云南丽江地区大具盆地早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现及其意义

报道了云南大具盆地北部金沙江下渡口西岸的2层早更新世金沙江砾石层,它们分别位于盆地底部的冲、洪积砾石层的底部。该砾石层的砾石分选与磨圆很好,局部被钙质胶结,成分复杂,大部分为本地所无,表明其应为金沙江长距离搬运而来。该砾石层的钙质胶结物和钙质砂层2个样品的ESR年龄测定结果分别为1950±230kaBP和1770±160kaBP,属早更新世。对比其上游四川德格含下更新统汪布顶组哺乳动物群的金沙江第五级阶地砾石层和下游四川攀枝花金沙江沿岸伏于中、晚上新世湖相沉积昔格达组之下的分选与磨圆良好、成分复杂的河流相砾石层,表明在早更新世甚至上新世时期,金沙江已经贯通。     

Monsoon variability and chemical weathering during the late Pleistocene in the Goriganga basin, higher central Himalaya, India

Stable isotope analysis along with radiocarbon and luminescence dating of late Pleistocene lacustrine deposits at Burfu in the higher central Himalaya are used to interpret hydrologic changes in the lake basin. From 15.5 ka to ~ 14.5 ka the Burfu lake was largely fed by melting glaciers. A warming event at 14.5 ka suggests an enhanced monsoon and increased carbonate weathering. From ~ 13.5 ka to ~ 12.5 ka the isotopic data suggest large-amplitude climate variability. Following this, the isotope data suggest a short-lived, abrupt cooling event, comprising a ~ 300-yr intense cool period followed by a ~ 500-yr interval of moderate climate. A shift in isotope values at ~ 11.3 ka may signify a strengthening monsoon in this region. The inferred climatic excursions appear to be correlative, at least qualitatively, with global climatic events, and perhaps the Burfu lake sequence provides regional evidence of globally recorded excursions. This study also suggests a potential use of radiocarbon ages in specific environments as a paleoenvironmental proxy.     

Palaeolithic archaeology of the Bytham River: human occupation of Britain during the early Middle Pleistocene and its European context

The Early and early Middle Pleistocene archaeological record in Britain from c. 900 to 500 ka marks a critical shift in human occupation of northwest Europe, from occasional pioneer populations with simple core and flake technology to more widespread occupation associated with the appearance of Acheulean technology. Key to understanding this record are the fluvial deposits of the extinct Bytham River in central East Anglia, where a series of Lower Palaeolithic sites lie on a 15 km stretch of the former river. In this paper we present the results of new fieldwork and a reanalysis of historical artefact collections of handaxes and scrapers to: 1) establish the chronostratigraphic context of the Bytham archaeological record; 2) examine variability in lithic artefact typology and technology through time; and 3) explore the implications for understanding variation in lithic technology in the European record. Six phases of occupation of Britain are identified from at least marine isotope stage (MIS) 21 to MIS 13, with the last three phases characterised by distinctive lithic technology. We argue that this relates to the discontinuous occupation of Britain, where each phase represents the arrival of new groups derived from different European populations with distinctive material culture.     

下辽河平原晚更新世泥炭的发现及其古气候意义

位于沈阳市东部和西部的2个钻孔剖面均有晚更新世晚期泥炭发育。¹⁴C测年结果表明：东部钻孔泥炭层形成于玉木亚间冰期晚期,西部泥炭层形成于玉木亚间冰期结束之后。孢粉分析结果表明：东部钻孔剖面中的泥炭以暖温带落叶阔叶植物花粉为主,指示温暖湿润的气候环境;西部钻孔剖面中的泥炭以温带草本被子植物花粉为主,山地针、阔叶植物花粉为辅,指示温干偏湿的气候环境。定量古气候分析结果表明,玉木亚间冰期晚期沈阳地区与现今气候相当;玉木亚间冰期结束之后,沈阳地区的气候比现在稍冷。     

