Vertical and horizontal components of the lake Baikal electrotelluric field and their relation to the electric conductivity

Synchronous observations of the electrotelluric field were performed on the lake ice and the coast. The ice-based vertical/horizontal field ratio at periods of a few seconds to a few minutes ranges from a few hundredths to a few thousandths, which is comparable to the noise level. The results of these observations favor a plane wave model. At the coastal station, the vertical and horizontal fields are similar, which is related to geoelectric heterogeneity of the medium. An electric tipper is used to control the behavior of heterogeneity in the spectral-time domain. Anomalous changes associated with earthquakes of K ≥ 12 are revealed from data of the tipper monitoring at epicentral distances of up to 300 km. A longitudinal MTS curve free from the effect of local geoelectric heterogeneities is obtained from ice-based data. Deep conducting layers are recognized as minimums in this curve.     

Results of monitoring the geomagnetic variations at the Magadan and Paratunka observatories

We analyze the magnetic tensor and tipper data in the interval of periods from a few minutes to a few hours for the geomagnetic time series of 2007–2008. The frequency responses, the polar diagrams, and the real and imaginary induction arrows which reflect the effects of geoelectric heterogeneities are calculated. The monitoring of the tipper and tensor data series revealed the annual variations in these parameters, which are caused by the changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere. The anomalous variations identified in the behavior of the magnetic tipper and tensor are probably due to earthquakes with M ≥ 6.3.     

The use of invariant MTS curves in deep magnetotelluric studies

Invariant amplitude curves of the phase tensor are shown to be applicable to the geoelectric model reconstruction in the lower part of the section even if its upper part includes geoelectric heterogeneities described by the tensor of galvanic distortions. The use of other types of invariant curves provides reliable constraints on the deep structure of the section only if the upper part of the section does not contain contrasting geoelectric heterogeneities.     

地下电性非均匀结构对地电场信号的影响

在数值模拟的基础上探讨了地下电性非均匀性问题对地电场信号的影响程度。这些影响主要包括地下电性非均匀体对天然电磁感应电场的影响和对产生于震源区附近的异常地电场的影响。结果表明, 地下电性不均匀体的电性特征与周围介质的电性特征差别越大, 则其对地电场的影响也会越大; 地下电性不均匀体的空间范围越大, 则其对地电场的影响也越大。在孕震区作为可能的电荷源模型中, 地下电性不均匀体的存在对电荷源所形成的异常地电场信号在地表的表现形式也有很大的影响。在地表所观测到的地电场异常空间分布不均匀性与地下电性不均匀体的空间位置有着密切关系。     

Methods and results of monitoring of the natural telluric field in the Baikal rift zone

Variations in horizontal and vertical components of the telluric field are studied within the range of periods from a few tens of seconds to diurnal and longer variations. Variations caused by an external ionospheric source are used for studying the geoelectric heterogeneity of the medium. For this purpose, an electric tipper is introduced by analogy with the geomagnetic field and its frequency response is examined. The magnetotelluric impedance is studied using data of remote geomagnetic observatories. According to the data of monitoring of the electric tipper and magnetotelluric impedance, anomalous effects are revealed that can be related to earthquakes with K ≥ 12. A method is developed for the extraction of electric field anomalies produced by intraterrestrial electric sources.     

源自多个大电流源的华东地区地电场空间变化特征

在地震电磁学研究中,电流在地下流动特征与构造关系是一个非常重要的问题.多个强电流源的存在和大范围地电场观测站的分布格局为我们研究这个问题提供了更好的机会.本文通过利用上海及其周边地区4个地点不同的高压换流站接地极向地下注入的大电流(1200~4780A)信号,研究了华东地区8个台站组成的地电场观测台网接收到的附加地电场信号,推进了对地电流在地下传播特征的认识.研究显示:1从幅度特征而言,对于源自不同的大电流信号,各台站观测到的附加地电场信号幅度特征有很大不同,而近处的浦东台只能观测到南桥大电流源的信号而观测不到其他3个大电流源发出的信号,存在着所谓的"敏感点"效应;2对于上海地区4个接地极大电流而言,能够观测到源自它们的附加地电场的台站最远为350km,在更远的台站则观测不到.3从均匀度方面而言,在每个台站对于不同的信号源,记录到的附加地电场信号在各方向上的长极距和短极距信号幅度之比可以有很大变化;4在方位特征上,只有崇明台站接收到的同里接地极和华新接地极大电流信号的计算方位度数与实际方位度数误差最小,分别为0.2°和0.8°.而在距离各个信号源最近的青浦台,这种误差要比崇明台站的大;5极化方向特征显示,在青浦台和崇明台所观测到的附加地电场信号中,存在着同一方向上长、短极距信号极化方向是反向的现象,这与常理相悖,怎样解释该现象有待于今后进一步研究.本文从点电流源与台站测线布局构成的装置系统、大区域介质非均匀性、台站测区以及附近地区的介质细结构的影响三个方面,对上述特征进行了较深入的分析和解释.     

