铂-钯区域地球化学勘查

以Pt、Pd作为直接指示元素，利用1：20万全国区域化探扫面水系沉积物测量副样和全国超低密度泛滥平原沉积物测量样品，采用化学光谱法测定Pt、Pd和Au三种元素，进行了中国大陆超低密度Pt、Pd地球化学填图，在川滇等地球化学省开展了1：20万Pt、Pd区域化探，发现中国大陆存在几个重要的Pt、Pd地球化学省和一些区域异常。中国大陆Pt、Pd丰度低：Pt0.42ng/g,Pd0.35ng/g，呈不均匀分布。在活动带Pt、Pd有显著富集。川滇是一个重要的铂族元素成矿省，除镁铁-超镁铁岩及在关的铂族元素矿化外，在黑色岩系以及西南暗色岩系等岩层中Pt、Pd等显著富集，并且发现了非传统类型的铂族矿化。     

Recognition of aeolian soils of the Blayney district, NSW: implications for mineral exploration

Aeolian soils in the Blayney district are characterised by having approximately 80% of their mass finer than 63 μm, Ti/Zr ratios of approximately 12, radioelement contents of 0.7% K, 2 ppm eU and 11 ppm eTh and a position high in the landscape. Their Ti/Zr ratio and abundant quartz content distinguishes them from soils derived from Tertiary basalts, which share some of the other characteristics. Many soils in the district have a partial aeolian contribution, which can be recognised by a Ti/Zr ratio that differs from that of the underlying rock. Abundance of an aeolian contribution suggests that airborne radiometric surveys should be very carefully interpreted. Ground studies suggest that high Th content in soils contrasted with low Th in adjacent rocks can be indicative of an aeolian contribution in soils. A substantial amount of fine material in a soil can also significantly dilute geochemical signatures if −63 μm (<80 mesh) samples are used for soil surveys during exploration.     

Strike-slip faults in the West Siberian basin: implications for petroleum exploration and development

Specific deformation patterns in sediments associated with small-amplitude strike-slip faults in the basement have been recognized over a large territory of the West Siberian basin due to 3D seismic exploration advance. These patterns represent shear structures which turn to be a phenomenon beyond the classical views of the regional basin architecture. Many densely faulted oil and gas fields of a complex geometry in reservoir rocks of a wide stratigraphic range fall in zones of shear structures. Prospecting, test drilling, and oil enhancement activities in these fields are risky without a solid mechanic and kinematic background based on simulation of sedimentary fracture patterns which are associated with basement-involved strike-slip faults and may govern hydrocarbon migration as structure controls, fluid channels, or screens.     

云岗盆地晚中生代沉积-火山充填序列及其构造意义

利用凝灰岩夹层及安山岩的锆石U-Pb同位素测年,对云岗盆地晚中生代地层充填序列的关键时限进行了限定。结合地层接触关系、安山岩的地球化学特征,分析了重点地质界面的构造意义。取得了以下主要认识:(1)早中侏罗世,盆地为一套湖进序列的连续沉积,以大同组含煤地层为代表,暗示着区域拉张的构造背景;(2)盆地整体缺失了晚侏罗世(160.4±1.1)Ma至早白垩世(130.1±0.7)Ma的沉积地层,其发生的动力学背景可能与古太平洋、西伯利亚、特提斯同时向东亚大陆汇聚产生的远程效应有关;(3)旧高山安山岩形成于早白垩世(130.1±0.7)Ma大陆板内裂谷的构造背景,与华北克拉通破坏的动力学背景紧密相关。研究成果对旧高山安山岩时代归属提出了新的认识,并不归属于上侏罗统髫髻山组,而相当于下白垩统张家口组。     

Geochemistry and mineral chemistry of lode gold mineralisation, SE Egypt: implications for ore genesis and exploration

Orogenic, lode gold mineralisation in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt is related to quartz veins spatially and temporally associated with conjugate NW- and NE-trending brittle–ductile shear zones. These structures are assumed to be linked to a regional transpression deformation which occurred late in the tectonic evolution of the area. In the Betam deposit, gold is confined to quartz(±carbonate) veins cutting through tectonised metagabbro and metasedimentary rocks in the vicinity of small granite intrusions. The ore bodies contain ubiquitous pyrite and arsenopyrite, in addition to minor disseminated chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, tetrahedrite and rare gold/electrum. New ore microscopy and electron microprobe studies indicate that most free-milling Au is intimately associated with the late-paragenetic galena–tetrahedrite–chalcopyrite assemblage. An early Fe–As sulphide assemblage, however, shows minor traces of refractory gold. New mineralogical and geochemical data are used to better constrain on possible element dispersions for exploration uses. This study indicates that parameters that most consistently define primary dispersion of gold in the mine area include pervasive silicification, sericite and carbonate alteration. The trace element data of gold lodes reflect a systematic dispersion of gold and certain base metals. Low-cost, extensive exploration programs may use elevated concentrations of Ag, Sb, Cu and Pb as tracers for Au ore zones in the Betam mine area and surroundings.     

