青藏铁路可调式通风管路基的数值仿真分析

Finite Element Method has been used to operate the numerical analysis and comparison between the traditional ventilated embankment and the adjustable ventilated embankment adopted in Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. The numerical results show that: 1) The adjustable ventilated embankments can prevent the thermal entry from air into ducts during summer from thawing the permafrost beneath the embankments; 2) The cooling effects of the adjustable ventilated embankments on permafrost is much better than the traditional ventilated embankments although two kinds of embankments can generate the thawing bulbs at the beginning of finishing construction; 3) The drop of the mean temperature of permafrost under the adjustable ventilated embankments keeps faster than that of the mean temperature of permafrost under the traditional ventilated embankments. It is clear that the adjustable ventilated embankments can keep the embankment more stable than the traditional ventilated embankments.     

倾斜布管采控天然冷量的青藏铁路路基温度场演变规律

Aiming at the stabilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Railway embankment during its construction and run, the method using tilt pipes to keep the permafrost embankment stabilization is put forward in the paper. By gathering natural cold energy in the winter and release it in the summer the tilt pipes can keep the permafrost embankment stabilizing. The temperature fields of the embankment and the stratums below are studied according to the condition of pipes diameter 250mm, length 7. 0m and tilt angle 30°,45°, 60° until the railway working for 20 years. It is shown that the embankment field using tilt pipes will eliminate the thawing core and come into subzero temperature phase ahead of 9 years compared with the original model. Different tilt angles have different efforts on the embankment and stratums, synthesis analysis of thermal income and expenses of the embankment and stratums should be carried out     

青藏铁路冻土路基沉降变形现场试验研究

Based on the field data of ground temperature and roadway settlement observed during the construction of the experimental embankments over permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway, this paper discusses the differences of frost process on the roadway surface from that on the natural ground surface, the changes of permafrost table under the roadway embankment, and the peculiarities of roadway settlement. Analyses of the test results show : 1) The differences of the freezing indexes between the roadway surfaces and the natural ground surfaces are less than those of the thawing indexes for all the test sections; 2) Since the measures of permafrost protection were taken, the permafrost tables under the embankments have raised after the roadway was constructed. The minimum is about 0.4 m and the maximum is 1.2 m; 3) the settlements of the roadway are mainly from the compression and creep of the icerich frozen soils under the original permafrost tables and the maximum has reached 6 ～ 8 cm during the first year after the embankments were constructed. Moreover, concerning the processes of roadway settlement, the deformation of the embankments has no obvious trend of attenuation at present. Especially,for the roadway with high embankments, the settlement may reach a remarkable value and much consideration must be given for this problem.     

青藏铁路通风路基边界条件研究

In permafrost regions, many methods about active cooling embankment are put forward, one of these representations is ventilated embankment, its cooling effect is the result of the air convection in the duct, and this leads to reducing the annual average ground temperature. The present work in this article is to determine the boundary conditions of the ventilated embankment and natural ground in numerical work. There are several effects which influence boundary conditions, they are: radiation, evaporation,phase change, convection and embankment material etc. Radiation and convection are the main effects in those. We mainly consider sun radiation in this article. The added-surface effect in ventilated embankment lowers its temperature, so the temperature on the wall of the ventilated embankment is different from the temperature in atmosphere. There are two methods in determining the surface temperature, experimental method and experiential method. Detailed research is discussed in the article.     

多年冻土地区砂砾路面路堤临界高度数值分析

In permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the critical embankment height must be considered in the process of the construction of highway, especially for the global climatic warming. In this paper, the two-dimensional numerical analysis for the critical embankment height (for gravel road surface and coarse-grained soil) has been performed by using thefinite element method. In the calculation, we think that the service life of the construction is at least 50 years. The mean annual air temperatures applied to the calculation model are -6.5 ℃, -6.0 ℃, -5.5 ℃, -5.0 ℃, -4.5 ℃ and -4.0 ℃, respectively, and the value of temperature rise are taken as 1.10℃ in the coming 50 years. The minimum embankment heights derived from the analysis are 0.85 m, 0.92 m, 1.01 m, 1.18 m, 1.60 m and 2.66 m for the different mean annual air temperatures and the maximum embankment heights are 7.68 m,7.55 m, 7.34 m, 7.00 m, 6.45 m and 5.85m, accordingly. On condition that the service life of embankment is 50 years, the critical value of the mean annual air temperature is -3.5 ℃. Namely, in the areas where the mean annual air temperature is higher than -3.5 ℃, the critical embankment height does not exist.     

