阳鹿高速公路K52新滑坡变形特征与成因机理分析

阳鹿（阳朔—鹿寨）高速公路K52新滑坡为古滑坡堆积体中局部复活的滑坡,处于急剧变形状态,需进行抢险性处治。复工后对该滑坡进行了详细的地质勘察及变形监测,借助FLAC3D软件对其成因、变形过程及变形机理进行了研究,得到了以下结论:（1）古滑坡堆积体形成于顺层岩质滑坡,堆积体内部发育软-可塑状软弱夹层风化页岩,为新滑坡的主要滑带土;（2）导致新滑坡变形的主要内因为不良地质、微地貌、特殊的岩土结构,主要外因为在中后部堆载、填土改变地表水径流路径、向滑坡排放生活用水及降雨;（3）新滑坡具有三层滑面,失稳前底部滑面为主滑面,失稳阶段中部滑面为主滑面,属前段推移后段牵引型复合式滑坡,具多级、逐级及渐进滑动特点;（4）新滑坡变形进程为:后缘拉张变形-中部剪切蠕变-滑体A、B推移剪出失稳-滑体C前缘临空牵引失稳;（5）新滑坡处治重点应防止顶部、中部及底部三个滑动面继续变形,也应防止古滑面及古滑坡堆积体内部其余风化页岩夹层产生次级滑动。     

降雨对花岗岩风化层路堑边坡滑动模式影响

降雨引起路堑边坡的浅层局部滑动是工程中常见的现象,但其内在原因的研究尚不充分。为此,以福建省云平高速云霄段花岗岩风化层中的某两级路堑边坡为例,采用饱和和非饱和土抗剪强度理论,按照强度折减有限元方法分析了该边坡在一般工况、地下水渗流工况和降雨入渗工况下的滑动模式。结果表明:一般工况下该边坡滑动模式为深层整体滑动;地下水渗流作用可使边坡由深层滑动模式向浅层滑动模式转化;长时小或中等降雨作用下坡体内出现三道滑动面,且一级边坡内滑动面最先贯通,滑坡模式由深层整体滑动向浅层局部滑动演化。短时强降雨作用下仅在一级边坡内出现贯通的滑动面,即由整体滑动模式完全转变为浅层局部滑动模式。降雨工况越不利表现越为明显,与实际滑坡现象相吻合,且安全系数不满足规范要求,从而从理论上验证了该路堑边坡发生浅层局部滑动的必然性。此外,为避免花岗岩风化层路堑边坡在降雨入渗下发生浅层局部滑动,对假设的不同放坡方案进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,适当放缓坡率可使一级边坡内不出现滑动面,滑坡模式仍为较深位置的整体滑动,且安全系数可得到有效提高,使其满足规范要求。因此,实践中,采用文中方法对设计的类似地层中的路堑边坡事先进行降雨入渗影响下的模拟分析极为必要。将使放坡坡率更为科学合理,可在确保边坡整体稳定性的同时,极大降低其发生浅层局部滑动的可能性。     

Hydrogeological pattern of groundwater flow of landslides in Cretaceous claystones based on long-term groundwater monitoring and hydrologging measurement

Long-term groundwater monitoring has been carried in the model locality of the landslide area at Třebenice, situated in the northern part of the Czech Republic in Cretaceous claystones to marlstones. Primarily, long-term fluctuation of the groundwater and piezometric levels has been monitored. Monitoring of groundwater flow was carried out in selected wells also by the photometry logging method using a dilution technique of a marked liquid. On the basis of these results, the pattern of the groundwater flow through the landslide area was determined in lithologically homogeneous Cretaceous claystones to marlstones. Interpretation of monitoring results indicated that water flows preferentially through the zone of near-surface loosening of the claystone rock massif, in general parallel to the slope inclination between 8 and 10-m depth below ground level. This zone exhibits a higher permeability given by 1–2 orders of hydraulic conductivity compared with overlying strata and underlying rock in which this zone is closed. This verified pattern of groundwater flow has a significant effect on the stability of the sliding slope and it is one of the main factors affecting the evolution of landslides on the slopes formed by these rocks.     

