粤东柘林湾发光细菌法监测生物毒性的周年变化

以发光细菌法监测了粤东柘林湾水体和表层沉积物生物毒性的周年变化,结果表明,所有站位的周年调查中,最低相对发光度为84%,最高为131%,各站位的表层水、底层水和沉积物的相对发光度的年均值都在100%以上,其水体和沉积物均属于低毒或无毒水平,表明该海域尚未被有毒物质污染。由于海水对海洋发光细菌的活化作用,大部分检测样品的发光度都超过对照样品的发光度。监测样品的相对发光度在周年和季节变化上没有规律性,与细菌季节变化的关系不明显,相对发光度的高低与细菌生理群数量的大小没有必然的联系。沉积物样品生物毒性的发光细菌监测方法有待于进一步改善。     

卤虫在油田生产水生物毒性监测中的应用

以卤虫(Artemia)龄期和体长为指标,探讨了卤虫幼体在海洋油田生产水中生物毒性监测的应用,评价了油田生产水的生物毒性,建立了以卤虫为材料的油田生产水急性生物毒性试验方法.结果表明1)5个油田生产水样品的生物毒性不一样,IC50分别为1.5%,12%,21%,＞100%,＞100%.样品I、样品Ⅱ、样品Ⅲ可致卤虫不同程度的发育异常,主要表现在生长值较对照组小,发育龄期小于对照组以及分节时体节不能正常分叶.样品Ⅳ和样品V则对卤虫发育没有明显影响.2)卤虫是海洋污染物生物毒性监测的适宜物种,卤虫发育龄期适宜作为油田生产水生物毒性的监测指标.有必要对油田生产水的生物毒性效应进行监测,以合理评估生产水对海洋环境的影响.     

湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物、浮游细菌生物量与可培养细菌数量的周年变化

采用丙酮萃取分光光度法、荧光显微计数法、平板计数法分别研究湖光岩玛珥湖5个站位表层水体浮游植物生物量、浮游细菌生物量、可培养细菌数量的周年变化。结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖浮游植物生物量(以碳C计)和浮游细菌生物量(以C计)、可培养细菌数量周年波动范围分别为84.17~243.64 mg/m3、20.53~43.60 mg/m3、0.10×103~3.63×103 m L-1。三者的周年变化趋势呈规律性同步增减,峰值均出现在3月份,且在5个采样站位间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与主要生态因子的相关分析显示,浮游植物与浮游细菌生物量均与总氮呈显著正相关(P0.05),而可培养细菌数量与氨氮呈显著正相关(P0.05),与溶解性氮和磷酸盐呈显著负相关(P0.05),但三者与多数调查的生态因子之间相关性无统计学意义(P0.05)。浮游植物的初级生产可能是调控细菌周年变化潜在的主导因素。     

近百年来龙感湖地区湖泊营养化过程

由于近年来社会经济的迅速发展，湖泊富营养化问题日趋严重。其中湿地的破坏是导致人湖营养盐增加的一个重要原因。对湿地变化与湖泊营养盐状况关系的分析是制定湖泊环境整治和生态修复的重要科学依据。湖泊沉积物含有丰富的生物和理化方面的信息，在缺乏长期湖泊监测记录的情况下。可以用来重建湖泊及其流域过去变化的历史。根据龙感湖表层沉积物^210Pb活度比变化，分析了该地区近百年来沉积物中湿地花粉、总磷和磁性参数．探讨了湖泊营养化过程及机理。研究表明，龙感湖近百年来营养级的增加是与湿生植被的破坏密切相关。20世纪上半叶的湖泊富营养化响应于磁性参数指示的流域土壤侵蚀速率的增加，而20世纪70年代以来湖泊营养程度的加重则与龙感湖流域农业化肥的使用和湿地植被破坏而导致湿地功能减弱有关。龙感湖流域内人类对湖周潍地的改造．破坏了湿地植被，助长了人湖物质的增加。湖泊营养相对富集，最终导致水体富营养化发生。     

大亚湾网箱养殖区异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

研究了大亚湾网箱养殖水体中细菌的数量动态，以探讨其变化规律与鱼病的关系。结果表明：总细菌、弧菌的数量变化各异，网箱内、网箱外和对照海区细菌数量分布与变化不同。养殖区异养细菌丰值期在4-5月份，5月份最高；网箱水体弧菌的丰值期在6-11月，最高在8月；网箱外丰值期在7-9月，最高在8月，对照海区最高值在9月．其他时间变化不大。无论是异养菌还是弧菌，细菌值大小顺序为网箱内、网箱外、对照海区。弧菌数量与部分环境因子相关性较为密切，但相关程度随不同空间而不同，可能受其他环境条件影响。弧菌的高值期与弧菌病的流行期相吻合，鱼体受伤或其他原因引起细菌感染也会使水体中细菌数量升高。     