保护多年冻土路基中存在的问题和对策

Ways of strengthening railway embankment basis on ice-rich permafrost are characterized by regulating cooling and warming factors for preservation of the basis in constantly frozen condition (with the help of snow removal, painting, sun-precipitation shed, cross-section cooling pipes, the film cover,and the longitudinal cooling device) or removing icy masses preventively from the basis and filling the cavities simultaneously with not subsiding soils (with use of jet geotechnology). Skilled-experimental development are shined on the basis of new ways of strengthening embankment basis on ice-rich frozen soils.     

Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Abstract: Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature (≥ ?1°C) and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope (ECRSS) were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the “cold” energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.     

Geochemical constraints on seasonal recharge of water and major dissolved solutes in the Huangshui River, China

The Huangshui River,an important tributary in the upper reaches of the Yellow River,has been regarded as a mother river which gestates Qinghai civilization in China.This paper presents the results of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic and water chemical analyses for the summer and winter Huangshui River water to study its seasonal recharge and major dissolved solutes.Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggest that precipitation in the Qilian Mountains is the original recharge of the Huangshui River.However,in winter,the basic flow of the Huangshui River only depends on spring recharge and spring water originates from melt and infiltration of bottom layer glaciers.In summer,besides spring water,much rainfall directly recharges the Huangshui River,thus making its flux increase greatly.Water chemistry shows that the processes affecting dissolved solutes in the Huangshui River are also different between summer and winter.In summer,major ions in the river water are dominantly derived from carbonate and evaporate dissolution and anthropogenic inputs.In winter,carbonate dissolution decreases greatly while anthropogenic inputs play a much more important role for dissolved solutes in the river.Hence,further measures should be taken to lay stress on the winter Huangshui River water in order to protect the environment of the Huangshui River and reduce effects of dissolved solutes on,or prevent their pollution toward the upper Yellow River.Moreover,some measures also need to be introduced to prevent the possibility of water eutrophication caused by agricultural activities or stock raising in summer.     

青藏公路边坡防护试验研究

The results brought out in the trials of slope protection along Qinghai-Tibet Highway are presented in this paper. The trials were carried out simultaneously at 5 sites in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2002. Altitudes at the experimental sites range between 4 240 m and 5 040 m. 4 sites are in permafrost area, and 1 site is in seasonally frozen ground. According to the trials of slope protection, vegetation is preferred to protect slopes along Qinghai-Tibet Highway. Road-GoodR, a chemical stabilizer, is proved as a good material for slope protection, and soil engineering system, combined with vegetative component and grade stabilization structures is proved as the best slope protection measure in these are as. The results showed that high-altitude areas at an altitude lower than 5 040 m, annual average temperatures higher than -5.6 ℃ and annual rainfall more than 262.2 mm, slopes can be protected using vegetative components.Trials for plant species selection proved that cold resistant grasses, Elymus nutans and Elymus sibiricus can be used for vegetation recovery along Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The results demonstrated that high-altitude areas at an altitude lower than 5 040 m, annual average temperatures higher than -5.6 ℃ and annual rainfall more than 262.2 mm, could be replanted. Hydroseeding proved to be a good planting technique, and mulch materials benefited vegetation recovery in such area.The experiment also proved that planting could improve slope stability, protect the ecological environment, and improve the roadside landscape.     

应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图

This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.     

