实时智能地震处理系统在2013年福建仙游ML5.0地震序列中的应用研究

文中将实时智能地震处理系统(RISP)应用于福建仙游地震序列,处理了2013年8月至12月福建台网的连续波形数据。自动处理结果与人工编目结果进行了深入对比,全面评估了RISP系统对该地震序列的自动处理能力。RISP系统共产出615个地震,与人工编目匹配事件462个,对于M_L≥1.0的地震,匹配率达到96.4%;漏检测事件282个,其中M_L<1.0占比为94.7%;多检测事件162个,均为仙游序列地震事件。匹配事件地震参数统计结果表明：发震时刻偏差不超过1 s占比99.13%;震中位置偏差小于5 km占比98.69%;震源深度偏差在5 km内占比91.5%;震级偏差不超过0.5占比89.54%。通过该实例测试表明：现有观测条件下,利用RISP系统可以快速产出仙游地区M_L≥1.0地震序列目录,地震目录完备性高,RISP系统产出地震参数精度与人工处理结果相当,可应用于大震应急、震后趋势判定等工作。     

2022年1月8日青海门源MS6.9地震余震序列自动处理结果探讨

使用2022年1月8日青海门源M_S6.9地震前3天及后7天甘肃地震台网固定台站和邻省共享台站记录到的连续波形数据,利用RISP系统自动检测余震序列,并将检测结果与人工编目结果进行对比分析.结果表明:自动编目与人工编目定位结果基本一致,震中位置差(3.9±1.51)km,震级差值M_L(0.17±0.22);自动编目结果的发震时刻普遍略早于人工目录,但两种目录中大部分余震发生时刻的差值在2s内.自动编目产出速度快,且能检测人工无法识别的微小余震,提高了目录完备性.综合来看,自动编目系统产出结果符合预期目标,可为震群趋势判断、破裂过程快速反演等相关科学研究提供数据支撑.     

西南区域自动地震速报系统定位结果评估

对比分析2009年7月1日～2017年12月31日西南区域自动地震速报系统产出的1467个地震定位结果与全国统一编目目录,结果显示:(1)自动速报的平均用时为70s;96.37%的地震发震时刻偏差小于5s;91.64%的地震震中定位误差小于20km;99.52%的地震深度偏差小于20km;(2)当3.0≤M4.0时,震级匹配最好;当M 3.0及4.0≤M 4.5时,震级偏差小于0.3;当M≥4.5时,自动速报震级小于统一编目震级,且震级越大,偏差越大;当M≥6.0时,震级偏差明显增大,自动速报震级不具可靠性;(3)发震时刻、震中位置、震级、深度等偏差较大的问题,主要是台站分布不合理且没有近台、大震尾波的干扰、同一地区短时间震群事件中的余震较多等因素造成的。此外,对系统的漏报、误报情况进行了分析,并对区域自动地震速报系统的完善与整合提出了建议。     

基于震例类比的震后趋势早期判定技术系统建设

针对目前震后趋势早期判定中存在的基础知识库匮乏、产出规范化不足等问题,整理、完善、充实了震后趋势背景知识库,集成专家经验形成基于震例类比的震后趋势早期判定规则,并利用信息模板智能筛选技术,建立了震后趋势早期判定技术系统,实现了震情自动触发的地震基本概况（构造背景信息）、历史地震活动（震源机制、序列类型统计）、震后趋势研判意见等相关图件、文字、PPT报告的自动撰写与权限控制下的多平台推送。系统试运行8个月中,90%以上的震例产品在5min内产出;约80%的震例自动判定结果与人工研判结果基本吻合,震级差小于0.5;系统自动判定结果与地震实况的吻合度优于人工研判结果。试运行结果证明该系统在中国地震台网中心震后趋势快速研判中发挥了重要作用。     

