遥感技术在第四纪地质研究中的应用

遥感技术目前已应用于地学研究的各个领域.遥感技术应用于第四纪地层、第四纪沉积环境、第四纪古冰川遗迹、新构造活动、第四纪地质编图及第四纪地质调查等各个领域发挥着巨大的作用,尽管仍存在很多问题和不足,但在第四纪地质学研究中具有不可替代的地位和广阔的应用前景.探讨遥感技术在第四纪地质研究中的应用具有重大的理论意义和实践价值.     

渡口-西昌区域第四系形成与新构造活动的热发光年龄及发展史研究

本文根据野外考察和系统采样热发光年龄测定结果,首次对研究区第四纪地层和新构造活动的年代学进行了综合分析与基本划分。这一研究成果对本区第四纪地质发展史和地震预报的研究,以及论证区域开发和建设条件,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

基于"区域分解"思想的苏锡常地区地面沉降相关预测模型研究

本文在系统分析苏锡常地区地下水开采与地面沉降发展动态及相互关系的基础上,从“区域分解”的思想出发,将研究区按第四纪土层结构进行了合理分区,并分别在各亚区建立地面沉降量与地下水水位相关预测模型。实践表明,该模型符合现阶段苏锡常地区地面沉降研究现状,具有一定的实用价值。     

Emerging issues in biodiversity & conservation management: The need for a palaeoecological perspective

The study of Quaternary environmental change is directly applicable to on-going issues of global conservation. Palaeoecological research techniques provide the tools to address some of the key questions presently being asked by conservation ecologists and land management organizations. But is this type of analysis currently being utilized to its full potential? Are the results of palaeoenvironmental analyses routinely applied to practical issues of natural resource management, and if not what can be done to expand the application of this research within the conservation community? This paper reviews recent developments in the application of the analysis of late Quaternary environmental change to key environmental issues of biodiversity and conservation management and examines areas which could be strengthened in the future including: (i) determination of baselines and natural ecosystem variability; (ii) understanding ecological thresholds and resilience; (iii) climate change conservation strategies; (iv) biological invasions; and (v) conservation and culture.     

Neogene and Quaternary coexisting in the geological time scale: The inclusive compromise

Removing the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods whilst conserving the Paleogene and Neogene Periods in The Geological Timescale 2004 caused a storm of protest. One response was to advocate restoring an enlarged Quaternary and consigning the Neogene to a minor role within the Tertiary. Amongst an array of practical, traditional, sentimental and anthropocentric reasons for this response, the one hard-core justification was that the rigidly nested hierarchy of the geological timescale must be preserved.The central objective of this paper is conserving the historically legitimate, Miocene-present, Neogene Period and System. There are two options for conserving the Quaternary concurrently with the Neogene: (i) an inclusive compromise in a flexible hierarchy, and (ii) an upgrading of Pliocene and Pleistocene divisions to the level of epoch.In the inclusive compromise there coexist alternative pathways through the hierarchical ranks. Thus geohistorians and biohistorians have two options for traversing the hierarchy from era to age, as in this example using the hierarchical positioning of the Calabrian Age and Stage:either Cenozoic [era]↔Neogene [period]↔Pleistocene [epoch]↔Calabrian [age],or Cenozoic [era]↔Quaternary [subera]↔Pleistocene [epoch]↔Calabrian [age].We reaffirm that the inclusive compromise is entirely viable. In so doing we (i) challenge the necessity of the rigidly nested hierarchy, which should be capable of a little flexibility; (ii) reject all analogies of the arbitrary and conventional chronostratigraphic hierarchy with three natural biological hierarchies; (iii) reaffirm the integrity of the Neogene extending to the present; and (iv) see no reason to doubt the harmonious coexistence of the two options preserving the Quaternary and Neogene traditions in an orderly working and stable time scale.In the alternative schema conserving the Neogene, divisions of the Pliocene and Pleistocene are upgraded, so that the Late Pleistocene, Early Pleistocene and Late Pliocene Epochs comprise the Quaternary Subperiod, itself equivalent to Late Neogene. The inflexibly nested hierarchy is preserved but the Tertiary is lost.     