封闭、开放边界条件下冻土抛石护坡路堤数值模拟比较研究

采用"块石模型"对青藏铁路抛石护坡路堤进行封闭边界条件和开放边界条件下的数值模拟计算,并对结果进行了比较分析.研究表明:在封闭边界条件下,冬季抛石层内部空气的运动趋势为冷空气下渗占据主导地位,夏季空气的主要运动方向为沿斜坡向上,其综合效果有利于路堤保冷.当采用开放边界条件时,抛石层内部的空气运动主要受到外界环境的影响,路堤内的温度场在很大程度上取决于环境温度的变化.因此,抛石层的铺设对于路堤的保冷效果没有封闭边界条件下明显和有效.     

高海拔冻土地区公路路基风流场特征研究

风流场对于局地条件下地-气能量交换过程与强度影响显著,同时也是多年冻土区对流调控类冷却路基的关键环境边界。结合现场监测与数值模拟,对高海拔冻土路基周边风流场进行特征区划研究并考察路基高度的影响。结果表明：坡前扰动区为低风速区,3 m路基高度条件下迎风坡坡脚0.5~2.0 m高度范围内风速约为环境风速的30%。路基上部为高风速区,迎风坡路肩风速明显大于环境、路面中部及背风坡风速。背风坡坡后扰动区为低风速区,靠近坡脚区域受气流辐散效应作用形成涡旋区,整体风速仅为环境风速的30%。涡旋区水平范围随路基高度增加呈线性增加,3 m路基高度条件下涡旋区水平范围约为12 m。分离式路基即两幅路基并行条件下,受前幅路基影响后幅路基坡前风速下降明显,以两幅路基坡前风速差值不超过环境风速的10%（0.35 m·s^-1）为标准,3 m路基高度条件下两幅路基最小间距为60 m。因此,在路基工程的修建过程中为减少路基间的遮挡所造成的两幅路基间的对流换热强度差异,分离式对流换热类冷却路基的现场修建间距应不低于60 m。     

青藏铁路抛石护坡路基强迫对流特性数值分析

基于多孔介质中流体热对流的连续性方程、非达西流动量方程和能量方程,对强通风条件下青藏铁路典型抛石护坡路基内温度场和流速场的分布形态进行数值研究。研究结果表明,抛石护坡路基对多年冻土保护作用显著,抛石护坡路基的存在使夏季多年冻土上限明显提高,冬季抛石护坡路基下部土体回冻速度较天然地表下部土体更快,由于降温作用主要集中在护坡附近有限范围之内,对路基中部的降温作用相对较弱。整体而言,抛石护坡对冻土路基本体的保护作用有限,从长期降温效果来看,由于全球气候变暖的影响,强通风条件下抛石护坡路基中线以下土体的内部可能产生“似眼球状”融化夹层,不利于路基的稳定。迎风抛石护坡层中空气运动方向大致为沿护坡斜向上,背风抛石护坡层中空气运动方向以从下到上运动为主,抛石层内空气的运动形式为“绕流”,抛石层表面空气速度最大,内部较小,空气速度分布区间为1.24×10-3～12.8 m/s,数值结果与现场试验测得的风速区间基本一致。     

The effect of sand embankments on the temperature regime of permafrost base grounds

The effect of embankments on the temperature regime of ground with continuous and discontinuous permafrost was simulated. Ground conditions are considered based on the example of the Zapolyarnoe field. The temperature dependences of the groundwater level and the capacity of the water-saturated embankment layer in the winter and summer were found. The most favorable conditions for irrigation of embankments for raising and lowering the ground temperature were ascertained.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形特征及其来源

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区34个路基监测断面2005－2011年的变形与地温资料,分析路基的变形特征及其来源。监测结果表明：①监测期累计变形量大于100 mm的断面均为普通路基,其变形主要来自路基下部因冻土上限下降而引起的高含冰量冻土的融沉变形以及融土的压密变形,其次为路基下部多年冻土因地温升高而产生的高温冻土的压缩变形。②监测期累计变形量小于100 mm的普通路基与块石结构路基断面,其变形主要来自路基下部多年冻土的压缩变形。③总体而言,块石结构路基变形量明显小于普通路基,从而验证了主动冷却措施的长期有效性。其研究结果可为冻土区路基稳定性判断及病害预警提供数据支持。     

