2010年江西两次冬季暴雨过程分析

该文利用自动气象站逐小时雨量资料、常规气象观测资料以及NCEP每6 h 1次1°×l°全球再分析资料分析了2010年12月12日(简称过程1)和15日(简称过程2)江西2次不同类型的大范围冬季暴雨过程。结果表明,两次不同类型的冬季暴雨过程都发生在"拉尼娜"的气候背景下,高空急流右侧的强辐散区与中低层强西南气流中风速辐合区耦合下形成。与汛期暴雨过程相比,涡度、散度量值与汛期暴雨大小相近,垂直速度较小;850 hPa比湿值仅为汛期值的一半,低层水汽条件差,但整层水汽输送与汛期暴雨相近;大部分处于对流稳定状态,降水持续时间长,无中尺度雨团。冬季暴雨在动力、水汽条件方面700 hPa比850 hPa表现明显,暴雨落区与700 hPa水汽辐合一致。     

对湖北省2000年5月一次暴雨天气过程的分析

使用2000年5月22－25日500hPa、700hPa、850hPa以及地面天气图资料，描述了当年5月24日发生在湖北境内一次暴雨天气过程的高空和地面天气形势；同时根据武汉暴雨研究MAPS模式提供的有关物理量格点场资料，对此次暴雨天气过程的能量场、散度场、涡度场与水流通量散度场进行了分析。其结果表明，中低层低涡、切变线以及地面中尺度耦合带是形式这次暴雨过程的主要天气系统，且地面中尺度辐合系统与大暴雨落区存在很好的对应关系。     

台山市2006年5月21至5月24日特大暴雨过程分析

对2006年5月21日到5月24日台山市特大暴雨过程进行分析,主要从500hPa、850hPa及地面三层形势的演变过程进行天气形势分析;探讨了此次暴雨过程的成因及其它降水因子情况.结果表明,在这次特大暴雨过程中500hPa、850hPa及地面形势的配合与强降水有着较好的对应关系,单站要素有所反映.     

2003年8月28日至29日铜川区域性暴雨成因分析

对2003-08—28—29铜川市暴雨过程分析发现，暴雨发生在南亚高压由东部型转为西部型的调整过程中，200hPa急流为暴雨区高层辐散提供了动力条件，500hPa陕西处于副高边缘，新疆有冷涡不断分裂冷空气扩散南下，这种形势的稳定，为暴雨区提供了充足的能量和动力作用；700hPa关中及其以南的SW急流和850hPa华北到陕西东部的东风气流，为暴雨过程提供了充足的水汽，铜川处于切变辐合区；物理量场中，铜川处于一个水汽的辐合中心，垂直速度的上升中心，散度场上表现为低层辐合，高层辐散，水汽条件和动力条件配置非常有利。中尺度分离分析表明，暴雨发生过程中，雨区低空700hPa和850hPa有明显的中尺度辐合区存在。     

长江上游大范围致洪暴雨的成因分析

使用1981～1996年6～8月长江上游19站日降水资料以及同期500hPa、700hPa、850hPa天气图资料，分析了其间长江上游113个暴雨日的主要影响系统。结果表明，按500hPa环流形势划分，可将长江上游大范围致洪暴雨分为北槽南涡类、低涡切变类、河西小槽类等三种类型，其中北槽南涡类和低涡切变类对长江致洪影响极大。同时，以1981～1996年6～8月08时500hPa、700hPa、850hPa资料为初始场，结合日本数值预报产品，归纳出了长江上游未来24小时内大范围暴雨的预报判据。     

2011年秦巴山区秋季区域性暴雨数值模拟及诊断分析

利用WRF对秦巴山区秋季一次区域性暴雨进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果与实况相一致的情况下,进行了秋季暴雨机理的研究,结果表明:秦巴山区暴雨落区位于500hPa槽前、700hPa冷式切变的暖区、低空急流轴的左前侧;低空急流携带的暖湿空气与西北路冷空气在陕南秦巴山区形成稳定维持的冷式切变是本次暴雨的主要原因;700hPa西南低空急流与850hPa偏东急流是本次过程的水汽和能量来源;K指数大值中心的出现在秦巴山区秋季暴雨预报中应予以重视,600~800hPa高对流有效位能维持为暴雨的发生提供了充足的能量。     

2011年秦巴山区秋季区域性暴雨数值模拟及诊断分析2011年秦巴山区秋季区域性暴雨数值模拟及诊断分析

利用WRF对秦巴山区秋季一次区域性暴雨进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果与实况相一致的情况下,进行了秋季暴雨机理的研究,结果表明：秦巴山区暴雨落区位于500 hPa槽前、700 hPa冷式切变的暖区、低空急流轴的左前侧;低空急流携带的暖湿空气与西北路冷空气在陕南秦巴山区形成稳定维持的冷式切变是本次暴雨的主要原因;700 hPa西南低空急流与850 hPa偏东急流是本次过程的水汽和能量来源;K指数大值中心的出现在秦巴山区秋季暴雨预报中应予以重视,600～800 hPa高对流有效位能维持为暴雨的发生提供了充足的能量。

     

陕北榆林市一次暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用FY-2C卫星tbb资料、常规资料以及NCEP 1°×1°的6h分析资料,对2006年9月20日夜陕西省榆林市的一次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：700 hPa存在一支较强的偏南气流,该气流北伸的位置与暴雨的落区有关;tbb的最低值与暴雨中心对应较好;暴雨前期,850hPaθse场呈典型的“Ω”型;850hPa和700hPa的西南气流为暴雨提供了充足的水汽;强烈的上升运动触发不稳定能量释放,有利于强降水天气的发生发展;暴雨发生时,暴雨区基本位于或接近于螺旋度的大值区。     

桂林市2005年6月连续性暴雨的季风扰动及动力条件分析

通过对2005年6月连续性暴雨过程发生前后的天气形势和物理量场进行分析,发现暴雨发生时,与500hPa螺旋度、涡度及850hPa水汽通量配置较好。暴雨前期低空急流加强,表现在暴雨发生前850hPa沿110°E有V分量的增长。另外,可通过对T 213物理量预报场的分析,判断未来暴雨发生的可能性。     

华南西部重大锋面暴雨天气过程研究

对1970—2006年汛期(4—9月)发生在华南西部(广西)的重大锋面暴雨天气过程进行分析研究。结果表明：华南西部重大锋面暴雨天气平均每年汛期出现10ｄ,暴雨过程日数月总值分布具有明显的“单峰型”特征,峰值出现在6月;广西北部地区发生重大锋面暴雨天气过程比南部地区明显偏多;造成华南西部重大锋面暴雨过程的天气形势特征主要有五种类型：湘黔桂低涡型、深槽型、波动型、华北槽+南支槽型和南支槽+高后型;广西区域的925 hPa的水汽通量散度、850 hPa垂直速度和θse500～850等物理量场,较好地反映了华南西部大范围锋面暴雨天气过程物理量场的变化,可作为华南西部重大锋面暴雨天气过程的物理强信号和预报着眼点。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.