我国海洋第四纪研究与环境演变中的海陆相互作用

根据我国的地理位置和第四纪地层的特色分析,海陆结合是我国海洋第四纪研究的优势所在.半世纪以来,中国海洋地质的研究经历了从调查到研究、从海岸到浅海再到深海、从晚第四纪到晚新生代、从低分辨率到高分辨率以及从定性到定量的进展过程,取得了重要进展,但仍有很大的差距.新世纪初期,应当从国际、国内第四纪研究的关键问题着眼选题,以西太平洋边缘海与暖池作为主战场,和陆地工作、和现代过程相结合展开研究.文章对我国海洋第四纪研究的方向、措施进行了讨论.     

同位素地层和土壤地层及其在第四纪研究中的应用

同位素地层和土壤地层是在多元地层划分理论的基础上,为适应第四纪高分辨率古环境研究的需要而建立起来的两种地层划分的方法。这两种地层划分方法在第四纪古环境的研究中显示了很强的生命力。     

Late Quaternary hydrological dynamics in the Middle Kalahari: Forcing and feedbacks

The Kalahari region has become a major source of Quaternary palaeoenvironmental data derived primarily from the analysis of geomorphological proxies of environmental change. One suite of data, from palaeolacustrine landforms, has recently provided a new record of major hydrological changes in the last 150 ka [Burrough, S. L., Thomas, D. S. G., Bailey, R. M., 2009. Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press.]. Here we present an improved analysis of the drivers and feedbacks of lake level change, utilising information from three main sources: data from the lake system itself, from analyses of other late Quaternary records within the region and from climate modelling. Simulations using the Hadley Centre coupled climate model, HadCM3, suggest that once triggered, the lake body was large enough to potentially affect both local and regional climates. Surface waters and their interactions with the climate are therefore an important component of environmental dynamics during the late Quaternary. Through its capacity to couple Middle Kalahari environments to distant forcing mechanisms and to itself force environmental change, we demonstrate that the existence or absence of megalake Makgadikgadi adds a new level of complexity to the interpretations of environmental proxy records in southern Africa's summer rainfall zone.     

Quaternary folding of the eastern Tian Shan, northwest China

The Tian Shan, east–west trending more than 2000 km, is one of most active intracontinental mountain building belts that resulted from India–Eurasia collision during Cenozoic. In this study, Quaternary folding related to intracontinental mountain building of the Tian Shan orogenic belt is documented based on geologic interpretation and analyses of the satellite remote sensing images [Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and India Remote Sensing (IRS) Pan] combined with field geologic and geomorphic observations and seismic reflection profiles. Analyses of spatial–temporal features of Quaternary folded structure indicate that the early Quaternary folds are widely distributed in both piedmont and intermontane basins, whereas the late Quaternary active folds are mainly concentrated on the northern range-fronts. Field observations indicate that Quaternary folds are mainly characterized by fault-related folding. The formation and migration of Quaternary folding are likely related to decollement surfaces beneath the fold-and-fault zone as revealed by seismic reflection profiles. Moreover, analysis of growth strata indicates that the Quaternary folding began in late stage of early Pleistocene (2.1–1.2 Ma). Finally, tectonic evolution model of the Quaternary deformation in the Tian Shan is presented. This model shows that the Quaternary folding and faulting gradually migrate toward the range-fronts due to the continuous compression related to India–Eurasia collision during Quaternary time. As a result, the high topographic relief of the Tian Shan was formed.     

北京平原第四系的三维结构

北京平原地处山区与华北平原的结合部位,是山前第四纪冲洪积扇发育区.由于山前冲洪积扇内部结构复杂,相变迅速.海相、湖相的工作方法不能满足要求.本文通过对北京平原第四纪沉积特征的分析,提出北京平原由第四纪冲洪积扇群和沉积凹陷几个地质单元组合而成.在此基础上总结了近几年在山前冲洪积扇区的工作经验,提出了以冲洪积扇和沉积凹陷为地质单元,以建立基准孔网,结合钻孔和物探资料,并通过绘制剖面组进而构建第四系三维结构的方法.利用该方法建立了北京平原第四系的三维结构模型.了解北京平原第四系的三维结构对研究水文地质、工程地质和环境地质都有重要意义,可以为城市规划、城市建设提供重要的资料.     

