精密单点定位的可靠性研究

从传统最小二乘的可靠性理论出发,推导了卡尔曼滤波观测方程和预计状态向量的可靠性理论,并与传统多余观测分量的可靠性进行比较。结果表明,两种方案的观测方程的内部可靠性不仅与观测值的精度有关,还与卫星几何结构和卫星高度角有关。卡尔曼滤波的预计状态向量的内部可靠性比观测方程的内部可靠性更易受卫星几何结构的影响。虽然两种方案的外部可靠性在收敛之后都在mm级,但伪距的收敛速度要快于载波相位。     

利用Bayes估计进行多波束测深异常数据探测

在海底地形变化连续、平缓的假设条件下,基于Bayes估计理论提出了多波束测深异常数据探测方法,并与选权迭代加权平均滤波法进行了分析和比较。结果证明,该方法可以解决测深异常值判断标准可靠性的问题,而且能合理、有效地探测出异常值。     

卫星导航的不确定性、不确定度与精度若干注记

卫星导航定位必然有误差。其误差可分为偶然误差、系统误差、异常误差、有色噪声等。误差存在多种不同的度量模型和度量方法,如,精密度（precision）、精确度（accuracy）、可靠性（reliability）、不确定度（uncertainty）等。实践中,经常有学者和工程技术人员将精度指标描述成误差,也有人将不确定性与不确定度概念相混淆。尤其是在描述精度指标或误差指标时,经常将精度指标描述成误差,将误差指标描述成精度,如在卫星导航定位中,用户距离误差经常被描述成用户距离精度。本文基于不确定度概念将卫星导航中的用户距离误差重新作了定义;给出了用户距离误差与用户距离精度的关系;并提出将不确定性与不确定度进行区别;对测量平差中常用的可靠性概念进行了描述;最后给出了几点注记。     

改进M估计的抗多个粗差定位解算方法

随着导航卫星数量的增多,观测数据中出现多个粗差的概率显著增大,基于单个粗差假设的RAIM算法不能保证多个粗差的有效抑制。抗差估计在定位可靠性要求高的场合受到了广泛关注。针对传统M-估计受初值误差影响的问题,提出了一种基于改进M-估计的抗差定位解算方法。该算法采用S-估计方法计算初值,根据可用卫星数实时调整S-估计中的参数使得初值能够最大限度抑制粗差。GPS观测数据处理结果表明改进的M-估计能够有效抑制多个粗差。     

GPS误差分析和精度控制

通过对GPS测量误差的研究,在设计技术方案时采取相应的措施消除或消弱误差的影响,严格按照测量规范进行操作,尽量避免并减少误差从而提高成果的可靠性和精确性。     

渐消滤波原理及其理论分析

动态导航与定位的质量取决于对动态载体扰动和观测异常扰动的认知和控制。本文首先分析了渐消滤波的理论背景和基本原则；基于其基本原则，推导了渐消滤波解；然后从理论模型、极值原则全面分析了渐消滤波理论存在的问题。分析认为，理论上，渐消滤波具有控制状态模型误差影响的能力；现有渐消因子的求解在实践中可能出现负定现象，求解时必须附加条件。     

Outlier separability analysis with a multiple alternative hypotheses test

Outlier separability analysis is a fundamental component of modern geodetic measurement analysis, positioning, navigation, and many other applications. The current theory of outlier separability is based on using two alternative hypotheses—an assumption that may not necessarily be valid. In this paper, the current theory of outlier separability is statistically analysed and then extended to the general case, where there are multiple alternative hypotheses. Taking into consideration the complexity of the critical region and the probability density function of the outlier test, the bounds of the associated statistical decision probabilities are then developed. With this theory, the probabilities of committing type I, II, and III errors can be controlled so that the probability of successful identification of an outlier can be guaranteed when performing data snooping. The theoretical findings are then demonstrated using a simulated GPS point positioning example. Detailed analysis shows that the larger the correlation coefficient, between the outlier statistics, the smaller the probability of committing a type II error and the greater the probability of committing a type III error. When the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8, there is a far greater chance of committing a type III error than committing a type II error. In addition, to guarantee successful identification of an outlier with a set probability, the minimal detectable size of the outlier (often called the Minimal Detectable Bias or MDB) should dramatically increase with the correlation coefficient.     