Geotechnical characterization of lignite-bearing horizons in the Afsin-Elbistan lignite basin, SE Turkey

The Afsin-Elbistan lignite deposit, with its 3.4 billion metric tons of reserves, is the biggest lignite basin and one of the most important resources for electrical energy production in Turkey. Kislakoy mining field was selected as the first opencast mine to feed four power station blocks of 300 MW each. Slope instability has been a continuing problem in the Kislakoy opencast mine. Particularly complex failures along a noncircular failure surface appearing at the final slope stage and covering large areas in the mine increase the importance of slope stability. This study outlines the geotechnical characteristics of the lignite-bearing horizons and describes the causes and mechanisms of slope instabilities, which threaten the safety of the mine. Quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out using an interactive data processing system (SIROQUANT™) based on Rietveld interpretation methods. Parametric slope stability analysis and backanalysis were carried out for the failure that occurred at the northwestern final slope stage of the mine. The Spencer-Wright limiting state equilibrium method was used in order to determine with confidence the most representative values of regional shear strength parameters, to explain the failure mechanism, and to assess the conditions at the time of failure. In the analysis, phreatic and piezometric surfaces were considered.Site observations and numerous backanalyses of the slope failure reveal that a compound slide occurred where gyttja (contact zone) layers rest directly on the lignite. Gyttja (contact zone) contains the weakest material within the system. The analysis showed that the main cause of the northwestern slope instability was the presence of the groundwater flow within a Quaternary aquifer (through buried valleys), reducing the effective shear strength of the slope materials. It is also noted from backanalysis that the gyttja (contact zone) layer presents a shear strength at, or approaching, the residual value at the time of failure.     

基于诱发机理的降雨型滑坡预警研究——以花岗岩风化壳二元结构斜坡为例

降雨型滑坡是我国主要的滑坡灾害类型,具有区域群集发生的特点,滑坡预警研究是防灾减灾的重要途径。传统的区域降雨型滑坡预报模型多采用统计结果建立降雨参数模型,对降雨诱发机理和斜坡失稳的力学机制考虑不足,预报可靠性和精度有限。本文以花岗岩风化壳地区某典型二元结构斜坡为原型,以实际勘查数据为基础,提取该斜坡结构特征,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,分析研究降雨入渗过程和斜坡失稳机制,建立典型斜坡的预警判据。1花岗岩风化壳地区典型二元结构斜坡为类土质斜坡,覆盖土层较厚,剖面上可分为两层,上层为坡积黏性土,土质松散,透水性强,下层为残积黏性土,土质相对致密,透水性较差。2采用不同降雨工况模拟分析降雨入渗过程。以50mm·d-1雨强为例,降雨持时30h以内时,降雨入渗主要集中在上层的坡积黏性土,斜坡前缘优先饱和,滑带开始出现积水现象;降雨持时40～50h时,斜坡表面降水持续入渗,在坡体后缘拉裂缝处,雨水沿着裂缝快速入渗坡体形成静水压力,增加坡体重量,增大下滑力,坡脚渗透路径短,最先饱和破坏,造成斜坡失稳。3监测斜坡不同部位（坡脚、中部、后缘）的孔隙水压力情况,随降雨入渗,斜坡土体孔隙水压力持续增大,由负趋近于零到大于零,斜坡土体由非饱和状态向饱和状态过渡,坡脚最先饱和,中部持续入渗,后缘土体饱和后,裂缝扩大致使大量雨水进入,使本已大量积水的滑带变形错动,斜坡失稳。4模拟分析得到斜坡失稳的不同降雨条件:中雨雨强（10mm·d-1）,历时约13d;大雨雨强（25mm·d-1）,历时约5d;暴雨雨强（50mm·d-1）,历时约2.2d;特大暴雨雨强（100mm·d-1）,历时约1.1d。在暴雨雨强时,降雨对该类斜坡的滞后作用约为5h。最后,建立了该类斜坡的临界降雨判据（I-D曲线）。     

山东邹城雨山村西南滑坡灾害特征与防治方案

山东邹城雨山村西南滑坡在20世纪50年代发生过滑动,导致部分农田被毁。该滑坡为浅层土质滑坡,滑体成分主要为含碎石粉质粘土,滑带位于含碎石粉质粘土层与基岩接触带,由于人工切坡,滑带在滑坡前缘局部已揭露,滑床为下伏强风化闪长岩。近年来,频繁的人类工程活动导致该滑坡存在重新滑动的可能,为消除该地质灾害隐患,采取了悬臂式挡墙支挡和截排水结合的防治方案,达到了治理效果。     