西藏南木林晚白垩世辉绿岩与花岗质脉岩成因及其揭示的伸展背景

青藏高原南部拉萨地块晚白垩世岩浆岩带的岩石成因和动力学对于揭示大陆碰撞之前的特提斯演化过程具有重要意义。本文报道了南木林县南部的辉绿岩岩株及侵入其中的正长花岗岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和微量元素以及岩石地球化学数据,并探讨了晚白垩世构造-岩浆作用过程。辉绿岩年龄为93.8Ma,正长花岗岩脉年龄为92.4Ma,为同期晚白垩世岩浆活动产物。辉绿岩富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,锆石εHf(t)为+8.5~+14.2,具有亏损的岛弧岩浆特征,可能是俯冲交代的地幔楔熔体与软流圈熔体相互作用发生部分熔融的产物;正长花岗岩具有富Si O2(74.76%~76.02%)、富K2O(4.75%~6.18%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=7.57%~8.44%),以及过铝质特征(A/CNK=1.10~1.18),εHf(t)为+7.7~+13.0,岩石属于高分异的I型花岗岩,可能源于新生的镁铁质下地壳的部分熔融。从南木林地区产出的基性岩和酸性脉岩构成的"双峰式"岩石组合、靠近弧后的伸展构造背景、软流圈和岩石圈的共同参与、上地幔和下地壳同时产生岩浆作用等过程,结合78~100Ma岩浆作用大规模东西向带状分布等研究结果,本文认为南木林南部岩浆岩可能是在新特提斯洋壳北向俯冲挤压的同时,在大约90~100Ma时期,深部发生了板片断离或者板片回转,浅部造成了弧后伸展的构造背景。位于板片窗上方,源于交代地幔楔和软流圈相互作用产生了镁铁质岩浆,上侵后诱发下地壳部分熔融形成花岗质岩浆。基性岩石、花岗质岩石以及特殊类型的紫苏花岗岩、埃达克岩等多种岩石类型并存,表明晚白垩世时期,特提斯洋向着拉萨地块之下的总体俯冲背景下,可能存在洋脊俯冲、板片断离、板片回转等多种构造-岩浆体制。     

Migration of platinum,palladium, and gold in the water systems of platinum deposits

In order to explore the behavior of platinum group elements in the ecosystems of mineral deposits, the migration characteristics of platinum and palladium were determined in the pH range typical of surface waters. Model sorption experiments on the precipitation of platinum and palladium on iron oxyhydroxide in the presence of major natural inorganic and organic ligands showed that platinum interacts most actively with an iron oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) precipitate within the whole pH range, both in the absence and presence of natural organic substances, whereas palladium is preferentially bound to dissolved, suspended, and sedimentary humic substances. The thermodynamic calculation of coexisting platinum and palladium species is qualitatively consistent with experimental data on the character of accumulation and migration of these elements. The obtained data suggest that the migration of platinum and palladium into highly colored waters in the zones of platinum group element deposits results in their extensive deposition on natural geochemical barriers.     

Microbiological exploration for mineral deposits: a new technique

The measurement of metal resistance in microorganisms is a cost-effective technique that should be used to supplement the presently employed inorganic geochemical methods of exploration. The method is based on the measurement of metal tolerances in the total microbial population by means of the use of culture techniques. It is strongly recommended that the culture technique demonstrated here be integrated into reconnaissance exploration programs that require efficient focusing to be successful. The technique was developed and successfully tested in the Tomichi Mining District, Colorado, U.S.A., where the environment is subalpine to tundra and the metals sought include Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, and Au. It is easily adapted to most environments and metals, and draws additional advantage from being able to detect mineralization at greater distance and with lower sample density than standard inorganic sampling techniques.     

