碳酸盐岩红色风化壳中的氧化铁矿物

氧化铁矿物是碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的主要矿物成分和重要结构单元。运用X射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜、穆斯堡尔谱和电子探针等方法对碳酸盐岩红色风化壳中的氧化铁矿物进行了系统研究。碳酸盐岩红色风化壳中的氧化铁矿物主要有针铁矿、赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿。氧化铁矿物组合、含量和化学成分随成土环境和风化强度在剖面中呈明显的规律性变化,这为碳酸盐岩风化成土作用、红色风化壳成因与环境问题的深入研究提供了重要的矿物学依据。     

新疆粘土矿物材料在环境污染治理中的应用和展望

对粘土矿物在当前环境污染治理中的基本应用做了介绍,并系统阐述了主要粘土矿物的结构特征、基本性能和主要应用。对粘土矿物材料在环境污染治理中的应用领域提出了一些思考,这对当前粘土矿物材料在环境污染治理中的应用具有一定的指导意义。     

不同晶型羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)的形成及其在吸附去除Cr(Ⅵ)上的作用

羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)广泛存在于土壤、水体沉积物和矿山废水等环境介质中,通常以针铁矿、四方纤铁矿和纤铁矿等多种同质多像体形式存在.羟基氧化铁因具有稳定的化学性质、较高的比表面积和细微的颗粒结构,在重金属治理中被日益重视.由于矿物的环境功能与所形成矿物的性质如矿相、颗粒形貌及大小和结构界面特性密切相关,而矿物的这些性质又与其合成方法、条件密不可分,故本文介绍了羟基氧化铁的种类、结构组成、矿相稳定性及转化,重点对羟基氧化铁形成、制备方法或途径(水解沉淀、化学氧化、生物氧化与生物矿化和凝胶网格法等)及反应物和反应条件(铁盐种类、沉淀剂、pH值、温度、阴阳离子调节剂和表面活性剂等)对矿物产物性质的影响进行了综述,同时,对不同晶型羟基氧化铁在吸附去除重金属Cr(Ⅵ)上的作用的相关研究进行了概述.     

层状硅酸盐矿物对重金属污染的防治

简要概拓了重金属污染物在土壤、水、沉积物中的存在形式，并重点介绍了利用层状硅酸盐矿物和粘土矿物治理重金属污染的原理、可行性及应用现状。另外，还提出了一种新的思路-利用层状硅酸盐在风化过程中的结构变化治理重金属污染。     

铁帽型金矿中黄铁矿与褐铁矿含量的测定

利用分散分析－浮选－选择溶解相结合的方法，分离了铁帽型金矿中两种主要载金矿物－褐矿和黄铁矿，然后根据已分离矿物的矿物量及含金量计算出金在各矿物中的配分，解决了物相分析测定金在氧化铁矿物与硫化铁矿物中配分的难题。     

铁帽型金矿中黄铁矿与褐铁矿含金量的测定

利用分散分析－浮选－选择溶解相结合的方法，分离了铁帽型金矿中两种主要载金矿物──褐铁矿和黄铁矿，然后根据已分离矿物的矿物量及含金量计算出金在各矿物中的配分，解决了物相分析测定金在氧化铁矿物与硫化铁矿物中配分的难题。     

应用矿物磁测技术和X射线衍射研究氧化土中的磁性矿物

应用矿物磁测、Ｘ射线衍射和化学分析对氧化土的磁性矿物进行了研究。结果表明矿物磁测及磁分离技术与Ｘ射线衍射结合是鉴别土壤中磁性矿物的类型及其晶粒特征的有效方法,证明氧化土中的主要氧化铁矿物是赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿,针铁矿次之,磁铁矿偶见,其磁赤铁矿的含量可达１．６２％￣１．９２％。土壤中磁性矿物的晶粒特征多以超顺磁性和稳定单畴态存在,认为磁性矿物的成因是通过缓慢的成土化学作用产生的。     

氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附行为研究

合成了氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝三种矿物,以氧化铁、氧化锰为吸附剂研究了pH值、离子强度和时间等因素对吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响,并讨论了氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝三种矿物对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量及等温吸附实验。pH值对氧化锰吸附As(Ⅲ)几乎不影响,对氧化铁吸附As(Ⅲ)在很大的范围内(pH为3.5~8.5)影响不大,离子强度对二者吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响不大,吸附反应在0.5 h左右达到吸附平衡。在优化吸附条件下氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量分别为48.38 mg/g、23.70 mg/g、3.52mg/g,三种合成矿物对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量:氧化锰氧化铁氧化铝。对实验数据进行Freundlich和Langmuir拟合,相关系数R均在0.98以上,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程。     

锰氧化物和氢氧化物中的孔道结构矿物及其环境属性

运用晶体化学理论，通过矿物孔道结构的基本概念，描述软锰矿、拉锰矿、恩苏塔锰矿、锰钡矿、锰钾矿、锰铅矿、水锰矿、斜方水锰矿、钡硬锰矿和钙锰矿等矿物的孔道结构特征。总结出孔道结构锰氧化物和氢氧化物矿物在环境修复和治理中的吸附效应、孔道效应、催化效应、氧化还原效应以及纳米效应，并展望孔道结构锰氧化物和氢氧化物矿物在环境属性开发领域的应用前景。     

碳酸盐岩地区红土针铁矿中铝对铁的置换作用及其环境意义

针铁矿是地表分布最广的氢氧化铁矿物，针铁矿的结构、成分和形态等特片，在一定程度上反映了某形成环境特征及其变化。根据作者提出和设计的红土中氧化铁矿物分离和分析程序，运用Ｘ射线衍射分析，红外光谱和电子探针等方法研究了贵州碳酸盐岩红土中针铁矿的铝类质同像置换作用。     

环境矿物材料在土壤、水体、大气污染治理中的利用

本文在简要阐明了环境矿物材料对污染物的净化机理与净化功能的基础上,明确了环境矿物材料的应用领域,重点展望了在土壤重金属污染防治、地表水和地下水水质改善及燃煤固硫除尘等三类状态污染控制与环境保护领域中应用的前景。认为经济、简便、有效地用于污染治理与环境修复的无机界矿物学方法类似于有机界生物学方法,均是自然界地球系统中天然自净化作用的反映。     

Mineralogical sources of the buffer capacity in a granite catchment determined by strontium isotopes

The role of different minerals in base cation release and thus the increase of buffering capacity of groundwater against acid deposition is controversially discussed in the literature. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and base cation concentration were investigated in whole rock leachates, mineral separates, precipitation, soil solution, groundwater and stream water samples in the Lehstenbach catchment (Germany) to identify the weathering sequence of the granite bedrock. Three different approaches were followed in parallel. It was assumed that the contribution of different minerals to base cation supply of the groundwater with increasing weathering intensity would be observed by investigating (1) unweathered rock leachates, deep groundwater and shallow groundwater, (2) groundwater samples from new groundwater wells, reflecting the initial weathering of the drilled bedrock, and groundwater from wells that were drilled in 1988, (3) stream water during baseflow, dominated by deep groundwater, and stream water during high flow, being predominantly shallow groundwater. Whereas the first approach yielded consistent patterns, there was some evidence that groundwater from the new wells initially reflected contamination by the filter gravel rather than cation release in an initial stage of weathering. Time series samples of stream water and groundwater solute concentrations and isotope ratios turned out to reflect varying fractions of soil water and precipitation water at baseflow and high flow conditions rather than varying contributions of different minerals that prevail at different stages of granite weathering.     

江西泰和第四纪红色粘土的矿物特征

第四纪红色粘土在我国南方分布很广,最典型的分布在华中岗地上,土层较厚,上部土质均匀,下部具有红白网纹并含砾石,大都是中更新世的洪积-冲积或残积-坡积物,笔者认为可能是间冰期比较暖热气候条件下的产物。熊毅早就指出:各地环境殊异,地形复杂,母岩不同,其理化特征将随之而异。第四纪红色粘土来自不同的堆积相,和经受不同的风化和成土过程,这将在矿物组成方面反映出来。土壤普查的结果表明,第四纪红色粘土按其分布的地形部位,成因和物质来源,可分成两类:一类是残积坡积相，为中更新世较早的暗红色沉积物，即Q₂另一类是冲积相，为中更新世较晚的红化程度较轻的淡红色沉积物。它们都经历了中更新世至今的成土过程1)”。为了查明它们的差异，并有助于第四纪沉积物的研究，笔者用部分标本进行矿物分析，并对初步结果进行讨论。     