柳家凹黄土滑坡滑动机制研究

以豫西山区柳家凹黄土滑坡为研究对象,采用现场地质勘探和调绘的方法确定了滑坡的形态和性质;利用原位试验和室内试验确定了滑带土的强度衰减的影响因素和影响规律;采用现场监测等技术手段,确定了滑动深度。在此基础上,分析了柳家凹滑坡的活动历史、成因、范围和影响因素。调查和分析表明,柳家凹黄土滑坡的滑动机制可概括为古滑坡因路堑开挖和降雨而局部复活。古滑坡黄土体结构相对松散,抗剪强度较差。当古滑坡前缘土体被开挖后,古滑体失去前缘支挡,在自重应力和地下水共同作用下,古滑坡体前缘沿黄土层与砾石层交接面滑动带滑移破坏。根据古滑坡复活情况分析,柳家凹黄土滑坡为牵引式滑坡,当滑体前缘滑动后,后面的滑体陆续出现滑动,裂缝向纵深方向发展。     

Yielding mechanism of shallow mass movements in completely decomposed Norwood Tuff: the Zigzag Sign landslide,Utah

Over the past decade, land development activities on hillsides in northern Utah have resulted in a significant increase in landslide activity throughout the region. The majority of recent landslides are shallow and they occurred on cut gentle slopes especially during spring and early summer due to snowmelt induced elevated groundwater tables. The geologic material documented at numerous landslide sites is a soft gray-green completely decomposed Norwood Tuff. The present study addresses the mechanism of a shallow landslide in completely decomposed Norwood Tuff based on field, laboratory and numerical investigations. Detailed slope surface geometry obtained from laser-scan surveys together with strength and stress–strain parameters derived from laboratory triaxial tests on undisturbed samples of completely decomposed Norwood Tuff collected from the landslide site are employed with finite-element modeling to examine the effects of ground surface deformation patterns on the yielding behavior of the slide mass. The numerical results indicate a gradual retreat of the yield zone with progressive landslide deformation, which eventually becomes concentrated within the accumulation zone of the landslide, compared to a well-developed yield zone within the entire slide mass at the onset of landslide movement. Limit equilibrium stability analyses along potential sliding surfaces of extent limited within the yield zone of the displaced slide mass produce lower safety factors than an analysis based on the original sliding surface comprising the entire slide mass.     

八宝山断裂带浅部岩体水力耦合模型

八宝山断裂带是北京西部的一条活动断裂,观测表明其形变、地下水位和降水之间存在强相关性。从大灰厂观测站的断裂带条件和观测系统布置来判断,这种强相关性是浅部破碎岩体渗流-应力耦合机制的结果。断裂带浅部岩体可以分为无压区和承压区。降水能够直接入渗补给无压区,也能够渗入到承压区上部的上盘岩体风化带,从而同时影响断裂带和风化带的地下水位。一个7参数的线性水力耦合模型给出了与实测动态基本一致的垂向形变、地下水位模拟结果。模型分析表明观测到的垂向变形主要由无压区地下水位升降引起的膨胀和收缩变形构成,而上盘湿润或疏干引起的重量变化对垂向变形贡献很小。由于断裂带的地下水排泄基准面和水准基台值可能存在某种外在因素引起的变化,模型参数可能不够稳定,需要进一步调查研究。     

Engineering geological studies of the diversion tunnel, focusing on stabilization analysis and support design, Iran

