁移、钙质超微化石物种更新速度加快、底栖有孔虫绝灭和分异度降低、碳氧同位素强烈负异常、大陆哺乳动物演化发生变化、大气环流强度减弱、海洋环流模式改变、海平面上升、海底热液活动呈１～２个数量级加强。通过对古新世—始新世的地层沉积学、古生物学、古气候学和古海洋学研究，确认古新统—始新统地层界线是全球构造事件的结果，表现为全球板块边界重组、扩张中心和转换断层模式改变、海底热液活动呈１～２个数量级加强。     

喜马拉雅碰撞早期含有机碳地层的剥蚀和全球变暖

印度和亚洲大陆碰撞早期新特提斯被动与活动大陆边缘上海相沉积物中含有机碳地层的剥蚀和氧化，可能影响到新世至早始新世海相碳酸盐中碳同位素比率向轻的比率转化，并通过温室效应导致全球性变暖。碰撞时间的最新确定和喜马拉雅沉积物源中有机碳含量的降低，允许我们估计古新世纯有机碳的输出。我们的计算表明，大陆碰撞通过含有机碳地层的剥蚀和埋藏，在全球碳旋回和气候变化中起着重要作用。     

早古近纪陆相断陷型湖泊物质分异作用及其对“PETM”事件的响应:以济阳坳陷孔店组为例

古近纪早期,地球上发生了古新世-始新世极热气候(PETM)事件,严重影响全球碳循环过程和海陆生态环境系统.依据普通薄片、元素分析、碳同位素、TOC等实验结果.研究了渤海湾盆地济阳断陷湖盆古新世-始新世时期的湖泊环境时空波动变化及其对PETM事件的响应,发现济阳断陷湖盆早期经历了多旋回的演化过程,湖盆中碎屑物质和化学物质的分异作用同时发生,陆地风化作用和化学沉积物质分异指示了极热气候的变化过程;该时期湖水为逐渐咸化的盐湖环境,具有空间的分带性和时间的阶段演化性,湖水咸化是热气候事件发生的直接响应;湖泊的时空波动演化经历了古新世-始新世时期的极热气候(PETM)事件,该事件早期湖泊尚未完全咸化,浮游生物比较繁盛,早期浮游植物对12CO₂的吸收,会导致短暂的湖泊古生产力较高,但是随着湖盆逐渐咸化,生物的活动存活较难,主要以旱生植物为主,古生产力降到最低.由于过量的12C吸收沉淀,造成湖泊沉积记录中的δ13C明显负偏,最大可达5×10-3.由此证实全球PETM事件影响了古新世-始新世之交济阳断陷湖盆的时空演化和物质分异过程.      

云南金顶超大型铅锌矿床的成矿地质背景

采用构造－沉积综合分析的方法，研究了金顶超大型铅锌矿床成矿的盆地、构造和深部地质背景。研究表明，控矿的古新世－中始新世盆地为走滑拉张盆地，研究区先后经历了古新世－中始新世早期的走滑和拉伸，中始新世－渐新世的挤压推覆和中新世的隆升和走滑，分析了盆地演化、沉积体系、同生断裂活动和逆冲推覆等对金顶超大型铅锌矿床的控制作用，探讨了可能的成矿过程。     

藏南桑单林地区晚白垩世—始新世砂岩物源区分析

西藏南部桑单林地区出露一套晚白垩世-始新世深水沉积的地层,下部为晚白垩世以石英砂岩和粉砂质页岩为主的桑单林组,上部为始新世含长石岩屑砂岩、硅质岩和硅质页岩的者雅组,由于断层错断,二者之间的古新世地层缺失.砂岩的岩石学分析表明,桑单林组石英砂岩的成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较高,杂基含量少,为硅质胶结;者雅组长石岩屑砂岩中,不稳定组分明显增加,杂基含量高,主要为泥质胶结.运用重矿物组合以及全岩主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素组成对砂岩的物源区分析表明,桑单林组砂岩形成于稳定的被动大陆边缘,碎屑物质来源于印度克拉通内部,而者雅组砂岩中存在明显的火成岩物质的输入,这些火山物质只可能来自于沉积盆地北部.桑单林组和者雅组砂岩的物源区的明显变化,反映了古新世末期-早始新世的一次碰撞事件:印度大陆与亚洲大陆的碰撞或者印度大陆与洋内岛弧的碰撞.     