青海黄河源盆地早更新世以来环境演变

黄河源盆地位于青藏高原东北部,是黄河的源头地区,对环境和气候变化非常敏感。对黄河源盆地中的河湖相沉积物进行了孢粉分析,获得丰富的孢粉数据,结果显示孢粉组合以菊科、蒿科、藜科、禾本科、松、桦等草本和木本植物花粉为主。通过对各类植物的孢粉组合特征分析,揭示了黄河源地区早更新世以来古植被、古气候的演替和变化。其演变经历了4个阶段：第一阶段223.9～90.1万年,为森林草原环境,反映了温暖潮湿的气候;第二阶段90.1～35万年,为灌丛草原环境,反映了总体干冷的气候;第三阶段35～2.8万年,为稀树草甸草原环境,属湿润寒冷的气候;第四阶段2.8～0.8万年,为荒漠草原环境,反应干冷的气候。     

Chronology of Late Pleistocene environmental changes in the lower Mahi basin,western India

Sediments exposed in the lower Mahi basin at the southern fringe of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India, provide evidence of three distinct depositional environments, namely marine, aeolian and fluvial. These have been used to reconstruct Late Pleistocene environmental and tectonic history of the region. Infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) chronology of the fluvial and aeolian litho‐units provides evidence of two major fluvial aggradation phases in the region corresponding to Oxygen Isotopic Stages 5 and 3. The basal marine clay is inferred to represent the last interglacial stage and its present elevation at +20 m a.s.l. is attributed to post‐depositional tectonism. Comparison of fluvial records from other regions indicates interhemispherically documented wetter phases during Oxygen Isotope Stages 5 and 3. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏阿里札达盆地上新世—早更新世河湖相地层年代学研究

通过对西藏阿里札达盆地河湖相地层实测剖面中的古地磁、ESR样品的测试分析,确定了札达盆地新近纪上新世—第四纪早更新世沉积地层的时间序列。测试结果表明:从剖面自下而上所做的古地磁测年数据为5.41～1.60Ma;而ESR测年数据为5.4～1.36Ma,两者大体吻合。根据古地磁、ESR测年结果,可将该套河湖相地层的时序划分为:上新世托林组(N21t)的形成时间为5.41～4.20Ma、上新世古格组(N22g)为4.20～2.57Ma、早更新世香孜组(Qp1-1x)为2.57～1.36Ma。为青藏高原新近纪上新世—第四纪早更新世地层时间序列标尺的建立,以及上新世、早更新世河湖相地层的划分与对比提供了重要依据。     

长江三角洲晚更新世第一硬土层研究进展

长江三角洲晚更新世晚期的第一硬土层是划分更新统与全新统地层界面的标志层,也是上海中、高层建筑物的主要桩基持力层,具有第四纪科学研究和工程地质应用价值。由于缺乏明显指相意义的沉积标志和古生物化石等特征,对于第一硬土层的成因、物源和次生演化等问题,各家学者的观点相差甚远,至今没有达成共识。在讨论第一硬土层的沉积年代、沉积环境和沉积特征的基础上,评析了硬土层研究中的三大争论,即成因的"水成与风成"之争,物源的"近源与远源"之争和次生演化过程之争,认为硬土层经历了复杂的冷暖干湿变化和海侵海退旋回,可划分为早期冷干环境的沉积阶段、中期全新世海侵之前暖湿环境的风化和成土阶段、后期海侵及海退之后的掩埋改造阶段等3个时期。解决第一硬土层争论的途径是建立高精度连续年代序列标尺,运用地层追踪方法进行区域性标志地层的对比,在此基础上探索硬土层的形成与演化机制。     