湖南澧水下游表层沉积物稀土元素特征

采样测定了湖南澧水下游表层沉积物21个样品的稀土元素地球化学含量,分析了稀土元素组成特征,据此探讨其物质来源。结果表明:澧水下游表层沉积物中稀土元素总含量为(109.12～192.27)×10^-6,平均为148.37×10^-6;与湖南土壤背景值相比较,澧水下游表层沉积物含量处于略偏低水平;21个样品的稀土元素含量变化规律高度一致,组成特征变化较小;稀土元素组成表现为轻稀土元素相对富集而重稀土元素相对亏损,Eu呈中等程度亏损,Ce呈弱的负异常;澧水下游表层沉积物的稀土元素总含量、特征参数,与湖南土壤、长江沉积物背景值比较接近,其大陆上地壳标准化和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式与长江沉积物很接近,这可能暗示了澧水下游表层沉积物除了主要来源于澧水河流侵蚀搬运物外,部分可能来源于松滋口、太平口和藕池口等荆江3口泄洪带入的长江沉积物。     

发光细菌在渔业水域污染物急性毒性快速检测中的应用

以明亮发光杆菌为指示生物，对渔业不域中污染物的急性毒性进行了检测，同时研究了ＰＨ值、温度对试验结果的影响。研究表明，发光细菌毒性试验是一种快速、简便的毒性测试方法，在温度２０－３０℃，ＰＨ６．０－９．０条件下所进行的测试，其结果与鱼类毒性试验可以互相替代。     

西南印度洋中脊48.6°~51.7°E沉积物地球化学特征

为了深入了解西南印度洋中脊调查区表层沉积物的物质来源和沉积环境,对大洋第30航次在该区域获取的21个表层沉积物样品进行了物相鉴定和主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素含量测试,分析结果显示,样品可分为Si质沉积物和Ca质沉积物两类,其中Si质沉积物富含Si、Mg、Fe、Al,稀土元素含量特征、轻重稀土元素分馏特征,以及稀土元素的北美页岩归一化曲线均表明沉积物保留了N-MORB的特征,主要为基性岩、超基性岩的风化产物;而Ca质沉积物富Ca、LOI、Sr,稀土元素以及微量元素之间的分配均指示沉积物物源为生源主导;所有站位均显示了两类沉积物不同程度的混杂,表明物质来源具有一定的多样性,调查区总体为稳定的偏氧化环境。      

马氏珠母贝肠道及其养殖水体可培养细菌群落结构

【目的】了解马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata martensii)肠道及其养殖水体可培养细菌的群落组成。【方法】采用2216E平板涂布法研究海区养殖马氏珠母贝肠道与养殖水体的可培养菌群种类及丰度。【结果与结论】马氏珠母贝肠道及其养殖水体的可培养细菌归属于2门(变形菌门和厚壁菌门)3纲7目10科23属56种。属水平上,肠道中以弧菌属(74.7%)和假交替单胞菌属(18.7%)为主;养殖水体中α-变形菌纲的FJ943236_g属(40.7%)丰度最大,弧菌属(16.7%)相对肠道丰度较低。样品共有菌属为弧菌属、假交替单胞菌属、发光杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属;肠道特有菌属为希瓦氏菌属和盐单胞菌属;养殖水体特有菌属主要为FJ943236_g、鲁杰氏菌属和Nautella。在种水平上,7个种为二者共有;马氏珠母贝肠道和养殖水体特异性菌种分别为18个和31个。虽然门水平上马氏珠母贝肠道中可培养细菌群落与其养殖水体中的细菌群落大致相似,但在属、种水平上二者差异明显。     

假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri的生长特性及其反硝化活性

为有效控制养殖水体中的氮素污染，研究了一株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)的生长特性和反硝化活性。结果表明，假单胞菌不能利用无机碳源进行生长，其在有机碳源存在的前提下可以利用无机氮源(如氯化铵和硝酸钾)进行生长和繁殖，并且与氮源的浓度呈正相关。假单胞菌的最适生长pH为7．0～8．0，最适生长温度为30～35℃，生长条件与一般的细菌相似。假单胞菌可对水体中的硝态氮通过反硝化来实现生物脱氮，这种反硝化的活性与水体中溶氧的含量呈负相关。研究显示，运用假单胞菌的生长特性和反硝化活性实现养殖水体生物脱氮是控制养殖水体氮素污染的一条良好途径。     