In this paper a detailed engineering geological assessment of rock masses and support design studies at Garmi Chay dam site, has been carried out. This project is located in the northwest of Iran and will be used for flow control and water storage. The diversion tunnel of the dam has a diameter of 5.5 m and a length of 420 m and will be driven in slightly to highly weathered micaschist and trachy andesite rock units. The geological studies include field and laboratory investigations that based on the results; for more exact investigation, tunnel alignment was divided into three geotechnical zones. These zones consist mainly of highly weathered gray micaschists, dark red trachy andesites and slightly weathered gray micaschists, respectively. Then, for every zone, support capacity of rock masses was evaluated by means of empirical and numerical methods. The rock mass classification systems (RMR, Q, GSI, RSR, SRC and RMi), the convergence–confinement method and a 2D finite element computer software, Phase² were used for empirical and numerical method, respectively. According to the results acquired from these methods some stability problems were expected in the tunnel especially in highly weathered micaschist zone, so that in practice two big collapses occurred. Because of high weathering, low constants of rock masses and their soil-like behavior, the stability analysis by analytical method does not give illogical results in lightly weathered micaschist zone. The support system, suggested by empirical method, was applied and its performance was evaluated by means of numerical modeling. After installation the support suggested by Phase² program, the thickness of plastic zone and deformations around the tunnel decreased significantly. Consequently the agreement of these methods with each other was resulted and using combination of them was recommended for more reliable support design.     

The landslides threatening Tasova town (Central Anatolia, Turkey) and their environmental impacts

There exist a number of landslides along the north Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ) between Tasova and Alparslan in Amasya province in Turkey. These landslides extending over an area of 2.5 × 6.0 km are triggered by steepening of slopes due to undercutting by the Yesilirmak River and groundwater fluctuations. The landslides have affected 30 buildings in the western part of Tasova. In this study, in order to investigate the engineering geological characteristics of the landslides and their environmental impacts, representative samples from geological units were collected and a total of six boreholes were drilled. Plastic pipes were installed into the boreholes to measure the groundwater fluctuations and to determine the position of the sliding surface. For a two-year monitoring period, using a GPS linked to a fixed station system, the magnitude of the movements ranged between 11.7 and 17.6 cm at the toe of landslide. The landslides that occurred in the study area were in the form of retrogressive circular and multiple circular failures. The factor of safety along a number of cross-sections calculated by the limit-equilibrium method of analysis is 0.96 in static condition. After further analyses, construction of a toe buttress with surface drainage may be suggested as a remedial measure to minimize the effects of these landslides.     

An integrated hydrogeological study to support sustainable development and management of groundwater resources: a case study from the Precambrian Crystalline Province,India

The rapid expansion of agriculture, industries and urbanization has triggered unplanned groundwater development leading to severe stress on groundwater resources in crystalline rocks of India. With depleting resources from shallow aquifers, end users have developed resources from deeper aquifers, which have proved to be counterproductive economically and ecologically. An integrated hydrogeological study has been undertaken in the semi-arid Madharam watershed (95 km²) in Telangana State, which is underlain by granites. The results reveal two aquifer systems: a weathered zone (maximum 30 m depth) and a fractured zone (30–85 m depth). The weathered zone is unsaturated to its maximum extent, forcing users to tap groundwater from deeper aquifers. Higher orders of transmissivity, specific yield and infiltration rates are observed in the recharge zone, while moderate orders are observed in an intermediate zone, and lower orders in the discharge zone. This is due to the large weathering-zone thickness and a higher sand content in the recharge zone than in the discharge zone, where the weathered residuum contains more clay. The NO₃ ^? concentration is high in shallow irrigation wells, and F^? is high in deeper wells. Positive correlation is observed between F^? and depth in the recharge zone and its proximity. Nearly 50 % of groundwater samples are unfit for human consumption and the majority of irrigation-well samples are classed as medium to high risk for plant growth. Both supply-side and demand-side measures are recommended for sustainable development and management of this groundwater resource. The findings can be up-scaled to other similar environments.     

Mechanism of activation of the Lanta Khola landslide in Sikkim Himalayas

The Lanta Khola is a major landslide on the North Sikkim Highway in the Indian state of Sikkim. The abnormally low width-to-length ratio and slope instability in spite of the gentle surface slope (24°) make this slide unique. Geological, geophysical, and geotechnical studies reveal that a major Himalayan discontinuity daylights within the slide. At the contact, the schist is weathered to fine sand and silt with lower shear strength and permeability. The overlying gneiss is less weathered and exposed at the contact. Surface runoff enters the contact zone through crevices in the overlying gneiss, and debris material is extruded laterally from within this zone rendering instability, with blocks collapsing and eventually rolling down the slope after cloud bursts. Numerical modeling of the slide confirms this mechanism of instability. Diversion of runoff, plugging of crevices, and construction of pipe piles and horizontal drains are suggested as remedial measures.     