西藏岗巴古新世地层及构造作用的影响

西藏岗巴地区出露有完整的晚白垩世至古近纪地层，地层中化石丰富，根据化石研究准确地进行了地层时代的划分，本文认为该区白垩系－古代系界线位于宗山组和基堵拉组之间，以底栖有大孔虫Orbitoides-Omphalocyclus动物群的消亡和Rotalia-Smoutina-Lockhartia动物群的始现为标志。界线上下岩层为假整合接触，期间有一短暂的暴露面。古新世的砂砾岩直接覆于晚白晋世的陆棚碳酸盐岩沉积之上，沉积的重大转变代表一次构造运动，印度大陆北缘与冈底斯南缘直至白垩纪末均具有明显的浅海生物地理分区现象，期间被深海盆地地所阻隔。古新世开始浅海相动物群在该地显示同一生物地理区系特征，说明两大陆间深水盆地的阻隔已消失，南北生物地理区同归于一残留海盆，沉积类型转变和地层古生物特征为印度－亚洲板块的起始碰撞时间研究提供了基础资料，据此推测大陆早期碰撞发生在白晋系－古近系的界线时期（约65Ma)，古新世中一晚期碳酸盐台地遭受不断的挤压与变形，进一步说明大陆的碰撞在古新世之初就已发生。沉积地层的破碎变形和滑塌堆积是持续碰撞与挤压的结果。     

古新世-始新世极热事件研究进展

古新世-始新世极热事件(PETM事件)是发生在早新生代的一次极端碳循环扰动和全球变暖事件,主要表现为大气CO2浓度快速增加和全球增温.研究显示该时期全球地表温度增加了5～6℃,高低纬度间温度梯度减小,同时伴随有水循环加快及大规模生物灭绝、演替和迁徙现象.据估算,PETM时期从地层释放到表生系统的CO2总量同预期人类过去...     

塔里木盆地新生代海相沉积问题

基于前人文献,对塔里木盆地新生代海相沉积问题进行梳理,进而探讨该盆地新生代海侵的次数和范围以及海退的时限、原因。研究表明,新生代,塔里木盆地至少经历古近纪的阿尔塔什晚期至齐姆根早期(古新世早期至古新世晚期)、卡拉塔尔期—乌拉根期(始新世中期)、巴什布拉克中期(始新世晚期至早渐新世)等三期海侵;塔里木盆地中新世仍有海相地层这一认识获得广泛认可仍需更多的地质证据来支持。塔里木盆地海侵范围在卡拉塔尔—乌拉根组沉积时期达到最大,向东可达玛扎塔格地区,在盆地北缘和南缘分别可以到达库尔勒以东地区和洛浦县阿其克以东地区。由于受到全球海平面变化和构造运动的共同影响,副特提斯海新生代从塔里木盆地退却的沉积记录包括齐姆根组顶部、乌拉根组顶部、巴什布拉克组第四段和第五段,时间上分别对应于古新世晚期、始新世中晚期和早渐新世。     

古新世/始新世全球增温在西藏岗巴地区的表现

随着深海钻探计划(DSDP)和大洋钻探计划(ODP)的开展,在古海洋学领域取得了许多重大发现。古近纪古新世与始新世(P/E)界线间的地质事件的发现便是其重要成果之一。西藏南部岗巴地区发育有良好的海相界线地层。对生物群、碳、氧、锶稳定同位素以及磁化率的研究显示,全球界线事件在西藏南部岗巴地区具有明显的影响。古新统宗浦组顶部底栖有孔虫动物群阶段性绝灭,总灭绝率为69%。始新统遮普惹组底部有孔虫逐渐复苏,除12种为古新世的残存类型外,始新世生物组合全为新的属种,并呈现三个复苏阶段。碳稳定同位素表现为三期负向偏移,在界线处出现-4‰的异常。这一异常与全球碳稳定同位素事件表现一致。锶同位素在界线位置没有明显的变化,而明显的峰值出现在界线之上,并与全球53Ma出现的锶同位素变化相对应。磁化率在界线之上2m处出现一个很明显的波动,与第3期碳同位素异常吻合。所有研究结果表明,西藏南部(特提斯-喜马拉雅低纬度浅海环境)在古新世与始新世界线时期出现明显的气候变化,说明全球深海温度增高在浅海环境具有相同表现,只是影响时间较长。     

异整合面——古环境剧变的地层记录

异整合面是在区域(盆地尺度)或全球范围内发生根本性的、突然的、持续性的沉积相变而形成的地层界面.有别于传统的沉积学和地层学概念以沉积环境保持稳定或者缓慢连续变化为前提,异整合面强调古环境剧变事件在地层中的记录,它是不遵循瓦尔特相律的地层界面.陆相环境波动频繁、变化剧烈,容易发育异整合面,例如北美古近系绿河组、松辽盆地白...     

