The response of a deep rigid anchor due to undrained elastic deformations of the surrounding soil medium

The equations governing the undrained linear elastic behaviour of a saturated soil are formally similar to the equations governing slow of an incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid. This principle of equivalence can then be effectively employed to obtain the load-deflection reiationship for a deep rigid anchor with the shape of a solid of revolution which is embedded in bonded contact with an unbounded incompressible elastic medium. It is found that the load-deflection relationship for the deep rigid anchor can be directly recovered from the expression for the drag induced on an impermeable object with the same size and shape as the anchor, which is appropriately placed in a slow viscous flow region of uniform velocity.     

Boundary layer dynamics and drag reduction in flows of high cohesive sediment suspensions

Drag reduction has been observed in suspension flows of low clay concentrations in previous studies. Here, velocity profiles and bed shear stresses, expressed as shear velocities, are measured using epoxy-coated hot-film sensors to evaluate drag reduction and controlling factors in suspension flows of high clay concentrations (4 and 8 g l^–1). The directly measured shear velocity in the viscous sublayer is found to be reduced by as much as 70% relative to the profile-derived shear velocity in the logarithmic layer. Drag reduction is found to increase with increasing clay concentration and decreasing flow strength. Density profile data indicate that the suspension flows were not stratified, and examinations of particle size distributions suggest that flocculation was not significant in causing the observed drag reduction. Measurements of the velocity profiles and of the shear velocity in the viscous sublayer indicate significant thickening of the inner wall layer and show turbulence damping in the viscous sublayer. These effects become stronger for higher concentrations and lower flow strength, suggesting that they are responsible for drag reduction in flows of clay suspension. Empirical relationships have been derived that can be used to predict the magnitude of drag reduction and the reduced shear stress in mud suspensions for both laboratory and field cohesive sediment transport studies.     

斜孔掏土应力解除法治理煤矿生根井塔偏斜研究

为验证斜孔掏土应力解除法治理华东某双向偏斜生根井塔的适应性和有效性,综合理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测研究了斜孔掏土孔周塑性区发展、纠偏机制及掏土各因子对纠偏效果的影响规律。结果表明,开孔后孔周塑性区半径与孔径和孔周应力成正比,且随钻孔深度增加而增大。掏土纠偏的内在机制在于钻孔能有效解除孔周一定范围内的应力,使孔周土体不断向孔内坍塌,进而减小开孔侧井筒的外荷载,与对侧产生应力差值,促使井塔回纠。通过正交试验设计极差分析得出钻孔孔排宽度为影响掏土纠偏的最主要因子,其次为钻孔深度、孔径和孔距井筒中心线距离,且斜孔纠偏效果优于竖直孔。最后,基于模拟获得的最优纠偏参数组合设计了现场纠偏方案,并对井塔偏斜和井筒受力进行施工监测得出,斜孔掏土应力解除法有效逆止了生根井塔的偏斜发展,目前井塔偏斜和井壁受力均处于安全可控状态。     

土石比对碎石土强夯地基加固效果影响规律瑞利波检测分析

为了探讨土石比及大粒径块石对碎块石土强夯加固效果的影响规律,对3组不同土石比条件下碎块石土强夯地基的瑞利波检测数据进行了对比分析。夯后波速曲线具有明显的突变性,并随着土石比的减小其突变程度增强,突变段与大粒径块石有较好的对应性。波速增加比例曲线具有垂直分区特征,土石比对强夯加固区厚度影响较大。大块石对周边土体存在较强的扰动作用,夯后波速曲线往往表现为突然锐减,特别是当其位于夯后场地表层或较多大块石距离较近时表现更加明显。当大块石位于强加密区内时,加固深度随着大块石埋深增加而减小,且其埋深越靠近波速增加峰值点时加固深度越浅。研究成果对碎块石填土强夯地基的设计和施工具有参考价值。     

Deformation of particles developed around rigid and deformable nuclei

The deformation of particles developed around rigid and deformable nuclei e.g., oolites, is investigated theoretically by considering the motion of the viscous fluid within the particles during deformation. It is postulated that the deformed shapes of these particles are influenced by the development of stagnation points around the nuclei. The shape changes of these particles are studied experimentally using an ethyl cellulose—benzyl alcohol solution to represent both the matrix and the particles developed around rigid or highly viscous nuclei. The models were subjected to pure-shear, simple-shear and irrotational non-plane strain deformation and the experimental model deformation is compared with naturally deformed particles. The deformed shapes of particles with nuclei of different competencies differ greatly from that of particles without nuclei; the differences depending on the viscosity difference of the two media and the relative size of the nuclei as compared to the size of the particles enclosing it. For both pure-shear and simple-shear deformation, the shapes of these particles would approximate to that of constrictional (prolate) ellipsoids. Irrotational non-plane strain deformation could, depending on the deformation paths, result in these particles having shapes which are more flattened (oblate) or more constrictional (prolate) than homogeneous particles subjected to the same deformation.     

