南极长城站微生物考察

198 6- 1 987年中国第三次南极考察中 ,对南极长城站空气、陆上和海滨的微生物作了考察。长城站野外空气中的微生物含量较低 ,海洋性微生物为 1 4 8.7CFU/ m3 ,陆源性微生物为 1 7.9CFU/ m3 ,表明野外空气相当洁净。室内空气微生物数比室外及野外均高得多 ,霉菌的检出率和含量都不高。微生物因人群活动和环境的不同而异。陆上的微生物含量次序是 :冰雪 <湖水 <原土等。海滨的微生物含量相当多 ,>1 0 3 CFU/ cm3 (或 g)。长城站的微生物组成有 1 1属以上 ,包括偶见的芽孢杆菌。温度试验结果表明 ,野外的大部分菌株适于低温生活。没有发现能在≥2 5℃的温度中存活者。低温是控制长城站微生物生态的一个重要因子。在长城站这类环境中 ,低温微生物对物质转化和循环发挥着持久的重要作用     

Paleomagnetism of Early Tertiary volcanics in the South Shetland Islands and its tectonic implications

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Composition of plagioclases in volcanic rocks of King George Island, Antarctica with reference to the petrogenetic significance

Plagioclases occur mainly as phenocrysts in volcanic rocks of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. In basaltic andesites and andesites of Keller Peninsula and Ullman Spur (Admiralty Bay), they are high structure state labradorite andesines; and in high Al basalts and basaltic andesites of Barton and Weaver peninsulas (Maxwell Bay), they are high structure state bytownite anorthites.∑[WT9.BZ]REE, La/Yb ratios and δEu values of plagioclases from Admiralty Bay are higher than those from Maxwell Bay. All plagioclases have rather identical chondrite normalized transitional element distribution patterns, probably reflecting that crystal structure rather than composition of plagioclase controls their diversity. Compositions of plagioclases depend chiefly on those of their host rocks, compositional differences of plagioclases reveal that basaltic magmas in the Admiralty Bay area are more evolved than in the Maxwell Bay area.     

南设得兰群岛、比斯科群岛及其附近浮游多毛类动物初步报告

本文报导了我国首次南极洲和南大洋考察队,在南设得兰群岛和比斯科群岛及其附近系列的浮游多毛类动物8种,隶5属4科,有4种是南设得兰群岛首次报告,两种为南极特有种,对每种的分类异名、形态及地理分布均有描述.     

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PELAGIC POLYCHAETES FROM THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS,BISCOE ISLANDS AND THEIR VICINITIES

The structure of the ice core varies with depth, Its surface layer is firn, followed by an ice layer with random fabric pattern (beginning at 28m depth), then transformed to a small circle girdle pattern (beginning at 147 m depth) through a transition layer, finally to a single-maximum pattern (beginning at 191 m depth). The stratigraphic profile of the ice core is similar to those of other cores on the Law Dome, For BHQ located in the middle of a flow line from the summit to the coast, the initial depth of every specific layer is less than that in the upstream and larger than that in the downstream. The ice was analyzed for trace elememts using instrumental neutron activation technique. No tendency towards a systematic increase or decrease in the element concentrations in the past 4000 years has been found. The mean concentrations of Na and Al over the past 4000 years are higher than those in the Vostok ice core by factors of 9 and 4, respectively.     

南极长城湾底层海水温度季节变化特征分析

本文使用南极长城湾 1 987年 3月至 1 988年 2月连续观测资料 (每小时观测一次 ) ,对该海湾底层海水温度的季节变化特征进行了分析研究     

Sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological evidence for a neoglacial cold event during the late Holocene in the continental shelf of the northern South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica

