花岗岩断裂带原状裂隙岩水力特性试验研究

渗透系数作为含水介质渗流测评关键指标,其变异性造成裂隙岩体地下水流动及溶质运移不确定性,影响硬岩处置库高放废物迁移、扩散等关键问题评估。针对我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区旧井块段花岗岩体,以中尺度控水断裂构造为研究对象,采用非标试件渗透装置捕捉原状裂隙岩显式渗流外参分析导水性差异;染色剖分裂隙岩提取隐式过流内参重构过流网络以识别优势渗径。研究结果表明：十月井断裂损伤带内存3组裂隙,其中Ⅰ组裂隙占优的原状岩渗透系数普遍高于10?4 cm/s量级,导水能力最强;Ⅱ组裂隙占优的原状岩渗透系数介于10?5～10?4 cm/s量级,导水能力居中;Ⅲ组裂隙占优的原状岩渗透系数普遍低于10?5 cm/s量级且多介于10?6～10?7 cm/s之间,导水能力最弱。P-Q曲线显示此类大尺寸不规则裂隙岩水流状态多表现层流型、充填型及冲蚀型特征,其中岩样4、6、10～12呈层流型特征;岩样2、7呈充填型特征;岩样1、5、8、9、13、14则呈冲蚀型特征,冲蚀、充填、层流型曲线特征岩样其导水性能逐步递增。     

破碎花岗岩边坡加固与防护技术研究

完整新鲜的花岗岩具有良好的的工程地质性质。但是受水、空气、温度等自然营力的侵蚀、剥蚀、风化作用，花岗岩体物理力学性质指标降低较多。使之成为工程建筑困难最大的岩石之一。论文以国道318线二郎山至康定公路改建工程中花岗岩边坡防护为例，分析了沿线花岗岩边坡主要地质特征。并根据岩体风化破碎情况、地质构造、卸荷作用以及表面覆盖层情况等因素，将边坡进行分类。通过分析各种类型边坡破坏的机理及模式，提出有效的加固防护方法。为处治已产生病害的花岗岩边坡提供科学、有效、经济、合理的加固防护技术。也为今后设计和施工中预防其病害提供经验和资料。     

An experimental study of single and two-phase fluid flow through fractured granite specimens

Triaxial tests on the two-phase flow of air and water through fractured granite specimens were performed to discover whether the two-phase fluid flow within rock fractures was laminar or turbulent. The two-phase flow characterization was carried out based on the macroscopic two-phase steady state flow model and the homogeneous steady state flow model. Rock specimens with a single natural fracture (joint roughness coefficient, JRC < 10) were tested using two-phase, high pressure triaxial rig. Experimental results show that the estimated Reynolds numbers for various inlet fluid pressures are well below 1000. The findings of this study reveal that both single and two-phase flow through rock fractures (JRC < 10) can be characterized as laminar flows at moderate inlet fluid pressures. However, for single-phase air flow, an increase in inlet air pressures may result in the formation of turbulent flow.     

Experimental investigation of the hydraulic properties of large-scale irregular fractured rock masses in granite fault zones

Hydrogeology Journal - Permeability is one of the critical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic properties of water-conducting media. Variations in the hydraulic properties generally lead to...     

Erosion of bentonite particles at the interface of a compacted bentonite and a fractured granite

Compacted bentonite has been considered as a candidate buffer material in the underground repository for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. An erosion of bentonite particles caused by a groundwater flow at the interface of a compacted bentonite and a fractured granite was studied experimentally under various geochemical conditions. The experimental results showed that bentonite particles could be eroded from a compacted bentonite buffer by a flowing groundwater depending upon the contact time, the flow rate of the groundwater, and the geochemical parameters of the groundwater such as the pH and ionic strength.

A gel formation of the bentonite was observed to be a dominant process in the erosion of bentonite particles although an intrusion of bentonite into a rock fracture also contributed to the erosion. The concentration of the eroded bentonite particles eroded by a flowing groundwater was increased with an increasing flow rate of the groundwater. It was observed from the experiments that the erosion of the bentonite particles was considerably affected by the ionic strength of a groundwater although the effect of the pH was not great within the studied pH range from 7 to 10. An erosion of the bentonite particles in a natural groundwater was also observed to be considerable and the eroded bentonite particles are expected to be stable at the given groundwater condition.