活断层的地震响应特征与瞬时地震属性

活断层探测是断层活动性评判的基础,也是天然地震灾害预防的依据,而浅层地震勘探是活断层探测的有效方法之一;而目前利用浅层地震方法评判断层活动性的能力亟待提高.通过构建了不同宽度破碎带的活断层理论模型,采用二维粘弹性波动方程有限差分法进行了波场响应特征模拟,运用希尔伯特变换方法提取了瞬时频率和相位属性.结果表明:地震水平叠加剖面和瞬时属性相结合可有效获取穿过第四系活断层的响应特征和实现断层活动性评判;当相干噪声达到30%时,水平叠加和瞬时频率属性剖面已难以追踪第四系中弱反射信号,而瞬时相位属性剖面仍可有效追踪;在实际活断层判定中,水平叠加、瞬时频率与瞬时相位地震属性剖面均可判断断层的存在,而穿过第四系的断层 (或破碎带) 特征瞬时相位属性最为明显和突出,水平叠加剖面次之,瞬时相位地震属性是判定断层活动性的重要和有效的属性.      

柴西第四纪湖泊冰水沉积的发现及意义

柴达木盆地西部的茫崖坳陷发育了第四纪湖泊冰水沉积,其特征是灰绿、黄褐色页岩和泥岩中含大量的冰水滴石。滴石最大粒径可达4cm×12cm,成分复杂,有火山岩、变质岩及沉积岩。孢粉分析表明,其形成时代为第四纪,极有可能为更新世,与我国西部的第四纪冰期形成时代相同,但具体期次尚不能确定。柴西茫崖坳陷第四纪冰水沉积证据充分,对于研究我国第四纪冰期及青藏高原的形成演化、古气候、古地理具有重要意义。另外,第四纪冰水沉积充分说明在第四纪冰期青藏高原没有被整个大冰盖所覆盖。     

中国东北第四纪冰川研究新进展：遗迹厘定、新发现与冰期模式

东北是否发育第四纪冰川及其范围、性质与冰期问题,始终没有定论。在对长白山及大兴安岭冰川遗迹厘定基础上,进行了专项调查,并采用地理信息系统（GIS）、遥感（RS）及全球定位系统（GPS）的3S技术,采取钻探测图、孢粉、泥砾粒度与渗透性分析及14C定年等方法,在长白山及大兴安岭发现了冰蚀谷及泥砾堆积等新的冰川遗迹,进一步肯定了两座山地第四纪冰川的存在及其多期性。在小兴安岭首次发现冰蚀岩墙等冰川遗迹,填补了研究空白,证明小兴安岭也曾发育第四纪冰川。综合多种信息,确定长白山与大兴安岭分别有4次冰期和3次间冰期,小兴安岭至少有1次冰期。最后构建了可以与国际对比的冰期序列,重建了区域第四纪冰川环境演化模式：早更新世早期冷干,中晚期偏暖湿;中更新世早期冷湿,中晚期暖湿;晚更新世早期冷稍湿,中期暖湿,晚期冷干。     

Identification of Quaternary thrusts, folds and faults in a low seismicity area: examples in the Southern Alps (France)

In low seismicity areas, folds, faults and striated pebbles in recent alluvial deposits can demonstrate the Quaternary activity of tectonic structures and can reveal their kinematics. In the Digne nappe (Southern Alps), an out-of-sequence thrust occurred in the late Quaternary in response to WSW-trending compression. The presence of late Quaternary compressional deformation in the Valavoire thrust could have resulted from the activity of the underlying Durance flexure with a maximum Pliocene–Quaternary uplift rate of about 0.1 mm yr⁻¹. The Quaternary top surface of the Valensole basin, that truncates SW-vergent thrust propagation folds, is folded above the Lambruissier anticline. Exceptional conditions resulted in the local preservation of this Quaternary fold morphology created with a minimum uplift-rate of 0.05 mm yr⁻¹ under a NE-trending compression. At the front of the Digne nappe the deformation is characterized by WSW to WNW trends of compression and low strain rates during the Quaternary period.     