Impacts of precipitation variation and soil and water conservation measures on runoff and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau Gully Region,China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced a lengthy drought and severe soil erosion.Changes in precipitation and land use largely determine the dynamics of runoff and sediment yield in this region. Trend and mutation analyses were performed on hydrological data(1981–2012) from the Yanwachuan watershed in the Loess Plateau Gully Region to study the evolution characteristics of runoff and sediment yield. A time-series contrasting method also was used to evaluate the effects of precipitation and soil and water conservation(SWC) on runoff and sediment yield. Annual sediment yield declined markedly from 1981 to 2012 although there was no significant change in annual precipitation and annual runoff. Change points of annual runoff and annual sediment yield occurred in 1996 and 1997,respectively. Compared with that in the baseline period(1981–1996), annual runoff and annual sediment yield in the change period(1997–2012)decreased by 17.0% and 76.0%, respectively, but annual precipitation increased by 6.3%. Runoff decreased in the flood season and normal season, but increased in the dry season, while sediment yield significantly declined in the whole study period. The SWC measures contributed significantly to the reduction of annual runoff(137.9%) and annual sediment yield(135%) and were more important than precipitation. Biological measures(forestland and grassland) accounted for 61.04% of total runoff reduction, while engineering measures(terraces and dams) accounted for 102.84% of total sediment yield reduction. Furthermore, SWC measures had positive ecological effects. This study provides a scientific basis for soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau.     

Annual discharge and sediment load variation in Jialing River during the past 50 years

Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956-2006). These loads were also analyzed to ascertain the influential factors associated with its variation with the help of Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results indicated that the Jialing River annual discharge showed no significant trend at >95% confidence level while the an...     

川中紫色丘陵区径流泥沙SWAT模型的模拟应用分析

针对川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地严重水土流失,选取典型代表李子溪流域为研究区,构建了其SWAT的模型数据库,包括地形、土壤、气象和土地利用数据库。并利用赵家祠水文站1970-1979年的实测径流和泥沙资料,对该流域的SWAT模型参数进行率定再采用1980-1986年的实测资料,对模型的适用性进行验证,同时用相对误差Re和Nash确定性系数Ens评价模拟效果。结果显示,径流和泥沙模拟相对误差均在±15%范围以内,Nash确定性系数均大于等于0.70,说明SWAT模型对李子溪流域年、月径流和年泥沙量的模拟精度较高。同时模拟值与实测值和降雨量的变化趋于一致。可见,用SWAT模型模拟和预测雨量较为丰沛、土壤侵蚀较严重的紫色丘陵地区的产流产沙是实用、可行的。     

Assessing conservation practices in Amalacaxco Gorge (Izta-Popo National Park,Central Mexico) using fallout <Superscript>137</Superscript>CS and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

This study aims to assess conservation practices in Izta-Popo National Park (Central Mexico) by evaluating the mechanisms of sediment transfer. We applied a methodology based on fallout 137Cs and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) analysis. This was tested in the upper catchment of Amalacaxco Gorge, selected for being one of the sectors of the park in which man-made actions have been implemented in last decades to favor forest growth in the alpine grassland and to reduce the effect of water runoff. We quantified the 137Cs activity using gamma and beta spectrometry of fine sediment grains extracted from the surface of parcels of 0.4 m2 in areas of natural forest, natural alpine grassland, alpine grassland with conservation practices, ravines and trails. In general, 137Cs values increases as local slope decreases as it was expected. The natural forest is the most stable area in terms of soil erosion and sediment accumulation and, mean 137Cs activity was taken as reference to assess cumulative zones, with higher 137Cs values and erosive, with lower. We found that trails are accumulative surfaces but in other areas, erosion predominates. Man-made ditches, trenches and afforestation in the alpine grassland have higher 137Cs values than the natural grassland, which indicates that conservation practices are limiting the sediment transfer from hillslopes to channels, however, soil retention is less than in the natural grassland. Additionally, we evaluated the luminescence (OSL) values obtained from samples extracted from the sediment transported in ravines that are cutting into different sectors of the study area to assess the grade of resetting of fluvial materials. These luminescence results indicated that the sediment transported in ravines that are cutting into the natural forest and alpine grassland is bleached more efficiently than the sediment transported in the alpine grassland with conservation practices. Results of fallout 137Cs and luminescence strongly suggest that man-made actions in this part of the Izta-Popo National Park are dramatically modifying the natural mechanisms of sediment transfer and favoring soil erosion. We conclude that made ditches, trenches and afforestation are not an effective conservation practice in Amalacaxco Gorge because they are promoting soil erosion instead of reducing it.     