实时智能地震处理系统研发及其在2021年云南漾濞Ms6.4地震中的应用

本文介绍了一套基于人工智能的实时地震处理系统,该系统采用深度学习方法检测地震,具备地震检测、到时拾取、震相关联、地震定位和震级测定功能,可实时和离线处理连续地震波形数据和密集地震序列,产出的地震目录定位精度高、完备性和一致性好.以云南漾濞Ms 6.4地震序列为例,可在震后2～4 min内产出地震目录,检测出的地震数量比人工多2～3倍,定位精度与人工处理结果相当,震级测量误差小,震级处理下限可达ML 0.0级左右.该系统不仅可应用于省级区域地震台网,也可用于密集地震台阵,水库、矿山和火山等专用台网的实时处理,基于该系统产出的结果,可进一步计算b值变化,分析地震时空演化特征,开展序列实时精定位,为地震应急、地震预测预报和相关科学研究提供重要数据.该系统对于优化我国地震数据自动处理流程,提升地震编目工作的自动化水平具有重要意义.     

和田地震台阵自动处理软件地震检测及定位能力评价

通过对和田地震台阵自动处理软件地震事件自动检测能力的分析,表明该软件具有较好的地震事件自动检测能力。通过从地震三要素(发震时刻、震级和震中位置)对软件定位能力的评价,得到发震时刻和震级较可靠,而震中位置有较大偏差,软件得到的震中与新疆测震台网目录震中的平均距离是224.66 km。     

新疆天山中段地震预警结果分析

为完成新疆天山中段重点预警区预警结果质量评估，对各地震预警系统产出率、预警时效性、震级偏差、震中偏差进行统计分析。以2022年1月1日至8月31日新疆天山中段重点预警区内的24条人工正式速报地震事件为基础，对新疆地震预警工程中EEW系统、JEEW系统预警首报结果进行统计分析。最终通过决策系统融合EEW与JEEW产出结果后进行发布，预警时效性小于10 s的预警地震事件7条，占比46.7%,震级偏差0～0.7,平均0.4,震级偏差全部小于1.0的地震事件占比100%,震中偏差小于10 km的地震事件14条，占比93.3%。综合分析，新疆两套地震预警系统对重点预警区内M_S3.0以上地震事件基本都能产出预警结果，决策系统发布结果在准确性方面基本满足预警要求，预警时效性方面有待改进与加强。     

联合概率法在合并相邻台网地震目录中的应用:以2014年鲁甸序列为例

中国目前实行的区域地震台网独立运行机制,使得在相邻不同台网的交界地区可能存在多个版本的地震目录和震相观测报告,影响了地震活动性分析与研究.为此,本文提出了一种基于联合概率的方法,可标明两个或多个相邻台网目录中相同的事件,合并它们的震相数据开展重新定位,并重构不同台网交界地区的统一地震目录.该方法的思路与分析步骤是：首先,计算获得不同台网之间具有最小发震时刻差异的两两地震的时空强差异分布,查找并剔除独立地震,计算事件合并的联合概率;其次,基于联合概率分析合并不同台网的地震目录和震相观测报告,对合并事件进行重新定位和定位误差分析,并基于G-R关系检验重构目录的完整性.本文以2014年鲁甸地震序列为例的初步应用结果显示,震相合并之后的地震定位精度相比之前单个台网的结果,特别是相比四川台网的目录,定位精度提高非常显著,合并后的目录与之前相对完整的云南目录接近,但相比由两个台网目录简单拼凑而成的目录更加准确.此外,研究还发现在目录合并过程中,对于4级以上的中强震,应选择M_S而不是以M_L震级标度;震相合并后被复用台站记录的到时信息可用于检测不同台网间的震相拾取是否存在系统偏差.本文提出的方法使得在相邻不同台网的过渡区形成一个统一且尽可能准确可靠的地震目录成为可能.     