综合地球物理方法找矿应用:以智利科皮亚波地区月亮山磁铁矿型IOCG矿床为例

智利科皮亚波地区地处海岸山带东侧的智利铁带北段,已发现多个中—大型磁铁矿型IOCG矿床,该类矿床的形成与大洋俯冲背景下陆缘弧中性—铁镁质火山岩和火山-沉积建造中早白垩世中酸性岩浆岩的侵入中心密切相关.该成矿带大面积被第四系砂砾层覆盖,在成矿地质特征研究基础上,采用综合地球物理方法对覆盖层下隐伏矿床(体)进行定位预测成为...     

Quaternary studies in Corsica (France)

Fluvial, glacial, and colluvial deposits in Corsica have been studied in terms of their distribution, soils, sedimentology (arrangement, shape analysis, size analysis, petrography, and weathering of pebbles; size distribution, shape analysis, and mineralogy of matrix), and relationships to marine sediments. A relative chronology is based on the topographic and stratigraphic relationships between the sediments, and to a large extent on their degree of weathering. The intensity and the type of pebble weathering suggest a possible correlation of the older alluvial units with the Alpine Quaternary succession. Quaternary paleoclimates in Corsica alternated between glacial and interglacial. During glacial stages, when glaciers developed in the high mountains and formed tongues in the valleys, periglacial climates characterized the low altitude zone. Tectonic movements occurred in Corsica during the Quaternary, probably until the Middle Würm.     

A symposium on dating methods covering the period 15–130 ka before the present

A Nordic symposium, with several invited speakers from other countries, was held in Lund, Sweden, in February 1985. The aim was to evaluate dating methods that could be used within the project 'Late Quaternary stratigraphy in Norden'. Some of the conclusions were: A more optimistic view was expressed about uranium-series dating of molluscs. The radiocarbon method offers a potential for some samples of an age up to 40–50 ka. Thermoluminescence dating is now established as an important method for some sediments of Late Quaternary age. Aminoacid analysis is used with success to establish a relative chronology on carbonate fossils.     

福建沿海第四纪地质调查中钻探布置及质量控制

福建沿海经济区陆续开展以滨海平原、山间盆地、冲积平原、丘陵台地等为主的1∶5万第四纪地质调查,根据各地貌单元发育规律,结合1∶5万福清幅第四纪专题调查,总结了浅覆盖层勘探线的布置方法、钻孔密度、技术要求、质量控制等要点。     

采动条件下沉积变质型铁矿床水化学特征及控制因素:以司家营铁矿南区为例

为了解沉积变质型铁矿床开采后矿区地下水化学特征的变化趋势,在充分掌握矿区含水系统划分和流动系统发育规律的基础上,通过对四含上、四含下、基岩含水层148个水样常规离子的相关性、水化学类型及公因子的分析,得出水化学类型分区和公因子得分等值线,将二者叠加,分析各含水层潜在的形成作用及其控制因素.研究结果表明,四含上以碳酸盐溶滤、污染、氧化作用为主;四含下以污染、溶滤、局部脱硫酸作用为主;基岩含水层以离子交换吸附、第四系水的混合、硅酸盐矿物的不全等溶解作用为主.除了背景因素外,矿山开采后的三维流场控制了基岩含水层的形成作用和原生水化学类型,影响了第四系含水层的局部形成作用,水化学类型分区界线明显移动.      

北京市丰台区东高地岩溶裂隙水与第四系地下水的水力联系

专家一般认为东高地地区寒武系岩溶裂隙水的补给来源以上游的佣向径流为主,与第四系地下水没有明显的水力联系;通过近来地下水位动态监测和岩溶裂隙水的同住素成分研究,我们认为寒武系岩溶裂隙水与第四系地下水之间有着明显的水力联系。