东亚西风异常活动对热带西太平洋西风爆发及ENSO发生的作用

本文通过观测资料分析和数值模拟，对80年代两次ENSO事件产生过程中，东亚西风异常活动对热带西太平洋西风爆发及ENSO发生的作用进行了研究。资料分析结果表明，热带西太平洋低层西风异常的发生，与东亚低层西风异常向南向东传播有关。数值模拟结果表明，东亚低层西风异常向南向东传播至赤道附近，然后继续向东传播，可以在赤道中、东太平洋产生El Ni?o现象。相关分析结果表明，东亚西风异常向南传播过程中，欧亚大陆有欧亚遥相关环流形势与之配合，使得赤道西太平洋西风异常猛烈发展，并且随着西风异常东传，从而造成强的 El Ni?o 事件发生。     

关于ENSO本质的进一步研究

基于ENSO是热带太平洋海气相互作用产物的科学观点,一系列的分析研究表明:赤道太平洋次表层海温异常(SOTA)有明显的年际变化(循环),并且与ENSO发生密切相关;ENSO的真正源区在赤道西太平洋暖池,赤道西太平洋暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传到东太平洋,导致El Nino(La Nina)的爆发;在暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传的同时,将有负(正)SOTA沿10°N和10°S两个纬度带向西传播,从而构成SOTA的循环;热带太平洋SOTA年际循环的驱动者主要是由异常东亚季风所引起的赤道西太平洋纬向风的异常.进而,可以提出关于ENSO本质的一种新理论,即ENSO实质上主要是由异常东亚季风引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的年际循环.       

ENSO循环机理的一些新看法与气候异常

近几年来我国学者在对ENSO循环机理方面提出了一些新看法.研究表明,ENSO实质上是主要由东亚季风异常引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温异常的年际循环.ENSO的真正源在西太平洋暖池,暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层(斜温层)东传到东太平洋,便导致ElNino/La Nina的爆发;在暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传的同时,有负(正)SOTA沿10°N和10°S纬度带向西传播,从而构成SOTA的循环;而热带太平洋SOTA循环的驱动者是赤道西太平洋的异常纬向风.ENSO事件的发生,往往引起全球大气环流和世界许多地区的气候异常,导致一些国家和地区多雨洪涝,另外一些国家和地区高温少雨和严重干旱.     

西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常 与ENSO循环的相互作用

利用1964～1993年的太平洋次表层海温资料,进一步分析研究了西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常与ENSO循环的关系。合成及相关分析的结果进一步表明,西太平洋暖池次表层海温的暖（冷）异常及其东传对ENSO的发生起着十分重要、且更直接的作用。然而,赤道西太平洋异常纬向风是造成次表层海温异常东传的重要原因,而纬向风的异常又是由于东亚冬季风异常活动所引起的,这间接地说明了异常东亚冬季风对西太平洋暖池次表层海温距平东传的重要作用。通过研究还发现,ENSO发生后,北半球副热带地区将有次表层暖（冷）海温距平沿着10～20oN纬带西传,这是导致西太平洋暖池次表层海温发生异常的重要原因之一。也就是说,西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常与ENSO循环之间是相互影响、相互作用的。     

东亚冬季风异常与ENSO循环关系的进一步研究

通过对1955～1989年35年的观测资料的合成分析,进一步指出东亚冬季风与ElNino、LaNina事件存在着明显的相互作用、相互影响的循环关系.这种循环关系一方面表现在异常强(弱)东亚冬季风通过激发赤道中西太平洋地区的异常西(东)风以及强(弱)对流活动,而最终使得ElNino(LaNina)事件爆发;另一方面,ElNino(LaNina)的爆发将通过大气遥响应,使得东亚冬季风偏弱(强).功率谱分析也表明,东亚冬季风与ENSO循环相互作用主要表现在3～5年的周期上,同时准2年周期也很明显.       

ENSO循环机理的一些新看法与气候异常

近几年来我国学者在对ENSO循环机理方面提出了一些新看法。研究表明 ,ENSO实质上是主要由东亚季风异常引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温异常的年际循环。ENSO的真正源在西太平洋暖池 ,暖池正 (负 )SOTA沿赤道温跃层 (斜温层 )东传到东太平洋 ,便导致ElNi no/LaNi na的爆发 ;在暖池正 (负 )SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传的同时 ,有负 (正 )SOTA沿 10°N和 10°S纬度带向西传播 ,从而构成SOTA的循环 ;而热带太平洋SOTA循环的驱动者是赤道西太平洋的异常纬向风。ENSO事件的发生 ,往往引起全球大气环流和世界许多地区的气候异常 ,导致一些国家和地区多雨洪涝 ,另外一些国家和地区高温少雨和严重干旱。     

