凹凸棒石用于修复铜锌镉重金属污染土壤的研究

利用凹凸棒石黏土矿物优异的物化性能对采集的安徽铜陵地区重金属污染土壤进行盆栽修复试验,以降低种植蔬菜中重金属污染物的有效态含量。凹凸棒石与矿区土壤的质量配比设置5组(1∶10、1∶20、1∶40、1∶100以及原土),选择适宜在北京生长的四季小白菜和北京快菜进行种植,盆栽试验结果表明,使用凹凸棒石黏土矿物可以将土壤的pH值提高到5～8,改善了矿区的土壤环境条件,提高黏土矿物对重金属的吸附性能;通过适量添加凹凸棒石黏土矿物,对Cu元素的平均修复率达到31.50%,Zn元素的平均修复率达到26.15%,Cd元素的平均修复率达到34.92%,能够有效减少蔬菜对Cu、Zn、Cd三种重金属元素的吸收。凹凸棒石与土壤的质量比为1∶20时,对污染土壤的修复效果最佳。     

氨基膨润土对铜镍镉污染土壤的钝化修复研究

采集土壤,加入铜、镍和镉制成重金属污染土壤。以四乙烯五胺改性膨润土和膨润土原土作为修复剂,通过模拟酸雨和混合提取剂提取有效态重金属,评价膨润土和氨基膨润土对土壤中铜、镍、镉的钝化效果。结果表明:p H=3. 5的模拟酸雨对各污染土壤中重金属离子的提取率均在0. 1%以下。混合提取剂对污染土壤中有效态金属的提取能力比模拟酸雨强很多。添加膨润土原土和氨基膨润土均能钝化土壤中的铜、镍和镉,氨基膨润土上嫁接的氨基对金属有络合作用,因而比膨润土原土对铜、镍和镉具有更强的钝化能力。综合评价表明氨基膨润土是一种对铜、镍和镉污染土壤具有应用前景的钝化修复材料。     

AB-DTPA提取法在重金属污染土壤修复模拟试验中的应用可行性

将碳酸氢铵-二乙三胺五乙酸(AB-DTPA)提取重金属生物有效态的方法应用于重金属污染土壤修复的模拟试验中,该土壤的污染元素主要是铜、锌和镉,试验所用修复材料是钠化膨润土。研究表明,AB-DTPA提取法具有很好的稳定性,而且能准确指示铜、锌、镉元素在土壤中的有效态含量,同时AB-DTPA对土壤中铜、锌、镉元素的提取率也适用于模拟试验中修复效果的平行对比。AB-DTPA提取法在重金属污染土壤修复模拟试验中的应用是可行的。     

阴-阳离子有机膨润土制备及其吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响因素研究

本文采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对辽宁黑山膨润土进行不同工艺的阴-阳离子有机膨润土制备,探讨了阴-阳离子有机膨润土对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机理,并利用正交实验分析了各实验因子对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响,为污染地下水修复技术PRB提供一种新的反应介质和技术参数。研究结果表明:阴-阳离子有机膨润土(Na-R-ACOMMT)吸附Cr(Ⅵ)是物理吸附和化学吸附联合作用的结果;pH值和投加量是影响Na-R-ACOMMT对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的2个最主要的因素,尤其是pH值;Na-R-ACOMMT吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳条件是投加10g/l 60~80目的样品,在40℃、pH值等于2、150r/min的环境下振荡60min,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率高达93.55%,且吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。     