古新世—始新世最热事件对地球表层循环的影响及其触发机制

古新世—始新世最热事件（PETM, Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum）是发生在古新世—始新世交界时的一次全球性的气候突变事件。它造成了大洋环流模式的突然倒转和海水盐度、大气湿度的迅速上升。海洋表层生态系统和陆地生态系统生产力迅速上升,许多属种的植物、动物、微生物生活范围向高纬区扩大;大洋底栖微生物发生集群灭绝。现代哺乳动物的主要属种（灵长类、奇蹄类及偶蹄类）产生,哺乳动物演化进程发生重大改变。地球表层碳循环系统发生不同程度的碳同位素负偏移,全球碳循环系统发生大规模搅动。对于PETM的触发机制,主流的观点认为是海底天然气水合物突然释放造成巨量甲烷迅速进入表层系统引发的碳循环系统内部反馈。而对于甲烷释放的原因,又存在着减压释放和热释放两种解释;此外还有科学家用岩浆作用和地外星体撞击来解释PETM的发生。     

藏南定日地区白垩纪中期地球化学异常对海平面上升的响应

西藏南部定日地区在白垩纪中期为一套浅灰色-深灰色的陆源碎屑岩（钙质页岩）及碳酸盐岩（泥灰岩及微晶灰岩）的混积型沉积物，其中的地球化学特征变化反映了古海洋发生的重大变革。δ¹³ C的同位素曲线变化具有明显的低-高-低旋回变化，δ¹³ C正偏与有机碳大量埋藏、海平面上升及缺氧事件密切相关。铀、钍、钾的含量变化及Th/U比值的变化特征表明由海平面上升所形成的全球大洋缺氧的重要时期，由于有机物质及粘土矿物的增多，它们的含量均比标准平均值偏高。而⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr比值在该时期偏低，这也与当时的构造背景及海平面发生重大变化相一致。     

白垩纪至早第三纪的极端气候事件

地球科学界正在将预测未来气候变化的研究重点放到地球过去突然发生的气候变暖事件。白垩纪至早第三纪发生的极端气候事件被认为是最接近于现今的地球系统,对其研究有利于理解现今地球系统过程在碳循环快速搅动时的响应。这些气候事件主要包括：古新世-始新世最热事件（PETM,～5 5 MaBP）、早阿普第晚期和森诺曼-土仑界线的大洋缺氧事件（OAE1a,～120 Ma;OAE2,～93．5 MaBP）。PETM事件是中白垩世以来一次突然变暖事件,在10 ka年以内深海温度增加～5 ℃,表层海水温度增加 4～8 ℃,而δ¹³C至少发生 3．0‰的负偏移。目前普遍认为PETM事件是由于海洋气水化合物（CH₄）的巨量释放造成的。大洋缺氧事件（OAEs）记录了海洋环境下有机质的大量埋藏,代表了碳循环和海洋生物系统的重大搅动事件。综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）将极端气候确定为优先研究领域,将采取特定的钻探策略,在世界大洋范围内获取最低限度蚀变的新生代至白垩纪沉积物,研究精度要求达到米兰柯维奇的天文调谐时间尺度,其最终目标是定量描述过去全球气候变化,并为未来气候变化预测提供依据。     

Biostratigraphy of a Paleocene-Eocene Foreland Basin boundary in southern Tibet

<正>This study of the Paleocene—Eocene boundary within a foreland basin of southern Tibet, which was dominated by a carbonate ramp depositional environment,documents more complex environmental conditions than can be derived from studies of the deep oceanic environment.Extinction rates for larger foraminiferal species in the Zongpu-1 Section apply to up to 46%of the larger foraminiferal taxa. The extinction rate in southern Tibet is similar to rates elsewhere in the world,but it shows that the Paleocene fauna disappeared stepwise through the Late Paleocene,with Eocene taxa appearing abruptly above the boundary.A foraminifera turnover was identified between Members 3 and 4 of the Zongpu Formation—from the Miscellanea—Daviesina assemblage to an Orbitolites—Alveolina assemblage.The Paleocene and Eocene boundary is between the SBZ 4 and SBZ 5,where it is marked by the extinction of Miscellanea miscella and the first appearance of Alveolina ellipsodalis and a large number of Orbitolites. Chemostratigraphically,theδ~(13)C values from both the Zongpu-1 and Zongpu-2 Sections show three negative excursions in the transitional strata,one in Late Paleocene,one at the boundary,and one in the early Eocene.The second negative excursion ofδ~(13),which is located at the P—E boundary,coincides with larger foraminifera overturn.These faunal changes and the observedδ~(13)C negative excursions provide new evidence on environmental changes across the Paleocene—Eocene boundary in Tibet.     