基于机器学习算法的银川台阵资料自动化震相分析和定位

近年来快速发展的机器学习算法显著提高了震相拾取的精度和效率.采用卷积神经网络和递归神经网络的震相识别方法对银川台阵2019年6～7月的连续波形数据进行事件检测和P、S震相拾取,并通过快速震相关联和事件定位得到了银川地区较全的地震目录.结果表明,当震相数小于10时,虽然可以检测出较多事件,但分布呈弥散状,与区域地震活动特...     

2013年甘肃岷县-漳县MS6.6地震余震 序列目录完备性研究 基于对单台记录地震事件震中与震级的估计

中强地震余震序列地震目录编目是否完备、 震源参数是否准确,直接影响余震序列特征分析、 震后趋势快速判断和强余震预测等研究结果的科学性和可靠性. 2013年7月22日甘肃岷县-漳县M_S6.6地震余震序列目录中存在较多单台记录地震事件,地震观测报告仅给出其震级,而未给出震中位置. 由于余震波形间的相互交叠干扰,使得余震最大振幅的测量误差较大,造成地震观测报告给出的单台事件震级误差较大. 精确估计单台记录地震事件的震中和震级,能够补充完善现有地震目录,提高地震目录的完备性. 本文对单台记录地震事件震中和震级的估计不仅限于单个台站,而是通过分析区域台网中多个台站的波形记录实现. 首先以余震序列中震级较大、 波形记录信噪比较高的地震波形作为模板,使用波形互相关震相检测技术,检测单台记录的地震事件在多个台站的震相到时. 如果能在4个以上台站检测到震相,则利用测震台网常用的HYPOSAT方法估计其震中位置,并利用多个台站记录波形与模板地震的振幅比估计其震级. 之后计算主震发生后不同时间的最小完备性震级,并通过线性拟合得到最小完备性震级随时间变化的表达式,以分析此地震余震序列的目录完备性. 经过计算共得到253个单台记录地震事件的震级和其中177个事件的震中位置,其震中空间分布范围与余震序列中其它地震分布范围基本一致. 震级复测以及与人工拾取震相到时误差对比表明,该方法所得震相检测和震级估计结果具有较好的可靠性. 主震及最大余震发生后的短时间内,有较多数量单台事件的目录所给出的震级偏低,分析认为可能受主震与较大余震后续震相以及余震间相互干扰所致. 主震发生0.02—0.3天内,其余震序列最小完备性震级随时间的对数呈线性下降,在0.3天后最小完备性震级稳定在M_L1.1左右.      

2020年自动地震速报系统结果分析

选取2020年3月1日至12月31日速报地震,通过对比自动地震速报和人工地震速报结果,对自动地震速报系统产出结果进行偏差分析。该时段内自动速报系统共产出国内地震事件216次,漏报49个地震,未发生误报地震。自动速报地震震中位置平均偏差为6.7 km,震级平均偏差为0.15,平均用时119 s。震中位置偏差较大主要由台站分布不均匀、缺少近台、台站空隙角过大及系统自动拾取的震相误差较大所致。震级偏差较大主要是震级转换算法不合理等造成的。自动速报漏报地震与系统在地震定位时初至到时信噪比较低、台站分布不均匀和地震的孤立性等有关。此外,还对全国自动地震速报系统的改进提出了建议。     

Comparison of two earthquake early warning location methods

According to earthquake catalog records of Fujian Seismic Network, the T _now method and the four-station continuous location method put forward by Jin Xing are inspected by using P-wave arrival information of the first four stations in each earthquake. It shows that the four-station continuous location method can locate more seismic events than the T _now method. By analyzing the results, it is concluded that the reason for this is that the T _now method makes use of information from stations without being triggered, while some stations failed to be reflected in earthquake catalog because of discontinuous records or unclear records of seismic phases. For seismic events whose location results can be given, there is no obvious difference in location results of the two methods and positioning deviation of most seismic events is also not significant. For earthquakes outside the network, the positioning deviation may amplify as the epicentral distance enlarges, which may relate to the situation that the seismic stations are centered on one side of epicenter and the opening angle between seismic stations used for location and epicenter is small.     