2-D rotation behavior of a rigid ellipse in confined viscous simple shear: numerical experiments using FEM

The rotation behavior of rigid elliptical inclusions adherent to the viscous matrix in simple shear flow is investigated using a 2-D finite element numerical model. Several simulations were performed using different ratios (S) between shear zone width and inclusion's least principal axis. A computational strategy was devised to calculate pressure and viscous forces exerted on the inclusion and deduce its angular velocity. For large S values, results agree remarkably well with theoretical predictions, while for small S values results deviate significantly from theory but are in agreement with previous analogue experiments. The numerical model provided detailed and coherent information about the physical parameters involved in the process (e.g., pressure, strain rate and vorticity distributions within the model).     

矿区表土疏水沉降机理及其与井壁破裂的关系

为了揭示矿区表土疏水沉降的机理,并透析表土沉降与井壁破裂之间的关系,从表土疏水沉降的模拟实验入手,分析了矿区表土缩水沉降的机理。揭示了矿区表土层中非压缩区的存在,并在此基础之上分析了立井井筒所承受的负向滑动摩擦力的形成及变动规律,剖析了井壁破裂与表土层厚度及下含水水位的特定对应关系,为揭示井壁破裂时间的可预测性奠定了基础。      

Reliability analysis of drilled shaft behavior using finite difference method and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monte Carlo</Emphasis> simulation

Load displacement analysis of drilled shafts can be accomplished by utilizing the “t-z” method, which models soil resistance along the length and tip of the drilled shaft as a series of springs. For non-linear soil springs, the governing differential equation that describes the soil-structure interaction may be discretized into a set of algebraic equations based upon finite difference methods. This system of algebraic equations may be solved to determine the load–displacement behavior of the drilled shaft when subjected to compression or pullout. By combining the finite difference method with Monte Carlo simulation techniques, a probabilistic load–displacement analysis can be conducted. The probabilistic analysis is advantageous compared to standard factor of safety design because uncertainties with the shaft–soil interface and tip properties can be independently quantified. This paper presents a reliability analysis of drilled shaft behavior by combining the finite difference technique for analyzing non-linear load–displacement behavior with Monte Carlo simulation method. As a result we develop probabilistic relationships for drilled shaft design for both total stress (undrained) and effective stress (drained) parameters. The results are presented in the form of factor of safety or resistance factors suitable for serviceability design of drilled shafts.     

基于应变梯度理论的砂土中扩孔闭合解

扩孔理论作为一种简单适用的理论工具,目前已经被广泛用于隧道、土工原位测试、桩基和锚定板承载力设计等岩土工程问题的研究中。现有扩孔理论无法考虑土体小半径扩孔的尺寸效应问题,以砂土中的圆柱孔和球孔扩张为研究对象,基于应变梯度塑性理论,引入能够考虑土体尺寸效应的力学参数——土体特征长度l并给出解释,同时考虑土体大变形特性,推导出能够考虑土体微观结构尺寸效应的扩孔问题闭合解。通过将土体归一化特征长度l/a0(a0为初始圆孔半径)退化为0（即不考虑尺寸效应）,将该解退化为经典不考虑尺寸效应的扩孔解答,验证了本文理论解答的正确性。同时开展参数分析,详细探讨了土体归一化特征长度l/a0、摩擦系数μ、剪胀系数β、形状系数k对压力扩张关系、孔周应力分布、孔周应变梯度、极限扩孔应力的影响规律。最后将提出的理论解答应用到微型圆锥贯入试验（micro cone penetration test,简称MCPT）等实际问题中,提出了MCPT贯入阻力的计算公式,通过跟既有试验结果对比,验证了本文理论的适用性。     

A finite-element treatment of sea ice dynamics for different ice rheologies

In this paper the effects of four different rheologies on the evolution of a large-scale sea ice pack are determined and compared. Two rheologies are of viscous-plastic form, and two are viscous fluid relations. The initial pack domain is rectangular, and the motion is driven by wind stress and resisted by ocean drag. Two adjacent edges are rigid shore boundaries, and the other two are free boundaries at open water which move during the pack motion, so that the pack domain changes in time. Two different forms of boundary conditions at the rigid shore edges are considered, which also influence the evolution. The governing equations are solved numerically using a finite-element method, and, unlike previous numerical treatments, no artificial viscosity is incorporated to stabilise the algorithm near interfaces between converging and diverging flow. Instability arises when any tensile stress is abruptly cut-off when diverging flow is initiated, and an alternative view is offered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