天山后峡盆地晚中生代反冲断层的发现及其地质意义

天山山脉是通过古生代陆壳增生和晚古生代陆-陆碰撞形成的,新生代又受到强烈的陆内挤压隆升与褶皱断裂作用的改造,但对天山造山带中生代的构造变形特征知之甚少。在北天山后峡盆地发现一系列北倾南冲的逆冲推覆构造,根据区域地质资料推测应属于晚中生代的反冲断层。区域资料,特别是磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果表明,天山造山带在中生代晚期经历了一次重要的构造隆升事件,后峡盆地的反冲构造就属于该期山脉隆升事件的构造表现方式。这对进一步认识天山造山带中生代的构造演化和印-亚碰撞对该地区的远程效应有重要意义。     

Chemical composition of tourmaline from the Yunlong tin deposit, Yunnan, China: implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration

Summary ?The Yunlong tin deposit is located in the northern part of the Lancangjiang metamorphic zone of the Sanjiang Tethys orogen series in western Yunan province of China. It consists of vein-type cassiterite ores, which are mainly hosted in migmatites of Caledonian age. Abundant tourmaline is associated with the ores, quartz–tourmaline veins and barren migmatized gneiss and migmatites. A detailed electron microprobe study has been carried out to document the chemical compositions of tourmaline from this deposit. The results exhibit a systematic compositional change that might be used as tracer for ore genesis and in prospecting for tin mineralization. Tourmalines from the ore bodies are dravite with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.09 ∼ 0.31 and Ca/(Ca + Na) ratios of 0.03 ∼ 0.40. These tourmalines are also rich in chromium (up to 0.74 wt% Cr₂O₃) and tin (up to 0.42 wt% Sn). In contrast, tourmalines from the barren migmatites are mostly schorl with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.38 ∼ 0.94 and Ca/(Ca + Na) ratios of 0.00 ∼ 0.14. Tourmalines from quartz–tourmaline veins that occur between ore bodies and the migmatites show intermediate compositions, i.e., Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.09 ∼ 0.59, Ca/(Ca + Na) = 0.01 ∼ 0.22. It is suggested that the Mg-rich nature of the tourmaline can be used as an exploration tool in this region to target tin mineralization, because the tourmalines show increasing Mg contents and are more dravitic when approaching the ore bodies. It is likely that the formation of the Yunlong tin deposit was related to migmatitic-hydrothermal processes. The high Mg and Cr contents in tourmalines from the ore bodies were probably derived from the local meta-sedimentary and meta-volcanic rocks of the Precambian Chongshan Group rather than from the granites in the region. Received December 28, 2000; revised version accepted January 25, 2002     

西藏桑桑蛇绿岩辉绿岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄：对特提斯洋盆发育的年代学制约

蛇绿岩中的辉绿岩岩墙是洋脊扩张的产物,其形成年龄代表了扩张事件的时间,也代表了蛇绿岩的形成时代.对雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段桑桑蛇绿岩中的辉绿岩岩墙进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,得出加权平均年龄为(125.2±3.4)Ma(2σ,MSWD=1.15),即辉绿岩结晶年龄.结合已有的关于雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩形成年龄(中段大竹卡(126.0±1.5)Ma,吉定(123.0±1.8)Ma;西段休古嘎布(122.3±2.4)Ma和东段罗布莎(162.9±2.8)Ma)的报道,该结果表明桑桑地区特提斯洋海底扩张的时代,与中段大竹卡、吉定地区以及西段休古嘎布地区洋盆形成时代一致,但晚于东段发育时代,表明雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段地区洋盆时代相当,而整个东特提斯洋盆发育时代存在东早西晚的特点.     

Pb isotopic ratios and elemental abundances for selective leachates from near-surface till: implications for mineral exploration