重金属作用下改性水泥系隔离墙化学相容性研究

水泥系隔离墙被广泛应用于工业污染场地修复工程,但其防渗性能有待改善,且在高浓度、毒理性重金属污染作用下的化学相容性有待研究。通过室内试验研究了不同粒化高炉矿渣（GGBS）掺量、膨润土掺量和固化剂总掺量对水泥系隔离墙的强度和渗透特性的影响;综合考虑成墙效果和成本,选出固化剂掺量为20%（水泥、粒化高炉矿渣和膨润土掺量分别为8%、8%和4%）作为改性水泥系竖向隔离墙的最优配比。通过柔性壁渗透试验研究了重金属锌、铅污染作用下改性水泥系隔离墙试样的化学相容性。结果表明,重金属溶液作用下试样防渗性能的下降由重金属种类、重金属浓度以及试样孔隙液pH值三者共同决定。重金属种类对防渗性能的不利影响为：硝酸锌-硝酸铅>硝酸锌>硝酸铅。锌、铅溶液作用下试样的渗透系数为自来水作用下渗透系数的1.49～10.10倍,且重金属溶液的浓度越高渗透系数越大。在满足防渗要求前提下,该配比墙体材料能阻挡50 mmol/L的硝酸锌污染液、100 mmol/L的硝酸铅污染液和10 mmol/L硝酸锌-硝酸铅污染液。     

基于改进滤失试验的重金属污染膨润土渗透特性试验研究

通过改进滤失试验研究典型钠化改性钙基和天然钠基膨润土在重金属铅-镉以及铬作用下渗透系数的变化规律。研究发现,膨润土试样渗透系数在重金属铅-镉浓度小于6mmol/L时增幅较小,为2~3倍;当浓度超过10mmol/L时呈急剧增大的趋势。铬酸钾溶液作用下,钠化改性钙基膨润土的渗透系数低于未污染试样;天然钠基膨润土的渗透系数则增大2~8倍。两者差异归因于土-液相互作用下铬在不同pH-Eh环境中化学形态的不同。研究中钠化改性钙基膨润土浆液中铬以阴离子络合的六价铬形态存在,使得膨润土颗粒表面负电荷密度趋于增加,因而保持和促进膨润土的分散状态。天然钠基膨润土浆液中铬则出现以阳离子形态存在的三价铬,显著挤压膨润土颗粒双电层,导致膨润土颗粒团聚。综合国内外研究总结无机盐溶液作用下膨润土化学相容性随污染程度变化规律,发现渗透系数比与离子强度关系存在一临界值,当离子强度达到该临界值则渗透系数将呈数量级增大。     

低温下固定化微生物降解水体中阿特拉津的效果

针对低浓度阿特拉津对地表水、地下水的污染,于低温(10℃)条件下(考虑其在地下水或寒冷地区地表水污染中的应用),筛选的高效降解阿特拉津的优势菌株——4株菌W2、L1、L2、N8的混合菌(1∶1∶1∶1),采用吸附固定技术对其进行固定,选取最佳微生物固体载体——活性炭,并筛选出其最佳固定化条件:活性炭粒径为0.5~1 mm、pH=8。在此条件下,对固定化与悬浮态菌体处理阿特拉津的效果进行对比。实验结果表明,固定化混合菌的降解率在6 d内即达到了99.91%。     

膨润土吸附重金属离子的影响因素初探——以Zn~(2 )为例

对影响膨润土吸附重金属离子Zn2 的因素进行的初步研究表明 :在一定条件下 ,提高吸附温度 ,提高溶液的 pH值 ,增加溶液中Zn2 初始浓度 ,增加吸附作用时间 ,提高搅拌速度和减小膨润土的粒度都能不同程度地提高吸附量。同时讨论了吸附机理。     

膨润土吸附重金属离子的影响因素初探：以Zn^2＋为例

对影响膨润土吸附重金属离子Zn^2 的因素进行的初步研究表明：在一定条件下，提高吸附温度，提高溶液的pH值，增加溶液中Zn^2 初始浓度，增加吸附作用时间，提高搅拌速度和减小膨润土的粒度都能不同程度地提高吸附量。同时讨论了吸附机理。     

氯苯(CB)在粘土上的解吸特征

为探索低浓度乙醇溶液中氯苯(Chlorobenzene,简称CB)在土壤中的迁移行为,以武汉市某化工厂受CB污染土壤为研究对象,设计正交试验,开展了淋洗条件筛选、最佳条件的验证和解吸动力学研究3组实验.优化出的最佳淋洗条件为常温、液土比(mL/g)为25∶1、淋洗液中乙醇体积浓度为10%、淋洗时间为2 h;在最优淋洗条件下,CB的提取率为90%;且CB解吸规律符合Freundlich吸附模型.以低浓度乙醇为淋洗剂修复受CB污染土壤,不仅可实现污染土壤修复的目标,同时还能够保留土壤功能,避免造成二次污染.      

MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对锌铅复合污染土固化/稳定化修复的试验研究

近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯...     

改性Mg(OH)2对多种重金属污染土壤的修复效果

为了研究一种高效的多种重金属污染土壤修复剂,本文采用了一种具有OH^-缓释功能的改性Mg（OH）₂,通过重金属污染土壤稳定化修复实验,探讨了改性Mg（OH）₂对污染土壤中多种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn）的稳定效率及对多种重金属形态分布的影响。结果表明,投加改性Mg（OH）₂对土壤中多种重金属均有稳定作用,对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的稳定效率分别为72.42%、34.53%、87.64%和97.65%,且改性Mg（OH）₂的投加使重金属交换态质量明显减少、残渣态质量增加,进一步提高了重金属的稳定性,降低了重金属生物有效性;另外,改性Mg（OH）₂具有OH^-缓释性,可使土壤长期保持一定的碱性,是一种经济有效的土壤修复剂。     

土壤修复过程中重金属形态的研究综述

重金属污染土壤的修复是现阶段污染土壤治理中的难点之一,在土壤修复过程中对重金属的形态研究已在多个领域中开展,并且在重金属形态及其与生物有效性和毒性等研究领域取得了一定的成果。本文综述了现阶段在污染土壤修复过程中对重金属形态研究的主要领域,分析研究重金属形态的必要性,总结出土壤修复过程中重金属形态方面应当从重金属在土壤与植物中的存在形态入手,研究重金属元素在不同界面间的迁移转化规律,通过阻断重金属元素在污染源、土壤、生物之间的传递链条,以阻止重金属对生物体造成危害,从而为土壤重金属污染的治理修复提供理论基础。     

Effect of red mud on the mobility of heavy metals in mining-contaminated soils

The mobility of Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+ in soils treated with red mud was experimentally studied to explore the feasibility of remediation of smelter-contaminated soils. Red mud samples were collected with the Bayer process (BRM) and confederate process (CRM) in the Aluminous Plant of Guizhou Province. Two farmed soil samples were collected from the Niujiaotang mining area, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. One sample was weakly polluted by fly ash; and the other was polluted severely by waste water from the smelter. For evaluating the potential of remediation, the concentrations of free metal ions and the distributions of metals in the soil were determined. The concentrations of free metal ions were measured by using the Donnan Membrane Technique, and the contributions of soil sorbents to the heavy metals adsorptions were calculated with Equilibrium Calculation of Speciation and Transport (ECOSAT). BRM reduced the concentrations of free metal ions in two kinds of soils, while CRM only favored the decrease of the concentrations of free metal ions in seriously contaminated soils. The experimental data also showed a tendency that the concentrations of free metal ions decreased proportionally with the amount of added red mud, which resulted from the increasing adsorption of heavy metal ions in the form of metal ion hydroxides.     

An experimental study of heavy metal attenuation and mobility in sandy loam soils

Column flow-through experiments reacting wastewater solutions with sandy loam soil samples were performed to study heavy metal attenuation by two soils with different physical and chemical properties. Reacted soil columns were leached with synthetic acid rain to study the mobility of attenuated heavy metals under leaching conditions. This study demonstrates that cation exchange, surface adsorption, chelation with solid organic material, and precipitation were the important attenuation mechanisms for the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ph, and Zn). Adsorption on soil hydrous oxide surfaces was the primary attenuation mechanism for Cd and Zn in both soils, and for Cu in a soil with low organic matter content. Wastewater solution pH is also an important factor that influences the retention of heavy metals. Cadmium, Cu, Cr, and Zn became mobile after prolonged application of spiked wastewater solution, either through saturation of soil adsorption sites or due to decreasing pH. Only Cr, Pb, and Mo, which are attenuated primarily through precipitation, show significant net retention by soil. Acid rain water removed heavy metals left in the column residual pore solution and weakly sorbed heavy metals in the soils, and has the ability to mobilize some strongly attenuated heavy metals, especially when the soil organic matter content is high. The results have important applications in predicting heavy metal mobility in contaminated soil, the disposal of acid mine drainage, and assessing the risks of landfall leachate leakage.     