Two sediment cores obtained from the continental shelf of the northern South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, consist of: an upper unit of silty mud, bioturbated by a sluggish current, and a lower unit of well-sorted, laminated silty mud, attributed to an intensified Polar Slope Current. Geochemical and accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C analyses yielded evidence for a late Holocene increase in sea-ice extent and a decrease in phytoplankton productivity, inferred from a reduction in the total organic carbon content and higher C : N ratios, at approximately 330 years B.P., corresponding to the Little Ice Age. Prior to this, the shelf experienced warmer marine conditions, with greater phytoplankton productivity, inferred from a higher organic carbon content and C : N ratios in the lower unit. The reduced abundance of Weddell Sea ice-edge bloom species ( Chaetoceros resting spores, Fragilariopsis curta and Fragilariopsis cylindrus ) and stratified cold-water species ( Rhizosolenia antennata ) in the upper unit was largely caused by the colder climate. During the cold period, the glacial restriction between the Weddell Sea and the shelf of the northern South Shetland Islands apparently hindered the influx of ice-edge bloom species from the Weddell Sea into the core site. The relative increases in the abundance of Actinocyclus actinochilus and Navicula glaciei , indigenous to the coastal zone of the South Shetland Islands, probably reflects a reduction in the dilution of native species, resulting from the diminished influx of the ice-edge species from the Weddell Sea. We also document the recent reduction of sea-ice cover in the study area in response to recent warming along the Antarctic Peninsula.     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE OXYGEN-MINIMUM LAYER IN WATER AREA ADJACENT TO SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS AND NORTH OF ARDLEYD ISLAND, ANATRCTICA, IN SUMMER

In this paper, a distribution of the oxygen-minimum layer in the sea area adjacent to the South Shetland Islands and north of the Ardleyd Island, Antarctica, in surmner is discussed.The vertical distribution of oxygen in oxygen-minimum layer has the following features: 1). The depth at which the oxygen content greatly decreases is coincident with the depth of pycnocline; 2). There is a thick water layer with low oxygen content; 3). The oxygen-minimum layer occurs below the thermocline and coincides with the depth at which the temperature mostly increases. According to preliminary result of correlation analysis, the varia tion of oxygen-minimum layer is related to physical preperties of the circulation and biochemical process in deep layer of the ocean.     

西南极南设得兰群岛中新生代地层特征

南设得兰群岛是晚中生代以来古太平洋板块向南极板块俯冲消减过程中形成的,目前对整个群岛的地层特征及沉积演化无统一认识。通过归纳总结国内外研究成果,认为该群岛出露的地层具明显的时空规律。群岛主体的西南部出露上侏罗统-下白垩统,发育海底扇、深海、斜坡裙、扇三角洲等沉积相,相伴随的火山作用主要为钙碱性玄武岩和玄武安山岩的喷发,记录了弧前盆地-火山岛弧的演化过程;群岛主体的东北部主要出露上白垩统-下渐新统,其中上白垩统-始新统发育一套玄武质熔岩、火山碎屑-沉积岩建造,为温暖气候下的陆相沉积,火山活动具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩与钙碱性火山岩的过渡性质。渐新统-下中新统则记录了从间冰期正常海相到冰期冰海相沉积的转变过程。     

南极南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中有色溶解有机物的分布特征及来源分析

在南极南设得兰群岛附近海域采集了6个表层沉积物样品,测定了提取液中溶解有机物(DOM)的有机碳含量、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,并对有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分子量信息及各荧光组分的成分和来源进行了分析。结果表明,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中DOM提取液的溶解有机碳(DOC)及沉积物有机碳(SOC)的含量呈现由近岸向开阔海域递减的趋势,紫外-可见吸收光谱中的吸收系数(a)也表现出了相似的性质,光谱斜率比(SR)表明近岸沉积物CDOM老化程度较强。通过对三维荧光光谱的分析可知,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中的CDOM包含3种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、海洋类腐殖质和陆源类腐殖质,表现出较强的自生源特征,整个研究海域CDOM来源以内源为主,受陆生植物和土壤有机质的外源输入影响较小。通过CDOM各参数的相关性分析发现,沉积物DOM提取液的DOC含量与SOC含量以及吸收系数和腐殖化指数(HIX)等参数相互之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数(r)均在0.88以上,显著性水平P0.01。     