The erosion of the bentonite particles by a flowing groundwater did not significantly reduce the physical stability and thus the performance of a compacted bentonite buffer. However, it is expected that an erosion of the bentonite particles due to a groundwater flow will generate bentonite particles in a given groundwater condition, which can serve as a source of the colloids facilitating radionuclide migration through rock fractures.     

Time lapse tracer and SP measurements to characterize the hydrodynamics of fractured granite aquifer: A case study

An attempt is made to identify and delineate the groundwater flow direction and rate in a fractured hard rock aquifer in Maheshwaram granite watershed in Andhra Pradesh using multiple tracers such as bromide, iodide and rhodamine-B under both natural and induced conditions. A main well in the center and three observation wells at 25 m in north-northwest, southeast and southwest directions respectively were constructed based on ²²²Rn anomalies and ⁴He measurements. Streaming potential survey was also carried out in the area before, during and after pumping test. The tracer tests indicated preferential groundwater flow in N-S direction. The groundwater flow velocity estimated based on arrival of tracer under natural and induced conditions are 0.52 m/d and 375 m/d respectively.     

A case study on the influence of THM coupling on the near field safety of a spent fuel repository in sparsely fractured granite

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of geological disposal of spent CANDU fuel in Canada, a safety assessment was performed for a hypothetical repository in the Canadian Shield. The assessment shows that the maximum long term radionuclide release from such repository would meet international criteria for dose rate; however, uncertainties in the assumed evolution of the repository were identified. Such uncertainties could be resolved by the consideration of coupled Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes. In Task A of the DECOVALEX-THMC project, THM models were developed within the framework of the theory of poroelasticity. Such model development was performed in an iterative manner, using experimental data from laboratory and field tests. The models were used to perform near-field simulations of the evolution of the repository in order to address the above-mentioned uncertainties. This paper presents the definition and rationale of task A and the results of the simulations. From a repository safety point of view, the simulations predict that the maximum temperature would be well below the design target of 100°C; however, the stress on the container can marginally exceed the design value of 15 MPa. However, the most important finding from the simulations is that a rock damage zone could form around the emplacement borehole. Such damage zone can extend a few metres from the walls of the emplacement holes, with permeability values that are orders of magnitude higher than the initial values. The damage zone has the potential to increase the radionuclide transport flux from the geosphere; the effect of such an increase should be taken into account in the safety assessment and mitigated if necessary by the provision of sealing systems. Prepared for publication in Environmental Geology. DECOVALEX-THMC Special Issue.     

Friction on a granite to granite interface

Summary Direct shear tests were conducted on a granite to granite interface for the purpose of tracing the evolution of frictional resistance as the initially smooth and polished surface wears during continuing shearing displacement. At the moment when sliding on the freshly manufactured interface starts (first slip), the friction angle is very low, between 15° and 20°, but then it increases with displacement rapidly without reaching a peak in the first test (maximum displacement less than 25 mm). Upon repeated shearing of the same surface (without re-finishing), this process of displacement-strengthening continues until a total accumulated displacement of about one half of one meter is reached. At this point, the angle of friction would typically be between 42° and 44°.Once the residual surface was established, the effect of time-related parameters, the duration of stationary contact under constant normal and shear load and variable displacement rate, were investigated. The frictional resistance is shown to increase with decreasing displacement rate and to increase with the duration of stationary contact.At a normal load greater than about one half of one MPa, shear displacement on a residual surface proceeds in an unstable, stick-slip manner. The change from stable to unstable sliding, that can be effected by either decreasing the sliding velocity or increasing the normal load, is not instantaneous, but occurs over a finite amount of displacement.     