任意柔性挡墙变位诱发地表沉降的解析理论预测

将任意挡墙水平变位模式分解为抛物线柔性模式和梯形刚性模式,并通过求解平面应变方程,得到挡墙在抛物线柔性变位模式下的理论解,给出地表土体的沉降曲线,分析土体沉降规律,同时将理论解应用于工程案例分析,通过与4个基坑开挖实例沉降归一化曲线的对比,分析解的适用性。结果显示,当挡墙发生抛物线变位模式时,地表沉降整体规律为向下凹槽型,最大沉降发生在距离墙背一定距离处,与实际情况相符。理论解形式表明,最终的表达式与弹性参量无关;归一化的沉降曲线显示,理论预测的最大沉降位置与实测值接近,且土体沉降模式与实测结果一致,说明理论解是合理的。     

泥石流对桥墩冲击力的试验研究

泥石流冲毁桥墩是桥梁在遭受泥石流冲击时的常见破坏形式。为了研究泥石流对桥墩的冲击力大小,通过调整黏土、沙、石子、水的不同含量,配置不同流变特性、不同密度的泥石流,使用所配置的原料在泥石流槽内对两种形状（圆形、方形）的桥墩缩尺模型进行冲击,综合考察了流变特性、流速、桥墩形状以及冲击力的关系。试验表明：试验配置的泥石流原料流变特性差异明显,且可以用简单的选择流变仪测得,用牛顿流体或宾汉体描述。泥石流的流速可用曼宁公式求得,而公式中的糙率系数与泥石流黏度满足幂函数关系。相同工况下,不同形状桥墩所受的冲击力差异明显,方形桥墩阻力系数普遍大于圆形桥墩。使用非牛顿流体雷诺数（Re）可以综合反映流变特性和流速,因此,圆墩的阻力系数可表达为Re的函数,而方墩则没有明显关系。为方便工程应用,可根据黏性泥石流、稀性泥石流对圆墩的阻力系数分别为2.3、0.9,对方墩分别为2.6、1.9进行选用。     

Pressure of thawing soils on the concrete lining of vertical mine shafts

The paper presents data on the theoretical and experimental investigations for revealing characteristic features of the development of pressure of thawing clayey soils on the concrete lining of mine shafts. The concrete shaft lining and frozen soil massif are considered as rigid walls resting on a rigid base (bedrock). While the thawing soil is being consolidated due to gravity, because of friction and cohesion it transmits loads on to the walls. The report shows that the development of the loads on the mine-shaft lining due to soil thawing is divided into two stages. This paper presents the technique of experiments effected on the mine-shaft models. It has been noted that, owing to nonuniform thawing of soils close to the mine shaft, the soil displacement begins on the side with the greater thawing. This may cause nonuniform lateral pressure on the concrete mine-shaft lining, endangering its stability.     

基岩逆断层错动引起的上覆土体变形预测

基岩逆断层错动引起上覆土体变形会导致地表及地下建筑的破坏,相应的变形预测模型仍较为缺乏,相关因素的影响规律尚未掌握。本文通过补余误差方程来表征逆断层错动引起的上覆土体变形,建立可预测不排水条件下上覆土体的变形理论计算模型,并通过离心机实验数据、数值模拟数据加以验证。对比分析结果表明,补余误差方程能表征基岩逆断层错动所引起的地表及地表以下土体变形。参数分析结果表明:基岩错动量的幅值对地表不均匀隆起区域范围的影响并不显著;形状参数的增加会使得地表不均匀隆起区域趋向集中;断层倾角的增加会使得地表不均匀隆起区域向断层上盘一侧偏移。     

等截面桩与扩底桩抗拔承载特性数值分析研究

建立了等截面桩与扩底桩的抗拔分析模型。采用直接约束处理的接触算法与库仑摩擦模型来模拟桩-土界面,土体选用抛物线型Mohr-Coulomb本构模型。通过程序的二次开发,实现初始应力场的合理计算,并采用位移边界对扩底抗拔桩的上拔过程进行动态的非线性有限元模拟。以现场足尺试验中的试桩为数值分析对象,通过调整计算参数使计算得到荷载-位移关系曲线与试验结果接近,来验证数值模型的正确性并确定计算参数。在此基础上,研究了上拔过程中轴力、侧摩阻力的大小与分布、桩身与扩大头附近土体变形与塑性区的发展规律。数值分析加深了对扩底桩抗拔承载特性的进一步认识。     