亚澳季风异常与ENSO准四年变化的联系分析

分析了赤道地区纬向风的年际变化特征，以及亚澳季风与ENSO在各个位相的联系。结果表明：赤道纬向风变化与中东太平洋海温变化在准四年周期上是强烈耦合的；在El Eino期间东亚冬季风弱，夏季风强，而南亚夏季风弱，反之，在La Nina期间东亚冬季风强，夏季风弱，而南亚夏季风强；东亚地区的异常北风有利于西太平洋西风异常爆发，使得东太平洋海温升高，但只有随后在中东太平洋出现持续性西风异常，El Nino才能发展，其中来自太平洋中部的异常北风（并不是来自东亚大陆地区）和南太平洋中部的异常南风的辐合对中东太平洋出现持续性西风异常起重要的作用，尤其是澳大利亚东北部的季风异常的影响更为显。     

热带太平洋西风异常对ENSO事件发生的作用

本文从观测资料对80年代两次ENSO事件产生过程中，热带太平洋西风异常及其对赤道中、东太平洋表层海温增暖的作用进行了分析和比较。分析结果表明:在这两次ENSO事件的产生过程中，赤道西太平洋上空均有较大的西风异常，并且它由赤道西太平洋向赤道中、东太平洋传播，随着西风异常从西向东传播，赤道中、东太平洋的表层相继增温。分析还表明，1982／1983年ENSO事件发生过程中，热带太平洋西风异常的强度要比1986／1987年热带太平洋西风异常强得多，这使得1982／1983 ENSO事件的强度比1986／1987_ENSO事件强得多。为了说明热带西太平洋西风异常对赤道中、东太平洋ENSO事件发生的作用，本文还利用IAP太平洋环流模式对西风异常在ENSO事件产生过程中的作用进行了数值模拟。模拟的结果说明了热带太平洋的西风异常对赤道太平洋暖水的向东传播和赤道中、东太平洋的增温起了很重要作用，这与观测事实分析一致。     

冬季热带西太平洋MJO活动强弱年的环境场特征

利用1948—2011年NCEP等再分析资料,采用合成分析等方法对比分析了冬季(冬半年)热带西太平洋MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)活动强、弱年的环境场特征。结果表明,冬季热带西太平洋MJO的活动具有显著的年际和年代际变化。MJO活动强年,对流层低层在菲律宾以东洋面上空有异常气旋式环流,赤道东太平洋上空为较强的东风距平,赤道印度洋到赤道西太平洋上空是异常西风,西太平洋地区有较强辐合,从而导致热带西太平洋地区积云对流活动显著加强;而MJO活动弱年的环流特征相反。热带MJO以东传为主,有少量西传波动。在MJO活动强年,无论东传还是西传其时空谱值都显著大于MJO活动弱年,其中心频率较MJO活动弱年偏高。MJO活动的异常和海温及东亚冬季风紧密相连,在MJO活动强年,海平面气压和500 hPa位势高度异常场表现为中高纬度的正异常和低纬地区的负异常,东亚冬季风活动偏强,中国大陆中部气温普遍偏低,同时,黄河以南长江以北地区降水偏多,而长江以南地区降水偏少;台湾附近海域受强东亚冬季风影响,海表温度偏低,东太平洋上海温距平呈现La Ni?a型的异常分布,而在MJO活动弱年上述特征基本相反。      

贵州冬季冻雨的大尺度环流特征及海温异常的影响

利用1981-2013年贵州冬季冻雨资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温资料等,分析了影响贵州冬季冻雨日数的大尺度环流系统,讨论了海温异常对冬季冻雨日数的可能影响。基于赤道中东太平洋海温异常建立冬季冻雨日数的预测模型,并检验了模型的预测能力。研究表明:贵州冬季冻雨日数偏多(少)年,大气环流异常呈现出西伯利亚高压偏强(弱)、东亚地区海陆气压差偏大(小)的强(弱)东亚冬季风环流特征,同期印缅槽偏强(弱)、东亚副热带急流偏强(弱)。贵州冬季冻雨日数多寡与ENSO事件存在密切联系,秋、冬季赤道中东太平洋冷(暖)海温发展有利于冬季冻雨日数偏多(少)。前期秋季赤道太平洋Ni?o区海温异常是显著影响贵州冬季冻雨日数的年际预报信号,对贵州冬季冻雨日数的多寡具有较好的预测指示意义。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.