Theoretical study on coastal upwelling induced by alongshore current

The perturbation method is used to derive this mathematical model for coastal upwelling induced by alongshore current at the shelf break on a slowly sloping continental shelf. The geostrophic flow velocity with bottom friction as the velocity at the shell" break is presumably the best choice for the homogeneous model.The present analysis will be beneficial to understanding and further study of the upwelling induced by an alongshore current.     

A steady model on upweling in a strait

Hsueh and O Brien (1971) proposed a model on coastal upwelling induced by alongshore current. Their model is two - dimensional .steady , f - plane , linear and homogeneous with constant depth , in which wind effect was not considered . In the present paper, we proposed a steady model on upwelling in a strait with alongshore boundary current and wind applied on the surface. The following conclusions have been drawn.1 . Alongshore boundary current contributes more to upwelling than wind near the right coast.2. Alongshore boundary current influence can reach to about 70 km away from the right coast.3. Upwelling in the left half of the strait is mainly produced by wind .4. Under certain conditions, the combined action of wind and alongshore boundary current can produce upwelling in the middle of the strait.     

Coastal upwelling and coastal jets in continuously stratified seas

Nonlinear numerical models of continuously stratified seas are developed for vertical sections to study the mechanism of coastal upwelling and coastal jets in two kinds of seas: the so-called finite or closed sea bounded by two vertical coastal coasts, without elevation of sea surface, but with a flat bottom; and the semi-infinite sea bounded by only one vertical coast, with both an elevation of sea surface and a flat or inclined bottom. Constant wind stress in the first case, and constant wind stress or negative wind stress curl in the second case, are abruptly imposed. The key procedure for the mathematical analysis is to calculate the horizontal pressure gradient first by a special treatment. In the first case, the variation of horizontal components of velocity is changed with time to show three successive time intervals. The results show that the width of baroclinic jets depends upon (σS)^1/2, and that distribution of isopycnic lines delineates the warm and cold regions. The relative importance of each term in the equilibrium among forces is thus determined. Distribution of stream function in vertical section reveals the upper and bottom Ekman layers. Two coastal jets are found with different alongshore velocities. The distribution of density anomalies displays the horizontal diffusion adjustment. An unstable case appears at different surface boundary conditions. In the second case, the vertical velocity will be stronger in the sea with less stratification, with an inclined bottom, and with a negative wind stress curl. The horizonatal offshore velocity increases in strength in a sea with inclined bottom and with negative wind stress curl. The vertical circulation pattern reveals the upwelling only. The distribution of density shows the isopycnic lines lifted upward near the shores. Obviously, the range of elevation of sea surface near the shore is larger than that far offshore. The jet width is less than the Rossby radius of deformation. A stronger jet will occur in more shallow water with negative wind stress curl. The coastal jet does not develop when the coefficient of horizontal turbulence increases to a certain limiting value.     

On Long-waves breaking II. in a half infinite channel with bottom slope

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal ocean into shallow estuarine waters, often produces asymmetries of velocity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking. Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth, consideringnth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottom slope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location are estimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtained can also be easily applied to the case considering wind stress.     

Determination of fractional energy loss of waves in nearshore waters using an improved high-order Boussinesq-type model

Fractional energy losses of waves due to wave breaking when passing over a submerged bar are studied systematically using a modified numerical code that is based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations. The model is first tested by the additional experimental data, and the model’s capability of simulating the wave transformation over both gentle slope and steep slope is demonstrated. Then, the model’s breaking index is replaced and tested. The new breaking index, which is optimized from the several breaking indices, is not sensitive to the spatial grid length and includes the bottom slopes. Numerical tests show that the modified model with the new breaking index is more stable and efficient for the shallow-water wave breaking. Finally, the modified model is used to study the fractional energy losses for the regular waves propagating and breaking over a submerged bar. Our results have revealed that how the nonlinearity and the dispersion of the incident waves as well as the dimensionless bar height (normalized by water depth) dominate the fractional energy losses. It is also found that the bar slope (limited to gentle slopes that less than 1:10) and the dimensionless bar length (normalized by incident wave length) have negligible effects on the fractional energy losses.     