南北极海冰变化及其影响因素的对比分析

海冰是海洋-大气交互系统的重要组成部分,与全球气候系统间存在灵敏的响应和反馈机制。本文选用欧洲空间局发布的1992—2008年海冰密集度数据分析了南北极海冰在时间和空间上的变化规律与趋势,并结合由美国环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)和美国大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR)联合制作的NCEP/NCAR气温数据和ENSO指数探讨了南北极海冰变化的影响因素。结果表明,北极海冰面积呈明显的减少趋势,其中夏季海冰最小月的减少更快。北冰洋中央海盆区、巴伦支海、喀拉海、巴芬湾和拉布拉多海的减少最明显。南极海冰面积呈微弱增加趋势,罗斯海、太平洋扇区和大西洋扇区的海冰增加。北极海冰面积与气温有显著的滞后1个月的负相关关系(P0.01)。北极升温显著,北冰洋中央海盆区、喀拉海、巴伦支海、巴芬湾和楚科奇海升温趋势最大,海冰减少很明显。南极在南大西洋、南太平洋呈降温趋势,海冰增加。北极海冰减少与39个月之后ONI的下降、40个月之后SOI的上升密切相关;南极海冰增加与7个月之后ONI的下降、6个月之后SOI的上升存在很好的响应关系。南北极海冰变化与三次ENSO的强暖与强冷事件有很好的对应关系。     

2013年夏季南极南设得兰群岛周边海域透光层水团结构

南设得兰群岛位于德雷克海峡南侧, 南经布兰斯菲尔德海峡与南极半岛相望。该区域一直是南大洋海洋学研究的热点区域, 近些年已成为南极磷虾渔业的重要作业区。透光层作为海洋生物活动最为集中的区域, 也是海洋中生产力最为丰富的区域。了解透光层水团的特性及变化, 一方面可为南极半岛海洋学研究提供基础信息, 同时也可为南极磷虾等中上层海洋生物的分布及其致因提供科学支撑。通过分析2013年1月至3月南设得兰群岛周边海域5个断面的透光层温、盐数据, 本研究梳理了该区域的水团属性和分布。结果显示, 南设得兰群岛北侧较深水区水团垂向结构明显, 由上至下依次为南极夏季表层水、冬季水和绕极深层水。位于南设得兰群岛南侧的布兰斯菲尔德海峡内, 威德尔海过渡水特征几乎占据了整个布兰斯菲尔德海峡。但布兰斯菲尔德海峡西南侧水团结构较为复杂, 包括了威德尔海过渡水、别林斯高晋海过渡水和德雷克海峡水等。阐明南设得兰群岛周边复杂的水团结构对于进一步开展南大洋生物-物理相互作用研究具有重要的科学意义。     

罗斯海和普里兹湾海域海冰范围变化对比分析

海冰范围的变化对气候变化、生态系统以及人类活动都会产生重大的影响,近年来极地海冰范围的变化受到广泛关注。对南极罗斯海与普里兹湾海域海冰范围进行时间序列分析,研究发现海冰范围季节性变化在罗斯海与普里兹湾海域差异较大,罗斯海地区表现出"快速缩小、迅速扩大"的特性,普里兹湾海域表现出"快速缩小、缓慢扩大"的特性。两地区的海冰范围在年际变化上都表现出扩大的趋势,2003—2014年罗斯海地区海冰变化趋势为(1.39±1.12)×104km2·a~(-1),普里兹湾海域海冰变化趋势为(0.61±0.26)×104km2·a~(-1)。罗斯海地区夏季的年际变化为减少趋势。     