Illawarra Reversal: The fingerprint of a superplume that triggered Pangean breakup and the end-Guadalupian (Permian) mass extinction

The Permian magnetostratigraphic record demonstrates that a remarkable change in geomagnetism occurred in the Late Guadalupian (Middle Permian; ca. 265 Ma) from the long-term stable Kiaman Reverse Superchron (throughout the Late Carboniferous and Early-Middle Permian) to the Permian–Triassic Mixed Superchron with frequent polarity changes (in the Late Permian and Triassic). This unique episode called the Illawarra Reversal probably reflects a significant change in the geodynamo in the outer core of the planet after a 50 million years of stable geomagnetism. The Illawarra Reversal was likely led by the appearance of a thermal instability at the 2900 km-deep core–mantle boundary in connection with mantle superplume activity. The Illawarra Reversal and the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary event record the significant transition processes from the Paleozoic to Mesozoic–Modern world. One of the major global environmental changes in the Phanerozoic occurred almost simultaneously in the latest Guadalupian, as recorded in 1) mass extinction, 2) ocean redox change, 3) sharp isotopic excursions (C and Sr), 4) sea-level drop, and 5) plume-related volcanism. In addition to the claimed possible links between the above-listed environmental changes and mantle superplume activity, I propose here an extra explanation that a change in the core's geodynamo may have played an important role in determining the course of the Earth's surface climate and biotic extinction/evolution. When a superplume is launched from the core–mantle boundary, the resultant thermal instability makes the geodynamo's dipole of the outer core unstable, and lowers the geomagnetic intensity. Being modulated by the geo- and heliomagnetism, the galactic cosmic ray flux into the Earth's atmosphere changes with time. The more cosmic rays penetrate through the atmosphere, the more clouds develop to increase the albedo, thus enhancing cooling of the Earth's surface. The Illawarra Reversal, the Kamura cooling event, and other unique geologic phenomena in the Late Guadalupian are all concordantly explained as consequences of the superplume activity that initially triggered the breakup of Pangea. The secular change in cosmic radiation may explain not only the extinction-related global climatic changes in the end-Guadalupian but also the long-term global warming/cooling trend in Earth's history in terms of cloud coverage over the planet.     

奥陶纪-志留纪边界附近火山活动记录：来华南周缘钾质斑脱岩的信息

扬子地台内奥陶纪顶部的五峰组到志留纪底部的龙马溪组间存在着多个粘土岩层.前人研究结果认为这些粘土岩层为钾质斑脱岩,是火山喷发的凝灰质物质在海相环境沉积、蚀变的产物.这些斑脱岩广泛分布于扬子地台周缘,对理解奥陶纪-志留纪时华南所处的大地构造位置和相应的构造事件具有重要的意义.本文对采自扬子地台内湖北宜昌地区和贵州桐梓地区奥陶纪-志留纪界线剖面的斑脱岩层进行了矿物学及地球化学工作,旨在判定其形成的构造环境.矿物学研究表明上述岩石除了含有粘土矿物外,还含有石英、长石、黑云母、磷灰石、锆石等中酸性岩浆岩中的常见矿物,属典型的钾质斑脱岩.本文利用在风化过程中不活动元素对斑脱岩的原岩进行了恢复,结果也表明其原岩为中酸性火山岩,包括安山岩-英安岩-及流纹岩等.微量元素特征显示多数样品具有典型的岛弧火山岩的特征,很可能与北面早古生代秦岭洋的闭合过程中的板块俯冲有关,也可能是早古生代在华南板块东南缘外侧存在的一古老洋壳向华南板块的俯冲.有一个样品(YC0711)没有Nb的负异常,但是具有明显的Ti负异常,在Th/Yb-Nb/Yb判别图上落在岛弧区附近,其原岩可能是富铌玄武岩之类的特殊岛弧岩石.火山活动的峰期为晚奥陶世赫南特阶时代,与地质历史上第二大的生物大灭绝事件同时.前人认为该生物灭绝事件与冈瓦纳冰川有关.考虑到华南以及欧洲、北美等地均出现大规模晚奥陶世-早侏罗纪钾质斑脱岩,奥陶纪-志留纪边界的火山事件是具有全球规模的,所喷发的岩石多是富含挥发份的中酸性岩,对大气圈和生物圈具有十分重要的影响,本文认为火山活动很可能是造成晚奥陶世的生物大灭绝事件和冈瓦纳冰川的主要诱导因素.     