满流条件下管道破损诱发渗流侵蚀的试验研究

针对富水砂层中地下管道破损诱发地面沉降的问题,设计了一套可视化试验装置,对骨架粒径d90 =1.45～8.45 mm的11种砂土样、5种满流流速下土体渗流侵蚀诱发地表沉降的规律进行了研究。研究表明：（1）管道破损诱发的土体渗流侵蚀有3种模式,分别为：只突水无沉降、形成土拱并发生沉降和溃砂沉降;（2）土体骨架粒径、破损口尺寸、厚跨比是决定土体产生何种渗流侵蚀模式的主要因素,满流流速主要影响土体沉降范围;（3）管道破损口上方土体形成土拱或溃砂时,土体骨架粒径d90与厚跨比r的关系为：当8.0≥r≥4.2时,d90随r的增大呈抛物线下降;当12.5≥r≥8.0时,d90保持不变;（4）管道破损口上方土体形成土拱或溃砂时,流速为0的初始沉降半径、沉降深度由破损口直径D与土体平均粒径d50的比值（D/d50）决定;沉降半径、沉降深度均随满流流速的增大而线性增大;形成土拱时,沉降半径、沉降深度随流速增大的扩展速度（VL、VH）与D/d50呈对数关系;溃砂时,沉降半径随流速增大的扩展速度VL规律如下：当23.0≥D/d50≥6.0时,VL随D/d50的增加而线性增大,当42.0≥D/d50≥23.0时,VL随D/d50的增大呈对数减小。     

On the behaviour of liquefied soil

Engineering mechanics of liquefied soil is presented. Firstly, experimental methods and their results are described in order to show that liquefied soil can be approximated as a viscous fluid. The experiments proposed allow for determination of dynamic viscosity of liquefied soil, which is of the order of 10⁶ Ns/m². This value agrees with some theoretical estimates. Then, the model of viscous fluid is applied to practically important problems, in order to predict sinking of structures in liquefied subsoil, and to describe underwater flows of seabed. Enclosed examples show that the model and methods proposed lead to realistic results and, therefore, can be applied in engineering calculations.     

考虑加载过程及桩体固结变形的碎石桩复合地基固结解析解

为了完善碎石桩复合地基固结理论,通过假设从桩体排出的水量等于流入桩体的水量与桩体体积变化之和以及地基扰动区土体水平渗透系数呈线性变化,并考虑上部荷载逐渐施加,推导了考虑桩体体积变化的碎石桩复合地基超静孔压及固结度解析解。当加载时间趋于零时,本文解可退化为瞬时加载情况下的解;当加载时间及桩径同时趋于零时,本文解可进一步退化为Terzaghi一维固结解,这证明了本文解的正确性。通过与已有解的比较,对地基固结性状进行了分析。结果表明,加载过程对地基固结度影响显著,加载历时越长,固结越慢;在各种条件下,不考虑桩体固结变形时地基固结始终比考虑桩体变形时快,并且其影响随着加载历时变小、桩径比变小、桩土模量比变小、桩土渗透系数变小而逐渐增大,这说明在实际工程固结计算中不考虑桩体固结变形是偏于不安全的。     

基于二次抛物线型强度包络线的管桩挤土效应分析

假定管桩在沉桩时的挤土过程是一个圆柱形孔扩张过程。基于具有抛物线型强度包络线和圆孔扩张理论对管桩的挤土效应进行分析研究。分析了桩周土体周围土体的弹塑性力学行为,得到应力场和位移场等的表达式,并求得其塑性区半径、孔内最终压力。其结果可以为管桩工程问题提供理论依据。      

K0固结饱和土柱孔扩张问题弹塑性分析

采用K0固结各向异性土体本构模型,将柱孔扩张后周围土体分为弹性区和塑性区,根据柱孔扩张理论和边界条件,推导出K0固结状态下饱和天然土体柱孔扩张问题弹塑性区的应力、塑性区半径以及超孔隙水压力的理论解答。同时,通过算例与修正剑桥模型解答进行对比分析,结果表明,土的不同初始固结状态对柱孔扩张后孔周围的应力和超孔隙水压力产生很大影响,采用考虑K0固结诱发各向异性土体本构模型所得到的应力和超孔隙水压力解答大于修正剑桥模型的解答,但塑性区影响半径却明显小于后者。