A Review of Study on Fe-C Interaction and Their Adsorption Properties to Soil Heavy Metal

Nowadays, the Fe-C coprecipitate mechanism is recognized by more and more scholars and becomes the hot topic in the environmental science. On the basis of discussing the interaction between iron oxide and organic matter, and the adsorption research progress of Fe-C complexes on heavy metals, the immobilization potential of Fe-C complexes on heavy metals in polluted soil were illustrated. The surface properties and physical characterizations of iron oxide are changed regularly with the interaction of organic matter, which lead to the higher adsorption capacity of Fe-C complexes in contrast to single iron oxide. Besides, the influences of pH values, organic matter types and surface properties of iron oxides on the adsorption capacity of Fe-C complexes on heavy metals were discussed. The excellent adsorption performance of Fe-C complexes in certain conditions will provide important theoretical basis for contaminated soil remediation.     

An assessment of the utilization of waste resources for the immobilization of Pb and Cu in the soil from a Korean military shooting range

Military shooting range soils contaminated by heavy metals have been subjected to remediation efforts to alleviate the detrimental effects of exposure on humans and the surrounding environment. Waste materials can be used as cost-effective soil amendments to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils. In this study, naturally occurring lime-based waste materials including egg shells, oyster shells, and mussel shells were assessed for their effectiveness toward heavy metal immobilization in military shooting range soil in Korea. Soil was treated in batch leaching experiments with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15% of each lime-based waste material. The results showed that the lime-based waste materials effectively reduced water-soluble Pb at an application rate of 2.5% by weight of the soil. Increase in soil pH from 6.6 to 8.0 was considered to be the main chemistry of Pb immobilization, which was supported by the formation of insoluble Pb species at high pH values as confirmed by the visual MINTEQ thermodynamic model. In contrary, water-soluble Cu was increased in the lime-based waste material-treated soils when compared to the untreated soil. This was likely attributed to the formation of soluble Cu?CDOC (dissolved organic carbon) complexes as all lime-based waste materials applied increased DOC contents in the soil. Therefore, care must be taken in selecting the appropriate amendment for immobilizing metals in shooting range soils.     

淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸对重金属污染土工程特性的影响

以重金属铅（Pb2+）污染土和淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）为研究对象,通过批次试验研究了不同浓度EDTA的淋洗对Pb2+污染土的渗透特性、持水特性、压缩特性、抗剪强度等工程特性的影响,为淋洗修复后土壤的二次利用提供参数支持。基于矿物成分、孔隙结构等微观试验,揭示了土壤工程特性变化的内在机制。研究结果表明,当淋洗剂EDTA浓度从0增加到0.15 mol/L,经淋洗修复后的污染土壤pH值从7.94下降到5.12,渗透系数降低超过一个数量级,黏聚力降低50%以上,而内摩擦角增大,持水性能提高,孔隙比从0.81下降到了0.76。微观试验的结果表明,随着淋洗剂浓度的增大,土壤中的蒙脱石、钠长石和伊利石矿物含量减少,石英矿物含量增加,其中蒙脱石含量从7.87%下降到了0.07%,而石英矿物含量增加了11.09%;淋洗后土壤单位质量进汞量由0.22 ml/g降低到0.15 ml/g,土壤总孔隙体积减少。重金属污染土淋洗修复工程在考虑重金属去除率及经济性指标的同时,还应考虑淋洗剂对土壤工程特性的弱化。