透壁通风管路堤的对流换热和蒸发散热

针对透壁通风管路堤中透壁通风管管壁与空气之间的对流换热和土体水分通过管壁小孔的蒸发散热机制,分析了开孔率、风速及含水率等因素对透壁通风管管壁对流换热和水分蒸发散热的影响,并具体给出了管壁对流换热系数和蒸发散热系数的计算公式。冬季路堤由于冻土层未冻水含量较小而使管壁小孔的水分蒸发散热较弱,路堤总的降温效果主要由管壁对流换热效应控制,而暖季通风管内空气与管壁的对流换热效应可使路堤土体增温,同时,由于通风管周围融土的未冻水含量较大,而使得通过管壁小孔的水分蒸发散热较强,可部分或全部抵消对流换热引起的增温效应,而有利于路堤的稳定。     

多年冻土区道路边坡热状况差异对多年冻土融化形态的影响

用数值方法模拟了在气候持续以0.02℃·a^-1速度增温下,50 a运营年限内不同走向路基的融化形态可能发生的变化趋势.计算了在砂砾路面和沥青路面下,不同高度(0~5.0 m)及不同走向(东西、东北-西南、南北、对称)路基的融化形态.结果表明:非对称热边界路基与对称热边界路基的融化形态差异很大.在呈阴阳坡的路基中,砂砾路面和沥青路面下:1)最大融化深度位置与运营时间关系不大,与路基高度、线路走向及路面类型关系密切,且最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离与路基高度呈线性关系;2)最大融化深度与运营时间、路基高度、路面类型关系比较密切.路基较低时,最大融化深度与路基走向关系不大.路基较高时,最大融化深度与线路走向关系密切,且随着路基高度的增加、气候变暖及增温速率的增大而加剧;3)同一路基高度和线路走向下,砂砾路面的最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离大于沥青路面的,沥青路面的最大融化深度大于砂砾路面的.相对于砂砾路面,沥青路面在一定程度上部分的抵消了阴阳坡效应,但加剧了路基下最大融化深度.     

青藏高原多年冻土区碎石护坡降温作用及效果分析

基于青藏高原北麓河多年冻土区碎石护坡路基与普通路基温度监测资料分析,结果表明:碎石层的铺设具有减小坡面年平均温度及坡面温度年较差的作用;与普通路基相比,碎石护坡在暖季主要起到隔热作用,但在冷季主要存在不利于路基散热的弊病.从路基人为冻土上限抬升状况、温度降低程度和路基变形量的差异来看,碎石护坡路基较普通路基有利于冻土路基的热稳定性.但碎石护坡调节路基内部温度场是一个长期过程,即坡面温度对多年冻土温度的影响具有滞后性,若作为青藏铁路多年冻土区补强措施使用时应慎重.     

高海拔冻土区通风管路基管内风速及影响因素研究

在多年冻土地区,路基工程的修筑将对下伏多年冻土的热力稳定性产生显著的影响。为保护多年冻土,保证路基的长期稳定性,通风管作为一种对流换热类主动冷却降温措施被广泛应用。通风管内的对流换热强度与管内风速密切相关,针对这一问题,采用现场监测与数值模拟相结合的方式开展了通风管内风速特征及影响因素的研究。结果表明：随通风管管径的增加,管内风速呈抛物线型增加,当管径达到0.6 m后,管内风速增加不再明显;通风管外伸长度对管内风速的影响较小,但随环境风速的增加这一影响逐渐加强;管内风速随通风管的埋设高度的增加呈线性增加,当通风管的埋设高度达到2 m后,管内风速受路基高度的影响较小;此外,在两幅路基并行条件下,受上风向路基的遮挡作用,下风向路基管内风速明显降低,以两幅路基管内风速差值不超过0.4 m·s^-1为标准,路基高度为3 m时两幅路基最小间距为50 m。