深源花岗岩中的碳氢化合物

利用石油地球化学的溶剂抽提和气相色谱技术研究了北京延庆碓臼峪花岗岩（深源花岗岩）样品中的可溶有机质，同时用高温处理过的石英砂进行空白对比实验。结果表明，所研究的两个花岗岩样品中均存在少量的高碳数碳氢化合物，且具有相同的成分特征。这为自然界存在深源的长链碳氢化合物提供了新的证据，也为解释花岗岩浆演化晚期水热流体中短链羧酸的成因提供了线索。     

皖南姚村岩体花岗岩风化壳稀土元素赋存特征

皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集,局部已成为矿床,其中,郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明,姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127. 9±1. 4 Ma,属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱半风化层（C3）和基岩（D） 5层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布,各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致, 富集LREE,轻重稀土分馏明显\[(La/Yb)N=15. 6\],但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6,半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6,富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高,指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关,与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过 50%,其次为斜长石,是风化壳中REE的重要来源。     

皖南姚村岩体花岗岩风化壳稀土元素赋存特征

皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127.9±1.4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱风化层（C3）和基岩（D）五层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=15.6），但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过百分之五十，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。     

Reversible Markov grain sequences in granite

A key feature of an ideal granite is the occurrence of grain sequences which are reversible Markov chains. This property was tested using a ² test on a 2 × 6 contingency table consisting of reversible grain pairs for microcline, plagioclase, quartz, and biotite, and on a 2 × 12 contingency table consisting of reversible grain triads. All 28 samples examined from the Pacolet Mills pluton, South Carolina, passed the ² test for grain pairs, and all but three of these passed the ² test for grain triads. The coefficients of the reversibility matrix were examined for statistical significance after normalization, using a logarithmic transformation. For all three phases of the Pacolet Mills pluton, the average coefficients were in the range 1.08–0.89. Elevated and depressed values of these coefficients suggested possible differences among the three phases of the granite in their crystallization paths.     

越城岭花岗岩体定向构造的成因研究

越城岭花岗岩体定向构造的成因类型有5类,即断裂变质与剪切深熔构造、韧性剪切构造、残留区域变质构造、拟态交代与生长构造、碎裂流动构造.其中断裂变质与剪切深熔构造是成岩的基础构造,韧性剪切构造是最重要的叠加构造.韧性剪切指向为正-左旋剪切,Δσ=55～135MPa,ε'=9.6×10-12～3.5×10-10/s,变形变质相为绿片岩相.岩体西部片麻状岩带的形成与新资断裂长期活动有关.     

西华山花岗岩中的碳质物

为了验证S型花岗岩中存在有机质残余的可能性，利用分离沉积岩中干酪根的酸溶法处理赣南西华山的花岗岩样品。酸不溶残渣的光学显微镜、X射线衍射分析和扫描电子显微镜鉴定表明，不溶残渣中有少量黑色含碳的物质。激光拉曼探针和显微富利叶变换红外光谱研究显示，残渣中含碳的物质是成分和结构不均匀的碳质物（carbonaceous matter)。西华山花岗岩中含有碳质物意味着该花岗岩浆源于沉积物，而且结晶温度比较低、压力较高，这与地质地球化学研究成果吻合。     

花岗岩中水锡石(Varlamoffite)的研究

1980年在研究广西某铌、钽、钨、锡矿化花岗岩小岩株时,发现了一种富含锡的桔红色矿物,前人曾称之为胶态锡石或疑为钛钽铌酸盐矿物,经系统研究后确定为水锡石。 水锡石是一种较少见的锡矿物。最初发现于玻利维亚(Herzenberg,1946)和当时的比属刚果(Buttgenbach,1947)。在随后的卅多年中,仅在英国(Russell和Vincent,1952)、马来西亚(Bradford,1960,Alexander和Flinter,1956,Singh和Bean,1967)、法国(Bonnici et al,1964)、澳大利亚     

Zircon and granite petrology

The typologic study of zircon populations from granitic rocks lead to the proposition of a genetic classification with three main divisions: (1) granites of crustal or mainly crustal origin [(sub) autochthonous and aluminous granites)]; (2) granites of crustal+mantle origin, hybrid granites (calc-alkaline and sub-alkaline series granites); (3) granites of mantle or mainly mantle origin (alkaline and tholeiitic series granites). In detail, there are many petrogenetic variants of each of the following granitic rocks: granodiorite, monzogranite and alkaline granite. The variations observed with zircon typology are accompanied petrographically by modifications of associations of other main and accessory minerals, and on the field by the presence or absence of basic microgranular xenoliths, associated microgranites, rhyolites or basic rocks. In the typologic diagram, some endogenous non granitic rocks (i.e. migmatites, tonalites, rhyolites ...) show a logical distribution with regard to different genetic stocks of granitic rocks.