南极附近水域微小型藻类的研究 Ⅱ.南设得兰群岛邻近海域微小型浮游甲藻的分布特征

根据1987年1月17日～2月2日我国第三次南极考察期间,在南设得兰群岛邻近海域所获28个测站的甲藻样品,分析研究了微小型浮游甲藻的种类组成、数量分布和群落结构特征。经鉴定共有11属47种甲藻,其中以圆甲藻属(Gyrodinium spp.)、裸甲藻属Gymnodinium spp.)和原多甲藻属(Protoperidinium spp.)为主。网样甲藻平均丰度为(6.47×10~3个/m~3;水样甲藻平均丰度达2511.43×10~3个/m~3。微小型浮游甲藻的组成具有鲜明的南极海区的地方特点,大部分种是南极地区特有种,适宜在南极高寒海域大量繁殖;部分种为南极沿岸种或南极—亚南极冷水种;还有一部分为南极寒海域冷水种或分布较广的寒温带种;仅个别为广温广布种;南极海域出现的甲藻类分别代表着南极海域生物地理学和海洋生态学的特点。     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛周围海岸地貌研究

本文对南设得兰群岛乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛周围现代和上升海岸地貌进行了研究。认为现代海岸地貌有三类:碎屑海岸、基岩海岸和冰崖海岸。对碎屑海岸受负载浮冰的波浪作用造成的各种现象进行了成因和类型研究。系统研究上升海岸之后得出结论,该区上升海岸地貌以海拔20米为界,上下分别属较老组和较新组。海岸平均上升速度为10毫米/年。     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤的化学风化作用

西南极南设得兰群岛乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤化学分析表明土壤中存在着一定的化学风化作用。相对于母质,土壤中的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、FeO、MgO,GaO和Na_2O淋失,K_2O、H_2O~+、H_2O~-、TiO_2和P_2O_5富集。土壤中SiO_2/Al_2O_3的平均值为4.71,属弱风化壳类型。硅铝比反映出成土作用时间越长,土壤的风化程度越高,化学风化作用大于南极大陆边缘和内部。Al_2O_3在南极的淋失率大于SiO_2,使较老土壤剖面由下向上硅铝比增大。土壤的化学性质很大程度上取决于母质。南极强烈的冻融扰动作用破坏了土壤分层。土壤中存在着较强的水合作用。     

New ￣(40)Ar/￣(39)Ar age evidence for the Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Mount Bowles Formation in Livingst

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1986年冬季中国南极长城站的地震观测

1986年3月30日至12月25日为期271天的冬季地震观测中,中国南极长城站地震台共记录到各种震动3000余次,其中大部分为长城湾冰层破裂产生的微震,4次为南设得兰群岛邻近海域中的浅源地震以及5月7日阿留申群岛发生的8.1级地震和4月14日南桑韦奇群岛发生的6.4级地震。冰震与构造地震具有明显的差异。1986年11月16日的地震记录为分析冰震与构造地震的区别提供了很好的例证。冰震具有初动尖锐、频率高和衰减快的特征。根据初动和波型很容易将冰震与构造地震区分开。     

Moulting juvenile male southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina (L.) at Hannah Point, Walker Bay, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands

Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina (L.) were counted at seventeen discrete moulting sites at Hannah Point, Walker Bay on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands between 2 January and 16 February 1994. The physical characteristics of each moulting site were assessed. Counts through 46 consecutive days demonstrated that the number of juvenile males in dry moulting sites increased as the muddy wallows were gradually abandoned. This pattern of behaviour is similar to the pattern described for other sex- and age-groups (e.g. adult females) in previous studies.     

ANALYSIS OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS OF ANTARCTIC KRILL, EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA DANA

Diet components of Euphausia superba of 12 sexual maturity stages from the adjacent waters off the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica were analysed. The major points observed are summaried as follows: 135 taxa of nano-and microorganisms were found in stomach contents of Euphausia superba, of which, the diatoms make up 60% of the total species number. Planktonic nano-diatoms and nano-flagellates smaller than 20μm in diameter accounted for 85% of diet total number. The dominant species in the stomach contents were Nitzschia angulata f. minima, N. curta f, minima, N. curta,Chrysostomum sp., the mean cell number of these species was about 56.99 cells/ind., The stomach fullness increases gradually with the sexual mature of the krill.