Contamination of water and soil by the Erdenet copper–molybdenum mine in Mongolia

As one of the largest copper–molybdenum (Cu–Mo) mines in the world, the Erdenet Mine in Mongolia has been active since 1978 and is expected to continue operations for at least another 30 years. In this study, the potential impacts of mining activities on the soil and water environments have been evaluated. Water samples showed high concentrations of sulfate, calcium, magnesium, Mo, and arsenic, and high pH values in the order of high to low as follows: tailing water > Khangal River > groundwater. Statistical analysis and the δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of water samples indicate that the tailing water directly affects the stream water and indirectly affects groundwater through recharge processes. Soil and stream sediments are highly contaminated with Cu and Mo, which are major elements of ore minerals. Based on the contamination factor (CF), the pollution load index (PLI), and the degree of contamination (C_d), soil appears to be less contaminated than stream sediments. The soil particle size is similar to that of tailing materials, but stream sediments have much coarser particles, implying that the materials have different origins. Contamination levels in stream sediments display a tendency to decrease with distance from the mine, but no such changes are found in soil. Consequently, soil contamination by metals is attributable to wind-blown dusts from the tailing materials, and stream sediment contamination is caused by discharges from uncontained subgrade ore stock materials. Considering the evident impact on the soil and water environment, and the human health risk from the Erdenet Mine, measures to mitigate its environmental impact should be taken immediately including source control, the establishment of a systematic and continuous monitoring system, and a comprehensive risk assessment.     

吐鲁番盆地地表水和地下水主要化学成分的形成与演化

吐鲁番盆地是我国西北干旱区内陆盆地之一,盆地内赋存铁矿等重要矿产资源。研究吐鲁番盆地地表水和地下水化学成分的演化对于吐鲁番盆地地下水资源的合理开发具有重要意义。采用无机离子示踪剂的方法,通过主要离子浓度与Cl-离子浓度之间的关系,以及主要离子/Cl^- 与Cl^- 离子浓度之间的关系,对盆地地表水和地下水的主要化学成分的形成进行了分析。同时参照地表水中主要化学成分的形成与演化,揭示盆地地下水化学成分的演化过程以及盐分的潜在来源。在吐鲁番盆地,影响不同深度地下水水化学变化的主要是蒸发矿物,其来源主要包括土壤表面的蒸发矿物、土壤层和包气带中的蒸发矿物以及艾丁湖中的表层沉积物。     

Arsenic-contaminated groundwater from parts of Damodar fan-delta and west of Bhagirathi River,West Bengal,India: influence of fluvial geomorphology and Quaternary morphostratigraphy

Arsenic contamination in groundwater affecting West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh is a serious environmental problem. Contamination is extensive in the low-lying areas of Bhagirathi–Ganga delta, located mainly to the east of the Bhagirathi River. A few isolated As-contaminated areas occur west of the Bhagirathi River and over the lower parts of the Damodar river fan-delta. The Damodar being a Peninsular Indian river, the arsenic problem is not restricted to Himalayan rivers alone. Arsenic contamination in the Bengal Delta is confined to the Holocene Younger Delta Plain and the alluvium that was deposited around 10,000–7,000 years bp, under combined influence of the Holocene sea-level rise and rapid erosion in the Himalaya. Further, contaminated areas are often located close to distribution of abandoned or existing channels, swamps, which are areas of surface water and biomass accumulation. Extensive extraction of groundwater mainly from shallow aquifers cause recharge from nearby surface water bodies. Infiltration of recharge water enriched in dissolved organic matter derived either from recently accumulated biomass and/or from sediment organic matter enhanced reductive dissolution of hydrated iron oxide that are present mainly as sediment grain coatings in the aquifers enhancing release of sorbed arsenic to groundwater.     