Paleo-oil reservoir pyrolysis and gas release in the Yangtze Block imply an alternative mechanism for the Late Permian Crisis

The causes of the global mass extinction that occurred around the Permian–Triassic boundary have been widely studied through the geological record and in various locations. The results show that volcanic activity was a key factor in initiating the crisis during the Late Permian. Compared to other thermal events triggered by volcanic activity, pyrolysis of petroleum in Pre-Permian reservoirs has rarely been suggested as a significant source of the greenhouse gases that caused the mass extinction. In this study, geochemical analysis is carried out of a huge paleo-oil reservoir in the Yangtze Block (YB), South China. The detection of mineral inclusions and pyrobitumens is evidence of rapid pyrolysis of accumulated oil in the Ediacaran reservoir. New evidence from hydrothermal minerals and the presence of domain mesophase in the pyrobitumen suggest that the pyrolysis process occurred abruptly and that greenhouse gases were rapidly released through venting pipes. The dating of such a complex geological event in this old and deeply buried reservoir is inevitably difficult and potentially unreliable. However, cross-validation of the multiple evidence sources, including hydrothermal minerals and domain mesophase, indicates that the rapid oil pyrolysis must have been driven by a major thermal event. Reconstruction of burial and thermal histories suggests that the thermal event was most likely to have been triggered by the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), which was in a period of significant volcanic activity during the Late Permian. Massive volumes of gases, including methane, carbon dioxide, and possibly hydrogen sulfide, were released, causing a significant increase in greenhouse gases that may have contributed to global warming and the resulting mass extinction during the Late Permian Crisis (LPC).     

Abrupt climate change and transient climates during the Paleogene: a marine perspective

Detailed investigations of high latitude sequences recently collected by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) indicate that periods of rapid climate change often culminated in brief transient climates, with more extreme conditions than subsequent long term climates. Two examples of such events have been identified in the Paleogene; the first in latest Paleocene time in the middle of a warming trend that began several million years earlier: the second in earliest Oligocene time near the end of a Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene global cooling trend. Superimposed on the earlier event was a sudden and extreme warming of both high latitude sea surface and deep ocean waters. Imbedded in the latter transition was an abrupt decline in high latitude temperatures and the brief appearance of a full size continental ice-sheet on Antarctica. In both cases the climate extremes were not stable, lasting for less than a few hundred thousand years, indicating a temporary or transient climate state. Geochemical and sedimentological evidence suggest that both Paleogene climate events were accompanied by reorganizations in ocean circulation, and major perturbations in marine productivity and the global carbon cycle. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum was marked by reduced oceanic turnover and decreases in global delta 13C and in marine productivity, while the Early Oligocene glacial maximum was accompanied by intensification of deep ocean circulation and elevated delta 13C and productivity. It has been suggested that sudden changes in climate and/or ocean circulation might occur as a result of gradual forcing as certain physical thresholds are exceeded. We investigate the possibility that sudden reorganizations in ocean and/or atmosphere circulation during these abrupt transitions generated short-term positive feedbacks that briefly sustained these transient climatic states.     

天文事件与二叠纪末联合古陆解体

二叠纪末发生了全球规模的剧烈变化，这种变化表现为古地磁逆转、古气候改变、显生宙规模最大的海退、缺氧事件、火山活动、地球化学异常及地史上规模最大的生物集群灭绝。全球二叠纪／三叠纪界线附近陆续发现了陨星撞击抛射物(微球粒)和不同程度的Ir等地球化学异常，表明二叠纪末发生了陨星撞击地球的天文事件。联合古陆从三叠纪开始解体，联合古陆解体的过程实际上就是特提斯洋缩小直至消亡的过程，也就是特提斯洋周缘板块聚合的过程。陨星撞击点可能位于二叠纪末特提斯洋北部，最终导致了特提斯洋消亡及联合古陆解体。