Estimation of regional evapotranspiration in alpine area and its response to land use change: A case study in Three-River Headwaters region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Three-River Headwaters(TRH) region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,the Huanghe(Yellow) River and the Lancang River in China.Taking the TRH region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case,the annual evapotranspiration(ET) model developed by Zhang et al.(2001) was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area,and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed.The plant-available water coefficient(w) of Zhang’s model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index(VTCI) before annual ET was calculated in alpine area.The future land use scenario,an input of ET model,was spatially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent(CLUE-S) to study the response of ET to land use change.Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69.This indicates that Zhang’s ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the alpine area.The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 mm,11.6 mm more than that in 1980.Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest,but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest.As a vast and sparsely populated area,the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions.Thus,land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution,and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with increasing precipitation.ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land,and was least sensitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.     

The environmental implication of diatom fossils in the surface sediment of the Changjiang River estuary(CRE) and its adjacent area

In order to depict the distribution of diatom fossils in surface sediments and to establish a reliable reference data for further paleoenvironmental study in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary and its adjacent waters, the diatom fossils from 34 surface sediment samples and their relationship with environmental variables were analyzed by principal component analysis and redundancy correspondence analysis. The diversity and abundance of diatom fossils were analyzed. Some annual average parameters of the overlying water(salinity, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, depth, dissolved inorganic nitrogen,dissolved inorganic phosphate and dissolved inorganic silicate) were measured at each sampling site. A total of 113 diatom taxa and one silicoflagellate species were identified in the investigation area. Diatom fossils were better preserved in fine sediments. The absolute abundance of diatom fossils did not significantly dif fer between inshore and of fshore areas, the species diversity decreased from inshore to of fshore. This may be because high nutrients and low salinity promoted the growth of more brackish species in coastal waters. The diatom taxa were divided into three groups, on the basis of their response and indication to environmental changes. For example, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Cyclotella stylorum were dominant in coastal waters(Group 1 and Group 3) with high nutrients and low salinity; the relative abundances of Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger were significantly higher in of fshore sites(Group 2, average 39.5%),which were characterized by high salinity and deep water. Four environmental variables(salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, temperature and water depth) explained the composition and distribution of diatom taxa independently( P 0.05), this finding can be applied in further paleoenvironmental reconstruction research in this area.     

A method for simulating sediment incipient motion varying with time and space in an ocean model(FVCOM):development and validation

We modified the sediment incipient motion in a numerical model and evaluated the impact of this modification using a study case of the coastal area around Weihai, China. The modified and unmodified versions of the model were validated by comparing simulated and observed data of currents, waves, and suspended sediment concentrations(SSC) measured from July 25~(th) to July 26~(th), 2006. A fitted Shields diagram was introduced into the sediment model so that the critical erosional shear stress could vary with time. Thus, the simulated SSC patterns were improved to more closely reflect the observed values, so that the relative error of the variation range decreased by up to 34.5% and the relative error of simulated temporally averaged SSC decreased by up to 36%. In the modified model, the critical shear stress values of the simulated silt with a diameter of 0.035 mm and mud with a diameter of 0.004 mm varied from 0.05 to 0.13 N/m~2, and from 0.05 to 0.14 N/m~2, respectively, instead of remaining constant in the unmodified model. Besides, a method of applying spatially varying fractions of the mixed grain size sediment improved the simulated SSC distribution to fit better to the remote sensing map and reproduced the zonal area with high SSC between Heini Bay and the erosion groove in the modified model. The Relative Mean Absolute Error was reduced by between 6% and 79%, depending on the regional attributes when we used the modified method to simulate incipient sediment motion. But the modification achieved the higher accuracy in this study at a cost of computation speed decreasing by 1.52%.     

Evaluating the Accuracy of ERA5 Wave Reanalysis in the Water Around China

Wave parameters, such as wave height and wave period, are important for human activities, such as navigation, ocean engineering and sediment transport, etc. In this study, wave data from six buoys around Chinese waters, are used to assess the quality of wave height and wave period in the ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Annual hourly data with temporal resolution are used. The difference between the significant wave height(SWH) of ERA 5 and that of the buoy varies from-0.35 m to 0.30 m for the three shallow locations;for the three deep locations, the variation ranges from-0.09 m to 0.09 m. The ERA5 SWH data show positive biases, indicating an overall overestimation for all locations, except for E2 and S1 where underestimation is observed. During the tropical cyclone period, a large(about 32%) underestimation of the maximum SWH in the ERA5 data is observed. Hence, the ERA5 SWH data cannot be used for design applications without site-specific validation. The difference between the annual wave period from ERA5 and the mean wave period from the buoys varies from-1.31 s to 0.4 s. Inter-comparisons suggest that the ERA5 dataset is consistent with the annual mean SWH. However, for the average period, the performance is not good, and half of the correlation coefficients in the four points are less 50%. Overall, the deep water area simulation effect is better than that in the shallow water.