一定分布模式下的最优Lp估计

观测数据在一定的分布模式下,需从理论上解决究竟用多大的ｐ值进行Ｌｐ估计（最优ｐ值的确定）,本文基于渐近方差整体最小的原则,给出了最优Ｌｐ估计的定义。观测数据中含有粗差（异常值）的扰动,其误差分布可视为污染分布,作者分析了最优ｐ值的大小,结果表明,若观测数据中含有不同大小、数量的粗差,为使Ｌｐ估计差最小,则ｐ将取［１．２,１．５］中的某一定值,Ｌｐ估计结果最优,此结论对测量数据处理具有一定的参考价值     

基于等价分析法的稳健估计权函数设计

在观测值中加入粗差，粗差的影响可以通过调整观测值的权加以消除，对含有粗差的观测值利用稳健估计处理后的平差结果应与加粗差前的利用最小二乘原理处理的平差结果一致，依据这样的思想，本文利用间接平差函数模型，借用经典最小二乘原理，推导出了基于等价分析方法的稳健估计的等价权函数。     

L1范数与IQR统计量组合的GNSS坐标序列粗差探测算法

GNSS坐标时间序列中不可避免地含有粗差,未剔除的粗差将会导致参数估计有偏。因此,粗差探测与剔除是GNSS坐标序列分析中一项重要的数据预处理工作。针对GNSS坐标时间序列特点,提出了一种将L1范数(L1-norm)估计与四分位距统计量IQR(interquartile range)组合的移动开窗粗差探测算法,称之为L1_Mod IQR。该方法的主要思想是,首先利用L1范数估计得到较"真实"的残差,然后再对残差采用IQR统计量进行粗差探测。将L1_Mod IQR法与"3σ"法、基于最小二乘的τ检验法等粗差探测算法进行了模拟计算与对比,验证了该算法的有效性。进一步采用L1_Mod IQR算法对中国区域10个IGS站的高程时间序列进行了分析,结果表明中国区域IGS站高程序列的粗差剔除率最小为0.1%,最大为2.6%。并且以WUHN站为例与SOPAC提供的结果进行了对比,结果表明SOPAC提供的"Clean"数据仍含有大量的粗差,而L1_Mod IQR算法能够有效地剔除粗差。     

Outlier detection algorithms and their performance in GOCE gravity field processing

The satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE mark the beginning of a new era in gravity field determination and modeling. They provide unique models of the global stationary gravity field and its variation in time. Due to inevitable measurement errors, sophisticated pre-processing steps have to be applied before further use of the satellite measurements. In the framework of the GOCE mission, this includes outlier detection, absolute calibration and validation of the SGG (satellite gravity gradiometry) measurements, and removal of temporal effects. In general, outliers are defined as observations that appear to be inconsistent with the remainder of the data set. One goal is to evaluate the effect of additive, innovative and bulk outliers on the estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients. It can be shown that even a small number of undetected outliers (<0.2 of all data points) can have an adverse effect on the coefficient estimates. Consequently, concepts for the identification and removal of outliers have to be developed. Novel outlier detection algorithms are derived and statistical methods are presented that may be used for this purpose. The methods aim at high outlier identification rates as well as small failure rates. A combined algorithm, based on wavelets and a statistical method, shows best performance with an identification rate of about 99%. To further reduce the influence of undetected outliers, an outlier detection algorithm is implemented inside the gravity field solver (the Quick-Look Gravity Field Analysis tool was used). This results in spherical harmonic coefficient estimates that are of similar quality to those obtained without outliers in the input data.     

强跟踪抗差自适应滤波算法及其在无人机导航定位中的应用

针对Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法在无人机导航定位应用中存在滤波发散和定位精度低的问题,本文提出一种强跟踪抗差自适应滤波算法.该算法在Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法基础上,引入强跟踪技术,通过自适应渐消因子降低历史数据对当前滤波的影响,从而抑制滤波发散,增强算法的稳健性;结合量测噪声和系统噪声进行实时估计,并且在估...     

Robust adaptive filter for shipborne kinematic positioning and velocity determination during the Baltic Sea experiment

Information on trajectory and attitude is essential for analyzing gravimetric data collected on kinematic platforms. Usually, a Kalman filter is used to obtain high-accuracy positional and velocity information. However, this can be affected by measurement outliers and by state disturbances that occur frequently under a fast-changing environment. To overcome these problems, a robust adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm is applied for state estimates, which introduces an equivalent weight to resist measurement outliers and an optimal adaptive factor to balance the contributions of the kinematic model information and the measurements. In addition to the conventional robust estimator, an improved Current Statistical (CS) model is proposed. The improved CS model adopts a variance adaptive learning algorithm, and it can perform self-adaptation of acceleration variance with the innovation information; thus, it can overcome the shortcoming of lower tracking accuracy and avoid setting the maximum acceleration. Following a gravimetry campaign on the Baltic Sea, it is shown in theory and in practice that the robust adaptive Kalman filter is not only simple in its calculation but also more reliable in controlling the colored observation noise and kinematic state disturbance compared with the classical Kalman filter. The improved CS model performs best, especially when analyzing the positioning errors at the turns due to the target maneuvering. Compared to the CS model, the RMS values of the positional estimates derived from the improved CS model decrease by almost 30% in the horizontal direction, and no significant improvement in the vertical direction is found.     