Environmental impact of the abandoned coal mines on the surface water and the groundwater quality in the south of Bochum,Germany

Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 20 locations, situated in the vicinity of the abandoned coal mine fields south of Bochum. The main objective of this research is to assess the environmental impacts of these mines on the surface water and groundwater quality as well as to determine the factors controlling these impacts. The water samples were collected from stream sources, groundwater, surface water and engineered channels during April 2011. Physicochemical parameters were measured during fieldwork. Water samples were analysed for major ions and aluminium, iron, manganese, ferrous iron, zinc and hydrogen sulphide. The hydrochemistry of the surface water and the groundwater of this area is characterized by near-neutral to alkaline conditions, represented by predominance of calcium bicarbonate and sometimes calcium sulphate water types. Hence, the surface water and the groundwater quality in this region is significantly affected by abandoned coal mines. These effects resulted from oxidation of iron disulphide minerals that release iron, sulphate and hydrogen. The presence of carbonate-rich materials, which contained within the landfilling materials, has led the releasing of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate. These materials could be the main source responsible for raising the alkalinity of the affected water. The environmental hazard of the abandoned coal mines in this area is related to the high concentration of Fe especially in the groundwater that possess the highest Fe concentration compared to other water sources: the Fe is 18 times larger than the allowed value in drinking water. Significant spatial variations of the water pollution were noted in this study. For this reason, the environmental hazards of the abandoned coal mines in Germany should be considered at closure of coal mines in the near future. Otherwise, these mines will be sources of environmental threats unless all necessary measures are taken to reduce their impact.     

石油类污染建筑场地的环境调查与治理

污染造成的环境损害和土壤与地下水质量降低,直接影响生命健康与环境安全。污染企业搬迁后遗留场地的调查检测与修复治理,是土地资源开发利用与管理的重要环节。结合两个炼油厂污染地块在土地再开发期间所进行的土壤环境调查和治理修复案例,阐述了石油类污染地基土的环境调查方法、评价方式和治理修复措施,以期为污染土壤的调查与治理修复提供借鉴。     

基于多元回归分析的铬污染地下水风险评价方法

土-水分配系数（K_d）是表征重金属污染物在土壤包气带中迁移能力的重要参数,受污染物质量浓度、pH值、有机质质量分数、铁铝氧化物质量分数等多种因素影响。本文通过实验研究了分配系数与各种影响因素之间的关系,基于多元回归分析方法得到了分配系数与影响因素的关系方程;并以分配系数、泄漏量、土壤孔隙度、初始含水率为风险因子建立了地下水污染风险评价方法。以某工厂铬废液的泄露为案例,采用构建的方法进行地下水污染风险评价。结果表明：该处地下水被污染的风险等级为中等。地下水污染风险评价方法的建立为重金属污染地下水的监测管理提供了一种有效方法。     

Impact of anthropogenic geochemical change and aquifer geology on groundwater phosphorus concentrations

Geologic and geochemical variations across a 4200 km² area of south-central Wisconsin (USA) were used to examine their relationship to phosphorus concentrations in groundwater from more than four hundred private water supply wells. Surficial geology in the study area ranged from Cambrian sandstones to Ordovician dolomites. Groundwater phosphorus concentrations were higher in aquifers of older Cambrian age compared to the concentrations in aquifers of younger Cambrian and Ordovician age. Because iron concentrations were relatively low in these waters and agricultural land use was similar in all geologic regions, we propose that the differences in bedrock phosphorus and anthropogenic geochemical impacts explain the differences in phosphorus concentrations between aquifers. Within the older Cambrian aquifers, groundwater phosphorus concentrations were elevated in groundwater with higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. This finding is consistent with the presence of phosphorus within sediment in these strata and geologic conditions that weakly buffered pH reduction from anthropogenic acidification. In contrast, groundwater phosphorus concentrations in younger Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers were not elevated in samples with higher nitrate. Anthropogenic acidification in these carbonate-rich aquifers was neutralized through increased carbonate weathering, which led to higher groundwater calcium and alkalinity and would limit the dissolution of phosphate-rich minerals, such as apatite, where present. Low iron concentrations observed in most samples suggest that the phosphorus release in the Cambrian strata occurs beyond the zone of secondary mineral retention in the soil. These results have important implications for the eutrophication of inland surface waters in areas with bedrock phosphorus and anthropogenic acidity that is not neutralized before it contacts phosphatic rock.