嘉山地震台大地电场资料真实性分析

分析嘉山地震台自2007年运行以来的大地电场观测资料,并对数据的变化特征进行研究,总结分析部分干扰引起的电场变化的曲线特征,给出不同影响因素导致的曲线异常变化情况,为大地电场干扰排除提供依据.     

河北地区地电场观测数据地电暴变化特征

选取河北省6个地电台站地电场观测数据,分析地电场静日和地电暴期间的波形变化,讨论地电暴期间不同台站之间急始脉冲和急始变幅差异性,认为:地下介质不均匀性造成地电暴急始脉冲相位不同;地电暴急始变幅差异与观测台址表层电阻率大小关系密切。应用最大熵谱方法提取频谱成分,发现地电暴日高频短周期成分更加丰富,优势周期约1.6 h。     

Possibilities of interpretation of the magnetotelluric data,obtained on a single profile over 3D resistivity structures

Magnetotelluric soundings are frequently carried out on a single profile or on profiles remote from each other. Interpretation of the obtained data is difficult in the presence of spatially heterogeneous geoelectric structures. We evaluate its capabilities on the basis of the synthetic data, that correspond to a geoelectric model, which consists of a three-layered section in the background and three rectangular prisms, differently arranged relative to the profile. Using the simple methods of analysis of magnetotelluric data, we succeeded in allocating all three heterogeneities over the area that surrounds the profile of observations. As a result of the fast smoothed-structure 1D and 2D inversion of different components of data, taking into account their specific features, the depths of the occurrence of anomalies and the order of the values of their electrical resistivity were evaluated, and the background section was also reconstructed. On this basis, and, also, with the use of a priori geological-geophysical information, the construction of a 3D model in a more or less broad band around the profile and its correction with the aid of 3D data inversion are possible.     

中国大陆地电暴时频特征

基于沿中国大陆两条经度链(118°E,99°E)、两条纬度链(40°N,34°N)的25个台站地电场分钟测量数据,分析了2014年8月至2016年8月共83次地电暴(磁情指数Kp≥5) 的波形特点,认为:地电暴可分为急始型、缓始型两类,一般持续1—3天;地电暴在广大区域同时发生,变化波形相同或相似,表现为明显的广域性特点.讨论了地电暴对地磁暴的变化响应以及不同台站和测道之间地电暴变幅的差异,认为地磁暴期间太阳风等引起的空间电磁场变化与地球介质相互作用激发大地电流产生变化,引起了地电场快变化和地磁场快变化的强烈响应,且地电暴变幅与台址地下介质电导率关系密切,电导率越小,变幅越大.用最大熵谱方法估算了地电暴的主要周期成分,按功率谱密度大小依次约为1.6 h,1 h,15 min,10 min等,而且不同地电暴的优势周期略有不同.      

Laboratory Study of Air Sparging: Air Flow Visualization

Laboratory flow visualization experiments, using glass beads as the porous medium, were conducted to study air sparging, an innovative technology for subsurface contaminant remediation. The purpose of these experiments was to observe how air flows through saturated porous media and to obtain a basic understanding of air plume formation and medium heterogeneity effects. The experiments indicate that air flow occurring in discrete, stable channels is the most probable flow behavior in medium to fine grained water saturated porous media and that medium heterogeneity plays an important role in the development of air channels. Several simulated scales of heterogeneities, from pore to field, have been studied. The results suggest that air channel formation is sensitive to the various scales of heterogeneities. Site-specific hydrogeologic settings have to be carefully reviewed before air sparging is applied to remediate sites contaminated by volatile organic compounds.     