Kinematics of the Cerca del Cielo, Puerto Rico landslide derived from GPS observations

Global positioning system (GPS) technologies have been increasingly employed to monitor landslide movements. This paper demonstrates the use of GPS in the study of a creeping landslide in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The landslide is primarily composed of chalk colluvium that extends to depths of about 30 m at the head zone and 2 to 3 m at the toe zone. The slip surface lies at the base of the chalk colluvium, which slides southeast over a weathered brown mudstone unit. GPS monitoring of the landslide began in March 2008. Both campaign rapid static and continuous static GPS surveying methods were applied. Precision at the level of 0.5 mm horizontally and 1.3 mm vertically was achieved through 24-h continuous GPS monitoring. Rainfall data from a local weather station was also integrated into the study. Rainfall heavily influenced the movements of the landslide. A heavy rainfall in September 2008, which dumped 50 cm rain on the landslide area over a 4-day period, temporarily accelerated the sliding and generated rapid movement of 1 m horizontally and 0.5 m vertically. The slide slowed markedly after this significant movement. A prolonged moderate rainfall in November 2009 also temporarily accelerated the sliding. The landslide remains active. The creeping appears likely to continue in the future with short bursts of rainfall-induced rapid movements. Potential landslide causes are investigated, and two measures to minimize future risk are proposed at the end of the article.     

考虑降雨条件的堆积体滑坡多场特征研究

重庆市西泉街滑坡于2007年7月中旬遭遇115a一遇的强降雨,导致滑坡产生明显的变形破坏现象,本文在滑坡实际勘察工作的基础上,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,考虑降雨入渗的影响,利用有限元分析软件Geo-Studio的不同模块模拟了不同降雨条件下滑坡稳定性的变化情况,进一步对不同降雨条件下滑坡的渗流场、应力场和位移场特征进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:（1）降雨作用下堆积体滑坡体内渗流场和位移场具有很好的相似性,即滑坡体内地下水流速矢量和位移矢量绝对值变化规律具有一致性;（2）滑坡前后缘的位移量与降雨强度和降雨历时均呈正相关性,且滑坡前缘位移量比后缘大;（3）大雨、暴雨和大暴雨持续作用下,XY向最大剪应力在滑坡前缘及前缘陡坎处集中,有局部产生滑动的趋势,而在特大暴雨持续作用下,XY向最大剪应力在滑带附近分布相对均匀,有整体产生滑动的趋势;（4）强降雨作用下堆积体滑坡模拟得到的变形破坏规律主要表现为滑坡前缘首先产生的鼓胀变形破坏牵引滑坡后缘产生拉张变形破坏,破坏规律与实际相符。     

甘肃舟曲县牙豁口滑坡发育特征与成因分析

2019年7月16日,位于舟曲—化马深大活动断裂带的舟曲县牙豁口发生滑坡,滑坡长1 920 m,宽50~190 m,体积212×10⁴ m³,为典型的推移式大型长条状断层破碎带堆积层滑坡。滑坡自上而下沿原老滑道分级分块逐步发育形成,滑动历时近50天,最大滑距500 m,滑坡破坏X414县道、养鸡场等,并使岷江呈半堵塞状态,影响汛期行洪安全。通过现场调查、监测、无人机测量、岩土试验和收集历史滑坡资料,对牙豁口滑坡形成的地质环境、滑坡发育历史、滑坡分级分块特征、滑动过程和成因进行了系统研究。牙豁口滑坡分为上、下相对独立的两级滑坡。上级滑坡又可分为南支滑块和北支滑块两部分,在老滑坡的基础上长期孕育发展,上级滑坡北支滑块在2013年前就已活动,2019年7月16日上级滑坡南支滑块开始剧烈滑动,并推挤北支滑块前部一同复活滑动。上级滑坡约10×10⁴ m³滑体下滑加载于下级滑坡,下级滑坡于7月24日由上向下逐步扩展变形和滑动,下级滑坡又可分为上、中、下三段滑体,滑坡前缘于8月10日达到岷江边,使岷江呈半堵状态。牙豁口滑坡总体具有孕育历史悠久、滑动历时长、滑动速度较低、分级分块差异性滑动的特点。长期活动的深大断裂带及凹槽状地形、软弱易滑的灰黑色风化破碎炭质板岩、地下水和大气降水的强烈作用、两侧崩滑体的堆积加载是滑坡发生的主要原因。     