四川省地震超快速报系统试运行评估

2016年,四川测震台网部署JOPENS地震超快速报系统。2017年3月20日系统进入试运行阶段,统计分析产出的地震数据,发现震级、震中位置等出现偏差,并存在漏报、误报等现象。选取地震的第1次和最后1次自动定位结果,与传统的人工速报和地震编目定位结果进行对比分析,评估地震超快速报系统的准确性和实效性。结果表明：地震超快速报系统总体运行稳定,定位精度低于人工速报,速度和精确度与地震台站分布密切相关;与传统的人工速报相比,超快自动速报具有明显的速度优势,可在地震发生后几秒至几十秒内自动确定地震三要素,地震定位的准确性和实效性满足超快速报要求。     

Machine learning-based automatic construction of earthquake catalog for reservoir areas in multiple river basins of Guizhou province,China

Large reservoirs have the risk of reservoir induced seismicity. Accurately detecting and locating microseismic events are crucial when studying reservoir earthquakes. Automatic earthquake monitoring in reservoir areas is one of the effective measures for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation. In this study, we first applied the automatic location workflow (named LOC-FLOW) to process 14-day continuous waveform data from several reservoir areas in different river basins of Guizhou province. Compared with the manual seismic catalog, the recall rate of seismic event detection using the workflow was 83.9%. Of the detected earthquakes, 88.9% had an onset time difference below 1 s, 81.8% has a deviation in epicenter location within 5 km, and 77.8% had a focal depth difference of less than 5 km, indicating that the workflow has good generalization capacity in reservoir areas. We further applied the workflow to retrospectively process continuous waveform data recorded from 2020 to the first half of 2021 in reservoir areas in multiple river basins of western Guizhou province and identified five times the number of seismic events obtained through manual processing. Compared with manual processing of seismic catalog, the completeness magnitude had decreased from 1.3 to 0.8, and a b-value of 1.25 was calculated for seismicity in western Guizhou province, consistent with the b-values obtained for the reservoir area in previous studies. Our results show that seismicity levels were relatively low around large reservoirs that were impounded over 15 years ago, and there is no significant correlation between the seismicity in these areas and reservoir impoundment. Seismicity patterns were notably different around two large reservoirs that were only impounded about 12 years ago, which may be explained by differences in reservoir storage capacity, the geologic and tectonic settings, hydrogeological characteristics, and active fault the reservoir areas. Prominent seismicity persisted around two large reservoirs that have been impounded for less than 10 years. These events were clustered and had relatively shallow focal depths. The impoundment of the Jiayan Reservoir had not officially begun during this study period, but earthquake location results suggested a high seismicity level in this reservoir area. Therefore, any seismicity in this reservoir area after the official impoundment deserves special attention.     

Study on the Moment Magnitude of Small and Moderate Earthquakes Located in the Inner Mongolia Region

Based on digital seismic waveform data from Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network, the source spectrum parameters of 182 small and moderate earthquakes from January, 2009 to September, 2016 are derived, and the seismic moment M₀ and moment magnitude M_W of the earthquakes are calculated. The M_L-M_W relationship and the relationship between stress drop and magnitude are obtained using the linear regression method. It is clear that incorporating the moment magnitude into the seismic quick report catalog and the official earthquake catalog can enrich earthquake observation report content, thus providing better service for earthquake emergency and earthquake scientific research.     

马鞍山地震台人工爆破与天然地震记录特征差异

鉴于马鞍山地区矿山较多,常有人工爆破发生,为了快速识别事件性质,分析了人工爆破与天然地震在P波初动方向、纵横波振幅比、衰减速度、频谱、发震时间等方面的差异。     

基于深度学习到时拾取自动构建长宁地震前震目录

将深度学习到时拾取、震相关联技术与传统定位方法联系起来,构建一套连续波形自动化处理与地震目录自动构建流程,对于高效充分利用地震资料,提升微震检测能力具有十分重要的意义.我们应用最新发展的迁移学习震相识别技术、震相自动关联技术,对长宁Ms6.0地震震中附近21个台站震前半个月(6月1日-6月17日)的连续记录波形进行P、...     