地电扰动指数GEI研究

本文应用中国大陆地区11个地电场台站5.5年（2012-01-01—2017-05-31）中磁静日和磁扰日的观测数据,并联系地电场变化敏感响应地下介质非均匀性和空间电磁活动的特点,发展了地电扰动指数,即消除静日地电变化的幅值比地电指数（GEI）.对比各台站的地电指数与地磁指数,87.43%的单台地电指数D与单台地磁指数K在数值上完全相同或相差1,93.75%的单台平均地电指数Ds与单台平均地磁指数[K+0.5]（四舍五入）相同或仅相差1,说明地电指数能用于量化界定地电扰动水平,如同地磁指数量化界定磁扰水平.地电指数将服务于地球电磁环境监测、科学研究等领域,同时也可以用来评估地电场观测数据的质量.     

中国大陆地电场日变化特征及影响因素

作为地电场最重要的背景变化组成成分之一,地电场日变化普遍存在。本文选取中国大陆10个地电场台站观测数据,应用时序迭加和谐波分析方法,研究地电场日变化的时间域和空间域基本特征。地电场日变化大多呈现"两峰一谷"或"两谷一峰"的变化特征,日变化特征一年四季基本相同,但是幅度、相位略有差异。此外,利用地磁、地貌、电性结构等资料,对地电场日变化的复杂性及与空间电磁活动、地下电性结构及潮汐相关性进行分析,认为地电场日变化特征本质是受空间电磁活动和地下介质电性结构、水文、地质等因素共同作用的结果。     

A study in the dynamics of the geoelectrical medium from electrotelluric field data

The manner in which the dynamics of geoelectric earth inhomogeneities can be studied using receiving lines oriented in different directions at a single site is considered. It is shown that the presence of a local geoelectric inhomogeneity allows monitoring the state of electric conductivity in the earth by observation of the telluric tensor. We quote results from long-continued monitoring of the electrotelluric tensor in Kamchatka. The tensor’s behavior showed an appreciable anomaly, which may have been related to great (magnitude 8.2 and 8.3) earthquakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region.     

新沂台和马陵山台地电场日变化及潮汐响应初步分析

基于江苏省新沂台和山东省马陵山台同(近)场地观测的地磁场、地电场和分量应变观测数据,详细分析了两台站地电场日变化的波形、变幅、相位和优势周期成分以及日变幅的季节效应和台址电性条件对其的影响,并在此基础上分析了地电场日变化的机理.结果显示:① 两台站地电场日变化主要为两次起伏变化,主相起伏集中在当地午前午后时段,且起伏波形与磁场日变化的起伏波形大致相同,存在相位差,但主相起伏时段与磁场对时间的偏导曲线上的日变化起伏时段大致对应;地电场变化与磁场正交分量的变化显著相关,且与同方向的分量应变显著相关;地电场日变化波形与分量应变日变波形有很大差异;② 两台站地电场、地磁场日变化的优势周期为12 h,8 h,24 h,最显著周期为12 h,其中12 h和24 h周期成分是应变分量的优势周期;③ 两台站同方向地电场日变化的波形高度相似,但同台正交分量之间的日变幅有方向性差异;朔望月时段的日变幅大于上下弦月时段,日变幅有夏季大于冬季的季节效应;台址电导率越低,日变幅越大.地电场日变化既表现为广域性特征,又表现为局部性特征.地电场日变化机理分析认为,地电场日变化是由月日潮汐力和太阳风引起的电离层活动所导致,同时还受到季节、台址电性条件等多因素的影响.      