Pb isotope ratios obtained from fine-grained fractions ( < 63 and < 2 gmm from near-surface ( < 1 m depth) till surrounding ore deposits show isotopic overprinting from the underlying sulfide mineralization, and provide a new approach to mineral exploration for massive sulfide deposits (VMS) in glaciated terrains.In this study, Pb isotopic measurements, and selective leaching of 6 near-surface till samples down-ice from the Chisel Lake (Manitoba) and Manitouwadge (Ontario) VMS deposits were carried out in order to determine the location and nature of the Pb within till. Elemental abundances from selective leachates for all 6 samples display similar patterns and show that chalcophile elements (Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), derived predominantly from the underlying VMS deposits, occur as (i) adsorbed/exchangeable metals; (ii) associated with oxyhydrous Fe and Mn; (iii) crystalline Fe oxides, and/or (iv) silicate. Despite the relative proximity of some of the till samples to the VMS deposits, only a very small component of the chalcophile elements is present as sulfide. This result is consistent with those from studies of weathered (oxidized) tills, which show that labile minerals such as sulfides have been completely destroyed and their chemical constituents reprecipitated or scavenged locally by clay-sized phyllosilicates and secondary oxides/hydroxides.Pb isotopic ratios for selective leachates from till samples with VMS-like (anomalous) signatures are similar to those from ore (galena) within the proximal VMS deposits. This indicates that the Pb is of a secondary nature and was probably scavenged and deposited after destruction of original sulfide minerals during till formation. The lack of a predominant sulfide-held Pb component within the selective leachates supports this interpretation. In contrast, Pb isotopic ratios for the same selective leachates from “background” samples are significantly higher and show that the Pb is not derived from proximal VMS deposits but from a more radiogenic source.Till samples were also leached using 2.5 M HCl (ldconventional” leaching). The Pb isotope ratios from the conventional leachates are similar to those obtained from the selective leachates, and show a large difference in Pb isotopic ratios between anomalous and background samples. We propose, therefore, that the conventional leaching rather than selective leaching or complete dissolution of a particular grain-size fraction be adopted for mineral exploration purposes using glacial sediments.The results from this study support the effective use of Pb isotope ratios from near-surface till as an exploration tool despite the weathered nature of the latter. We feel that this represents a more cost-effective technique over traditional geochemical prospecting methods, if used in conjunction with Pb abundance data.     

长江中下游成矿带铁-铜成矿系统结构的地球物理探测: 综合分析

成矿系统是在深部过程驱动下形成的、具有自组织的能量及物质迁移-汇聚系统。系统在形成和演化过程中,在岩石圈不同尺度上留下“痕迹”,这种“痕迹”可以通过地球物理、地球化学和遥感等方法进行探测或观测。文章尝试在成矿系统理论框架下,对近10多年来在长江中下游成矿带进行的多尺度地球物理、地球化学探测结果进行分析,识别典型陆内成矿系统“源区”“通道”“场所”的地球物理、地球化学“痕迹”,尝试构建陆内成矿系统的空间结构模型。主要结论有:(1)长江中下游晚中生代的大规模铁、铜多金属成矿作用是一个完整的成矿系统。该系统包括3个子系统,分别为与高钾钙碱性岩浆岩有关的夕卡岩-斑岩成矿子系统、与橄榄安粗岩有关的陆相火山岩铁(硫)成矿子系统和与碱性岩有关的铜-金(铀)成矿子系统。(2)成矿系统的“源区”来自富集地幔的熔融、底侵,并在壳/幔边界与下地壳物质的混合,具有多级分布特点。幔源岩浆与地壳物质混合的比例决定了成矿金属的类型。(3)成矿带发育的“鳄鱼嘴”构造是铁铜成矿系统的主干“通道”。成矿系统“末端”矿质沉淀的“场所”主要受近地表褶皱、断裂、层间滑脱断层,以及由它们形成的断裂(裂隙)网络控制。(4)区域磁异常、放射性和地球化学异常是成矿系统残留“痕迹”的响应和“标识”。通过分析不同尺度的“标识”特征,可以深入认识成矿系统的空间结构,并可用于深部成矿预测。     

二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和勘查区二叠系油气信息及其意义

在总结二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和勘查区钻遇地层与烃源岩发育特征的基础上,通过对揭示二叠系的钻井油气显示与油气层测试情况,以及对不同井区原油物性与地球化学特征的分析,认为YH3井天然气、YH8井区轻质原油与中生界烃源岩无关,探讨了与石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存信息,为二连盆地石炭系—二叠系油气地质调查与勘探提供重要信息。     

枞阳县石矶测区东马鞍山组磁铁矿层的发现及找矿意义

在庐枞火山岩盆地南缘外侧晚燕山期正长-花岗岩类侵入岩与盆缘基底地层接触带部位地质勘查工作中,枞阳县石矶测区ZK402孔发现了中三叠统东马鞍山组碳酸盐岩富铁层位和顺层磁铁矿体,见矿厚9.65米。矿石类型以块状磁铁矿为主,见有充填和交代残余结构,富矿层位和围岩伴有褐铁矿化（赤铁矿化）、硅化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化等,表明铁矿体系受层控和热液叠加改造共同作用成矿。进一步印证了东马鞍山组富铁层位在沿江地区以及庐枞火山岩盆缘铁矿成矿的普遍性。     