Industrial arrangement of large-scale, non-grid-connected wind power industrial zones in coastal areas of China

Constructing an industrial system for a large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power industry is a key step towards the diverse utilization of wind power.However,wind power exploitation is not only a technical challenge but an industrial problem as well.The objective of this study is to introduce a concept of large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power(LSNGCWP) industrial zones and establish an evaluation model to assess their industrial arrangement.The data of wind energy,industry,nature resources and socio-economy were collected in this study.Using spatial overlay analysis of geographic information system,this study proposes a spatial arrangement of the LSNGCWP indus-trial zones in the coastal areas of China,which could be summarized as the ’one line and three circles’ structure,which will contribute to the optimization of the industrial structure,advance the wind power technology,coordinate the multi-industrial cooperation,and upgrade the industrial transformation of China’s coastal areas.     

ON LONG-WAVES BREAKING Ⅱ.IN A HALF INFINITE CHANNEL WITH BOTTOM SLOPE

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.     

AN EXACT SOLUTION OF SUB-INERTIAL FREQUENCY BAROCLINIC WAVES

By using a coordinate transformation, an exact solution of internal tides with sub-inertial frequency isobtained when the bottom slope is linear and the Vaisala frequency is constant. Accordingly thedispersion relations of free waves are presented. This solution is suitable for general coastal low-frequencybaroclinic waves with zero alongshore wavenumber.     

In the Mountain＇s Shadow： Japan＇s Silk Reelers Blazed an Asian Path of Economic Development

Exploring the history of the silk-reeling industry in Chichibu, Japan, this paper challenges the prevalent representation of mountain communities as marginal economic peripheries of the metropolitan center or as reservoirs of poverty and backwardness. Mountain districts were the cradle of an Asian “industrious” revolution that led to Japan‘s modernization. The highland-based silk-reeling producers pioneered an autonomous Asian model of industrial development, which competed successfully against the capital-intensive system introduced from the West into coastal cities. The export strength of silk-producing households in upland villages overturns the claim that Japan‘s economic miracle was based on the introduction of Western technology and administrative systems. To the contrary, the Asian-style management practices and labor standards developed by the silk producers were transferred to a succession of other industries. These indigenous practices account for the rise of Japanese industry in world markets. The clash between the two opposing models of modernization resulted in modern Japan‘s first major civil conflict, the Chichibu Rebellion of 1884, a legacy that has major implications for today‘s recession-mired Japan as well as for developing countries striving for an alternative path to economic development.     

Locational distribution and spatial diffusion of foreign direct investiments from Hongkong and Macao in mainland of China

Foreign direct investments (or FDIs) have been employed since the early 1980s and they have become more and more important in Chinese economic development. However, the roles of FDIs are very different between regions, partly due to the different locational preference of various source countries. Some facts show that FDIs from Hongkong - Macao indicate a strong locational preference. Therefore, this paper attempts to make an empirical research on the locational preference of Hongkong - Macao’s FDIs and their spatial diffusion under the support of statistical data with regression analysis. In this paper, three statistical models, including the special location model, the general location model and the spatial diffusion model, are created. The results show that this kind of analysis is successful. The major conclusions are as follows. (1) The optimum location for FDIs from Hongkong - Macao lies in the coastal area, especially Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Fujian provinces. Besides, Hubei Province is also an important region. (2) The FDIs from Hongkong - Macao in China have diffused gradually from the coastal provinces to the inland regions, the northern and the metropolis and from the locations that had attracted a large number of investments to their vicinities since the 1990s. (3) The special location factors, such as the border effect, the unique social and kinship ties are the key factors determining the special locational distribution. (4) The general location and spatial diffusion of Hongkong - Macao’s FDIs are the results of interplay of several economic factors. They are the economic scale and advantage, the growth rate, the labor force and economic extrovert etc.     

The recent economic development of China’s ‘million’ cities

Since the 1980’s, two new trends have been emerging in the economic development of the Chinese ‘million’ cities. One is the development disparity, and the other is the industrial restructuring. Firstly, in terms of per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 32 ‘million’ cities are classified into 4 types. The paper thinks there are 3 main causes which bring about the development disparity. Then, the paper approaches the industrial restructuring of the ‘million’ cities. In order to shrink the gap between the coastal ‘million’ cities and the interior ‘million’ cities, the paper thinks that the central government should pay most attention to the economic development of the inland, meanwhile, the interior ‘million’ cities should speed up the economic reform and industrial restructuring.     