Character of geoelectric intermediate term precursory anomaly and judgment for intermediate term tendency of strong earthquake

IntroductionEarthquakemonitoringandpredictionisstillatthestageofexplorationandempiricalprediction.Thebasisistheanomalyvariationconsistingofseismometryindexandtheobservedresultsusingtheprecursoryapproaches.Althoughthesevariationshowsvarietyandcomplexityanditsrelationwithearthquakesisnotcertain,throughcarefullystudyingonMs>7earthquakeswecanfindthattheanomalyvariationbeforeearthquakestillshowssteadyreappearanceandhasregularity.Theyareallrelativetotheseismogenicprocess.Inthispaperwefocusonstronge…     

高压直流输电对陕西地电场观测的影响

总结陕西地电场观测多次受高压直流输电干扰事件,对干扰影响的变化特征及原因进行分析,认为陕西5个台的地电场观测均受到高压直流输电干扰,干扰源主要来自4条高压直流输电系统;各台地电场观测受到高压直流输电系统干扰的程度不同,干扰方式有入地电流干扰和线路合成电场干扰2种;讨论了利用高压直流输电对地电场干扰特征来检测地电场观测系统的稳定性和接线正确性的可行性,提出了判定观测系统故障和地下介质电性参数异常的方法;最后,提出了识别高压直流输电干扰和应对干扰的建议。     

Multi-dipole observation system and study on the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field observed at Capital Circle area before the Wen’an <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript>5.1 earthquake

On July 4, 2006, a M_S5.1 earthquake occurred in Wen’an county of Hebei Province of which the epicenter is near the Beijing city. The six geoelectric field monitoring stations have been in operation for several years around the Beijing area to examine the relationship between electric field changes and earthquake. This paper firstly explains the principle of the eliminating noise method by using multi-dipole observation system of the geoelectric field. Then the data observed at the stations are studied and a lot of abnormal signals preceding the Wen’an earthquake are selected, of which five abnormal signals of the geoelectric field are finally recognized as the precursory signals. The result shows that ? there probably exists the precursory signals of the geoelectric field preceding the Wen’an earthquake; ? there are sensitive sites in the spatial distribution of the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field before the quack; ? the anomalous signals do not appear synchronously, and their durations are not same at different stations; ? the amplitudes of the abnormal signals recorded at Baodi station are small, but large at Changli station, while the latter is farther from the epicentral area than the former.     

与大电流信号有关的华北东部地区地电场空间变化特征的研究

在地震电磁学研究中,电流在地下的流动特征与构造关系是一个非常重要的问题.大范围观测站的分布和强电流源存在的格局为我们研究这个问题提供了机会.本文通过对青岛换流站接地极向地下注入2100~3004 A大电流时华北东部地区21个地电场台站观测的研究,深入认识了地电场信号变化实质.研究表明：①沿着郯庐断裂带方向、跨过郯庐断裂带西南方向、跨过郯庐断裂带北西方向能够记录到地电流信号的特征变化非常大,存在着明显方向性特征和“穴位”现象.②注入大地的电流强度越大,则在观测点记录到的地电流信号强度也越强.③本文研究区域里地电场信号的均匀度并不遵循均匀介质条件下的一般规律,说明地下介质电性非均匀性和各向异性特征明显.④大电流注入地下时能够较正确地反映信号源方位的台站较少,只有安丘台、大山台和新沂台所观测到的方位线可用于确定信号源的位置.本文从点电流源与台站测线布局构成的装置系统、大区域介质非均匀性、台站测区以及附近地区的介质细结构的影响三个方面,通过数值模拟,对上述特征进行了较深入的分析和解释.     

Method of pseudotopography: A new approach to analysis of magnetovariational and magnetotelluric data

The method of pseudotopography is a new mode of representing magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data based on a 3-D generalization of geoelectric pseudosections widely used at the stage of qualitative interpretation. The paper considers a synthetic model whose layers, imitating the sedimentary cover, crust, and upper mantle, contain a poorly conductive and a few highly conductive prisms differing in strike. The pseudotopography of apparent resistivities demonstrates the static superposition effect: the effects of near-surface chaotic heterogeneities (geoelectric noise) together with the near-surface and crustal prisms are superimposed on the effect of the mantle prism, distorting the information on the deep structure of the Earth. However, the pseudotopographies of the Wiese-Parkinson matrix, horizontal magnetic tensor, phase tensor, and phases of the impedance tensor are free from the superposition effect: arising at definite frequencies, geoelectric noise and the effects of the shallower prisms decay with decreasing frequency, making the effects of deeper prisms recognizable. Thus, it is clearly demonstrated that magnetovariational and phase estimates, being independent of static distortion, can provide reliable information on the deep structure of the Earth and significantly enhance the effectiveness of magnetotellurics.