The effects of groundwater level and vegetation on creep of the Mam Tor landslip

The creeping Mam Tor landslide (North Derbyshire, UK) is sliding slowly downhill at up to 0.5 m per year. Annual measurements using conventional surveying techniques have shown that creep is exacerbated by periods of heavy rainfall, but to establish a detailed correlation between creep and groundwater levels requires spatially and temporally higher resolution monitoring. We have acquired three years of such data from wire creep meters, borehole piezometers and rainfall monitoring. These measurements showed that creep is strongly focused into the winter months and that it correlates well with groundwater levels. Summer grass and fern growth exerts a strong influence on rainfall infiltration, recycling much of the summer rainfall back to the atmosphere, and explaining the seasonal variability of creep motion.     

A Study of the hydrogeological environment of the lishan landslide area using resistivity image profiling and borehole data

Resistivity Image Profiling (RIP) surveys was used to develop a lithological and hydrogeological model of the subsurface in the southeastern part of Lishan landslide area of central Taiwan. The bedrock consists of slate in the study area. Based on RIP and rock samples collected from boreholes results, three electrical strata are recognized: colluvium, the shear zone composed of shear gouges and shattered slate, and the undisturbed slate formation. The steep shear zone with resistivity ranging between 100 ~ 260 Ω-m, plays a crucial role in the local hydrogeological environment, because it forms a natural barrier which blocks and retains groundwater flowing down the slope. Groundwater will brim over the barrier when the water level is high. Thus the inclined groundwater table remains stable from long-term monitoring. It strongly indicates that the groundwater recharge is greater than that of discharge. Therefore, the shear zone can provide information about the optimum locations for draining the excess groundwater in-situ for slope stability consideration.

The curved basal surface of the colluvium and the weathered slate can also be discerned from the resistivity variations and boreholes data. A series of circular patterns may associate with the main slope failure which migrated upwards from the lower slope.     

地下水与开挖作用下堆积层滑坡体滑动机制分析

川东红层地区修建的巴中达州万州高速公路在穿越第四系堆积层时,堆积层滑坡灾害频繁发生,这类滑坡滑动面为平缓的岩土界面。地下水渗流分布影响下的坡体非饱和强度特征和开挖卸荷是引发这类滑坡灾害的主要因素。在室内非饱和直剪试验提取土体力学参数基础上,结合非饱和土渗流分析软件和岩土应力变形分析软件对滑坡机制进行深入分析。分析表明:地下水的渗流分布孕育了岩土界面附近的滑带土,为边坡的滑动失稳提供潜在可能性。堆积层渗流场特征决定着坡体基质吸力的分布,基质吸力的分布特征导致了堆积层土体由顶部往底部的非饱和抗剪强度的逐层弱化,最终形成沿平缓岩土界面分布的抗剪强度最低的一层软弱土体。在路堑边坡开挖致使的不平衡力影响下,岩土界面附近的软弱土体表现出最为显著的屈服和变形,堆积层坡体中部沿着岩土界面的软弱土体发生剪切蠕滑,滑体后缘出现张拉破坏,形成拉裂缝和拉裂槽,并于滑体前缘发生剪切挤压,随着滑体的蠕滑发展,滑体内地下水逐渐消散并在开挖面处渗出。     

Study on a failed dip slope with a thin sandy layer in 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake

Among the extensive failed slopes in the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake, Japan, a dip slope at Yokowatashi, Ojiya, was investigated intensively. The sliding plane was along a weak thin tuff sandy layer which had been deeply weathered. Triaxial compression tests and plane strain compression tests were performed on undisturbed specimens obtained by block sampling and boring sampling to evaluate the strength that was mobilized on the sliding plane. Stability analysis based on the test results reveals that, at normal time, without earthquake and without an extremely high groundwater level, the slope is stable. Furthermore, the calculation of earthquake-induced displacement provides a reasonable simulation of the failure of this slope.