Intermediate-term Predictions of Earthquakes in Italy: Algorithm M8

—Large earthquakes in Italy are preceded by a specific seismic activation which could be diagnosed by a reproducible intermediate-term earthquake prediction method—a modification for lower seismic rate areas of the algorithm, known as M8 (Keilis-Borok and Kossobokov, 1990). Use has been made of the PFG-ING catalog of earthquakes, compiled on a regular basis, to determine areas and times of increased probability for occurrences of M≥ 6 earthquakes. In retroactive simulation of forward prediction, for the period 1972–1995, both the 1976 Friuli, M = 6.1 and the 1980 Irpinia, M = 6.5 earthquakes are predicted. In the experiment where priority magnitude scale is used, the times of increased probability for a strong earthquake to occur (TIPs) occupy less than a quarter of the total magnitude-space-time domain, and are rather stable with respect to positioning of circles of investiga tion. Successful stability tests have been made considering a recently compiled catalog (CCI97) (Peresan et al., 1997). In combination with the CN algorithm results (Costa et al., 1996) the spatio-temporal uncertainty of the prediction could be reduced to 5%. The use of M8 for the forward prediction requires the computations to be repeated each half-year, using the updated catalog.     

基于U形卷积神经网络的震相识别与到时拾取方法研究

精确获取震相到时是地震定位和地震走时成像等研究的重要基础.近年来,随着地震台站的不断加密,地震台网监测到的地震数量成倍增长,发展快速、准确、适用性强的震相到时自动拾取算法是地震行业的迫切需求.本文在前人工作基础上,发展了Pg、Sg震相自动识别与到时拾取的U网络算法（Unet_cea）,使用汶川余震和首都圈地震台网记录的89344个不同震级、不同信噪比的样本进行训练和测试.研究表明,U网络能够较好地识别Pg、Sg震相类型和拾取到时,Pg、Sg震相的正确识别率分别为81%和79.1%,与人工标注到时的均方根误差分别为0.41 s和0.54 s.U网络在命中率、均方根误差等性能指标上均明显优于STA/LTA和峰度分析自动拾取方法.研究获得的最优模型可以为区域地震台网的自动处理提供辅助.     

Preliminary analysis of earthquake probability based on the synthetic seismic catalog

The analysis of seismic hazards relies on the statistical analysis of historical seismic data and the instrumental seismic catalog to obtain the regional earthquake recurrence interval and earthquake probability. The accuracy of analysis thus depends strongly on the completeness of the seismic data used. However, available seismic catalogs are too short or incomplete for the reliable analysis of the statistical characteristics of earthquakes. If a long-term synthetic seismic catalog can be generated using a physics-based numerical simulation, and the simulation results match the crustal deformation, seismicity, and other observations,then such a synthetic catalog helps us to further understand the characteristics of seismic activity and analyze the regional seismic hazard. In this paper, taking the northeastern Tibetan Plateau as a case study, we establish a three-dimensional visco-elastoplastic finite-element model to simulate earthquake cycles and the spatiotemporal evolution of earthquakes on the model fault system and obtain a seismic catalog on a time scale of tens of thousands of years. On the basis that the model satisfies the regional geodynamics of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we analyze seismicity on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau using the simulated synthetic earthquake catalog. The characteristics of earthquake recurrence at different locations and different magnitudes, and the long-term average probability of earthquake occurrence within the fault system on the northeastern Tibetan plateau are studied. The results are a reference for regional seismic hazard assessment and provide a basis for the physics-based numerical prediction of earthquakes.