冀北滦平晚中生代火山碎屑（熔）岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

冀北滦平张家沟门村大北沟组上部首次发现凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩层 ,其中单颗粒锆石SHRIMPU_Pb年龄为 133.9± 2 .5Ma、130 .1± 2 .5Ma,并新测得井上村东张家口组顶部流纹质强熔结凝灰岩单颗粒锆石SHRIMPU_Pb年龄为 135 .4± 1.6Ma。综合研究及对比表明 ,滦平盆地含热河生物群岩系层序较为齐全 ,热河生物群应萌发于135Ma ;大北沟组大店子组界线年代为 130Ma。该界线年代的确定有助于侏罗白垩系界线年代的研究。     

Anomalous isotopic compositions of Sr,Ar and O in the Mesozoic diabase dikes of Liberia,West Africa

The Mesozoic diabase dikes of Liberia are tholeiites whose ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratios scatter widely on the Rb-Sr isochron diagram. The problem is attributed to differences in the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of these rocks which range from 0.70311 to 0.70792, assuming a uniform age of 186 Ma for the dikes and using (⁸⁷Rb)=1.42 × 10^–11y^–1. The range of values is similar to that observed in the Mesozoic basalt flows and dikes of other Gondwana continents.New whole-rock K-Ar dates confirm previous conclusions that the diabase dikes in the Liberian and Pan-African age provinces of Liberia absorbed extraneous ⁴⁰Ar after intrusion. Only the dikes in the Paynesville Sandstone have K-Ar dates that range from 117 Ma to 201 Ma and may not contain extraneous ⁴⁰Ar. However, dikes from all three age provinces of Liberia have elevated initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. These results indicate that contamination with radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr occurred primarily before intrusion of the magma whereas the addition of extraneous ⁴⁰Ar occurred after emplacement and reflects the age and mineral composition of the country rock.The ¹⁸O values of the Liberian diabase range from +5.6/% to +9.10/% and correlate positively with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. The data can be modeled by fractional crystallization and simultaneous assimilation of crustal rocks by the magma. However, samples containing amphibole and biotite replacing pyroxene deviate from the Sr-O isotope trajectories of the model and appear to have been depleted in ¹⁸O and enriched in ⁸⁷Sr by interactions with groundwater at high temperature.Laboratory for Isotope Geology and Geochemistry Contribution No. 76     

The Cihai diabase in the Beishan region,NW China: Isotope geochronology,geochemistry and implications for Cornwall-style iron mineralization

Diabase dykes in Cihai, Beishan region, NW China are spatially and temporally associated with ‘Cornwall-type’ iron deposits. U–Pb dating of zircons from a diabase dyke using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) yields an age of 128.5 ± 0.3 Ma, indicating an Early Cretaceous crystallization age. Most of the diabases show low Mg-numbers, suggesting evolved magmas. The diabase dykes show typical ophitic or sub-ophitic textures, and are dominantly composed of phenocrysts of plagioclase (40–50%) and clinopyroxene (30–45%), with minor and varying amounts of biotite and hornblende (1–5%), and minor disseminated magnetite (∼5%). Their mineralogy reflects magma differentiation under relatively low oxygen fugacity conditions. The diabase dykes are characterized by minor variation in SiO₂ (44.67–49.76 wt.%) and MnO (0.14–0.26 wt.%), but show a marked range of Al₂O₃ (10.66–14.21 wt.%), total Fe₂O₃ (9.52–13.88 wt.%), TiO₂ (0.66–2.82 wt.%) and relatively high MgO (4.87–9.29 wt.%) with an Mg# value [atomic Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺)] of up to 66. The Cihai diabases possibly experienced fractional crystallization of olivine + clinopyroxene and minor crustal contamination during the differentiation process. Prominent negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies suggest derivation from subduction-modified mantle. Furthermore, the rocks have relatively unradiogenic Sr- and Nd-isotopic ratios. These characteristics probably reflect partial melting of a subduction component in the source mantle lithosphere through heat input from an upwelling asthenospheric mantle. Such processes probably occurred within an extensional setting during the Early Cretaceous in the Beishan area. The iron-rich fluids were derived from deep sources, and the iron ores were concentrated through a convection cell driven by temperature gradients established by the intrusion of the diabase sills. The combined processes of subduction-related enrichment in the source, shallow depth of emplacement, and the involvement of large-scale circulation of basinal brines from an evaporitic source are inferred to have contributed to the formation of the ‘Cornwall-type’ mineralization in Cihai.