运动视频序列影像的自动配准

影像配准是运动视频处理应用中的关键技术,从计算机视觉角度出发提出了一种针对运动视频处理的自动影像配准方法。其主要思路可以归结为基于特征匹配的配准过程,具体分为3个方面:利用Harris算子检测角点特征;以互相关函数为测度对角点特征进行初步匹配,特别使用RANSAC拟合基础矩阵F的方法剔除匹配中的错误对应;利用得到的结果重新拟合配准模型进行重采样变换。最后进一步分析了此方法应用于具体运动视频处理时需要考虑的一些问题。     

时间序列异常值探测的Bayes方法及其在电离层VTEC数据处理中的应用

基于Bayes统计推断理论,提出了自回归模型中异常值定位的Bayes方法;在正态-Gamma先验分布下,分别基于均值漂移模型和方差膨胀模型,提出了后验概率的计算方法,并运用Bayes方法估计了异常扰动;最后将该方法应用到电离层VTEC数据处理的建模中,比较模型修正前后预报的结果,验证了新方法的有效性。     

基于稳健移动最小二乘法的点云数据拟合

针对存在噪声的点云数据,采用常规方法拟合效果精度不高的问题,提出了一种有效改善拟合精度的方法。在移动最小二乘的基础上,考虑观测量存在噪声的情况,通过设定阈值剔除噪声,从而得到精度较高的结果。通过相关实验可知:本文方法可有效剔除点云数据中的噪声,提高拟合结果的精度,稳定性更好。     

Bayesian methods for outliers detection in GNSS time series

This article is concerned with the problem of detecting outliers in GNSS time series based on Bayesian statistical theory. Firstly, a new model is proposed to simultaneously detect different types of outliers based on the conception of introducing different types of classification variables corresponding to the different types of outliers; the problem of outlier detection is converted into the computation of the corresponding posterior probabilities, and the algorithm for computing the posterior probabilities based on standard Gibbs sampler is designed. Secondly, we analyze the reasons of masking and swamping about detecting patches of additive outliers intensively; an unmasking Bayesian method for detecting additive outlier patches is proposed based on an adaptive Gibbs sampler. Thirdly, the correctness of the theories and methods proposed above is illustrated by simulated data and then by analyzing real GNSS observations, such as cycle slips detection in carrier phase data. Examples illustrate that the Bayesian methods for outliers detection in GNSS time series proposed by this paper are not only capable of detecting isolated outliers but also capable of detecting additive outlier patches. Furthermore, it can be successfully used to process cycle slips in phase data, which solves the problem of small cycle slips.     

基于属性数学理论的地图质量评价

首先,通过构造单指标属性测度函数以计算单指标属性测度;其次,以相似数定义相似权的方法,按一种客观性标准确定评价指标的权重值以计算样本综合属性测度;最后,利用置信度准则进行属性识别。研究表明:属性识别模型评判结果与模糊综合评判法和物元分析法的评判结果有较好的一致性,从而验证了属性识别模型应用于地图质量评价的可行性和可靠性。评价指标的权重不会影响属性识别结果,即认为评价指标的权重值相同,因而计算过程大大简化。新的地图质量综合评价与分类方法具有准确度高、易操作的优点。     

Singular value decomposition and cluster analysis as regression diagnostics tools for geodetic applications

It is well known that high-leverage observations significantly affect the estimation of parameters. In geodetic literature, mainly redundancy numbers are used for the detection of single high-leverage observations or of single redundant observations. In this paper a further objective method for the detection of groups of important and less important (and thus redundant) observations is developed. In addition, the parameters which are predominantly affected by these groups of observations are identified. This method thus complements other diagnostics tools, such as, e.g., multiple row diagnostics methods as described in statistical literature (see, e.g., Belsley et al. in Regression diagnostics: identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. Wiley, New York, 1980). The method proposed in this paper is based on geometric aspects of adjustment theory and uses the singular value decomposition of the design matrix of an adjustment problem together with cluster analysis methods for regression diagnostics. It can be applied to any geodetic adjustment problem and can be used for the detection of (groups of) observations that significantly affect the estimated parameters or that are of negligible impact. One of the advantages of the proposed method is the improvement of the reliability of observation plans and thus the reduction of the impact of individual observations (and outliers) on the estimated parameters. This is of particular importance for the very long baseline interferometry technique which serves as an application example of the regression diagnostics tool.     

一种单像外方位元素的稳健估计方法

获取影像外方位元素是摄影测量学一直要解决的问题,传统的单像空间后方交会利用测量控制点来计算外方位元素,但是很多情况下用于计算的数据是包含粗差的,粗差出现的概率约占1%~10%。本文设计了一种稳健的单像空间后方交会计算方法,把控制点坐标作为未知参数对待并线性化共线方程,最终达到了剔除粗差的目标,提高了计算结果的可靠性,可得到控制点及像点坐标的精度评价。