A study on the baroclinic structure of the abyssal circulation

In this paper, the linear continuously stratified ntxiel of the abyssal circulation proposed by Pedlosky (1992) was emended to include the second order term - (γθm) in the vertical turbulent mixing pararneterization of - (ω‘θ‘）x = kvθxx- θxxx, in which kv is a vertical diffusion coefficient,and γ is the second order coefficient of turbulent mixing (or simply called γ-term and γ＜0 is only allcmed). The influence of the γ-tema on the baroclinic structure of the abyssal circulation driven by up-welling out of the abyss was investigated, It was found that the γ-term has a noticeable influence on thebaroclinic structure of the upwelling driven abyssal circulation. For uniform upwelling, it favors the baroelinic layering of the abyssal circulation in the eastern part of the basin, but prevents the layering in thewest. In addition, this parameter was found to decrease the vertically averaging meridional velocity of theabyssal circulation frcrn the west to the east on the southern boundary. For upwelling localized near theeastern boundary, the γ - term favors baroclinic layering of the abyssal circulation in the whole basin.Especially, on the southern boundary the γ - term could strengthen the vertically averaging meridional ve-loeity in the west, but gready weaken it in the east. The ntntel presented here might be considered as anextension of the Pedlosky baroclinic ntntel of the abyssal circulation.     

A calibration method of Argo floats based on multiple regression analysis

1 INTRODUCTION Argo floats are instruments that move freely with the ocean current at fixed parking depths and cycle from a profiling depth to the sea surface at regular time intervals. While rising to the surface, these autonomous floats take profiles of…     

The relation of the average sound intensity to range in homogeneous shallow-water

Using a “three parameters” bottom model, the average sound intensity in homogeneous shallow water with constant depth is found by a better expression to be finite for normal mode number of water layer. The space structure of the sound field and some factors controlling the near, middle and far fields are discussed with this expression. This paper was published in Chinese inOceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 14 (2): 198–202, 1983.     

Wetland resource protection and rational utilization in China

Wetlands of China cover an area of 63 million ha, among which, natural wetlands 25 million ha, including mires, shallow lakes, etc., artificial wetlands 38 million ha. Besides these, there are a lot of rivers and islands, stretching 18,000 km of coastal line and coastal zone below the tidal within the water depth of 6 m. Based on the climatic regional differences, biota similarity and biodiversity abundance, China’s wetlands can be divided into 9 main regions. Wetlands not only have huge functions to regulate mankind’s living environment, but also are the important and precious natural resources. For a long period, since the contradiction between population and resources, energy, grain is getting more and more obvious, China’s wetlands are facing to serious disturbances, such as large-scale reclamation, overhunting, industrial waste water pollution and species introducing. They have brought about the wetland quantity reducing and quality falling, furthermore have effects on sustainable development. For the special national conditions of China, higher population pressure, China should carry out wetland resource protection and rational utilization, not only protection.     

Optimal Filtering Algorithm for Stochastic 2-D FMM Ⅱ with Multiplicative Noise

1　Introduction　Inrecentyearstherehasbeengrowingresearchin terestinthetwo dimensional (2 D )systemtheory .The 2 Dsystemsmayfindapplicationsinareassuchasmarineseismicdataprocessingandimageprocessing .Althoughmoreandmorevaluableresultshavebeengained ,mos…     

Dynamic Evolvement of Agricultural System and Typical Patterns of Modern Agriculture in Coastal China： A Case of Suzhou

Based on dynamic theory of system, agriculture is a complex system composed by element, structure, function and development. Firstly, this paper analyzes their connotation and relationship, which could be simply described that in virtue of element integrating and structure optimizing, agricultural system may achieve multifunctionality to meet increasingly diverse demands. As a case study of Suzhou, it concludes that Suzhou has a LP-dependence on agricultural element, and the growth extent of agricultural productivity correlates to the ratio of agricultural labor reducing rate to farmland reducing rate. Agricultural structure of Suzhou changed with time, and in the early 1980s and 2000s it was most notable. Correspondingly, agricultural function has experienced a succession process: ‘production’, ‘production-living’, and ‘production-living-ecology’. At last, based on questionnaires and interviews, some new characteristics and problems of agricultural development in coastal developed region of China have been put forward. Meanwhile, some typical patterns of modern agriculture in Suzhou which adapt to system evolving are also brought up such as export-oriented agriculture, enterprises-leading agriculture, agricultural science and technology parks, characteristic and stereoscopic agriculture, tourism and sightseeing agriculture. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40635029, No. 40771014)