大凉山区比尔河晚更新世以来阶地级序及其演化

河流阶地详细记录了区域构造活动和地貌演化信息,可为第四纪地貌阶段性隆升提供证据。位于四川大凉山区的昭觉河流域及其支流地处青藏高原东南部,横断山脉与四川盆地西南缘的过渡带,发育了河流阶地等层状地貌。以昭觉河的支流比尔河为研究对象,通过野外河流阶地级序及阶地沉积物调查,结合14C测年结果,厘定了比尔河的3级河流阶地,其中T2和T3为基座阶地,T1为堆积阶地,形成时间为27.75 ka B.P.、12.20 ka B.P.以及6.65 ka B.P.,其中T3阶地与T2阶地的河流下切速率分别为0.59~1.29 mm/a和1.26~4.50 mm/a。认为川西大凉山地区30 000 a以来地貌至少经历了2次间歇性抬升,在整体隆升过程中,河流上游较中下游的地壳抬升速度更快,具有掀斜式抬升特征。T3、T2、T1阶地的形成与研究区气候变化有一定相关性,但新构造运动是比尔河河流阶地形成的主导因素,这对了解川西地区晚更新世以来河流阶地的级序展布及演化具有重要意义。     

Chrono‐stratigraphy of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sequence in Cova Gran (south‐eastern Pre‐Pyrenees,Iberian Peninsula)

The Cova Gran de Santa Linya (Lleida, Spain) is a recently discovered site, with a broad chrono‐cultural sequence that contains archaeological levels dating to the Middle Palaeolithic, Early Upper Palaeolithic, Late Upper Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. We present the chronometric and stratigraphic context of these occupations, which were dated using ¹⁴C accelerator mass spectrometry and thermoluminescence. The sequence provides important indicators that aid in the reconstruction of the history of human occupation on the southern slopes of the Spanish Pyrenees over the past 50,000 years. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原沱沱河至昆仑河地区晚更新世以来孢粉记录的古环境信息

根据对青藏高原沱沱河流域的雅西错湖湖相沉积、西金鸟兰湖岸边的湖相沉积和昆仑河河流相沉积记录的晚更新世以来的孢粉资料的对比分析,该地区2种标志性花粉蒿属（Artemisia）、藜科（Chenopodiaceae）的百分含量表现出明显的负相关性,从南向北、从老到新,孢粉的种类、乔木花粉的数量逐渐减少,禾本科（Gramineae）花粉百分含量逐渐降低,蕨类孢子数量少;在研究区南部晚更新世早期出现了以白刺属（Nitraria）为代表的干旱灌丛草原植被,在研究区3-1万年之间出现了以蒿属、禾本科为代表的干偏湿的草原植被;总体上,根据晚更新世的孢粉恢复的古环境,南部地区比北部地区偏湿。这一特征对恢复青藏高原晚更新世的古环境具有重要的参考意义。     

The Late Pleistocene megafauna of the Chulym River basin,southeastern West Siberian Plain: chronology and stable isotope composition

New data were obtained for the Chulym River basin in the southeastern part of the West Siberian Plain, one of the understudied parts of Siberia in terms of age and composition of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes for Late Pleistocene megafauna. The ¹⁴C dates from the Sergeevo outcrop, the most complete section of Late Quaternary deposits in the region, are mostly greater than ~30 550 bp. Other localities yielded ¹⁴C values in the range from >44 500 to ~19 300 bp. The finite date of ~42 270 bp for the Khozarian steppe elephant (Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus) from Asino is intriguing because previously it was not detected in the Late Pleistocene of Siberia after the last interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e), ~115 000–130 000 years ago. Stable isotope data show both similarities and differences compared to the pre-Last Glacial Maximum megafaunal species in other parts of Siberia.     

Hydrogeochemistry in the Vouga River basin (central Portugal): Pollution and chemical weathering

To quantify and explain the contributions by pollution and chemical weathering to their composition, we studied the chemistries of springs and surface waters in the mountainous part of the Vouga River basin. Water samples were collected during a number of consecutive summer campaigns. Recharge rates were derived from monitored discharge rates within the basin. Very large contributions by meteoric, agricultural and domestic sources to the water chemistries were found, identified by the chloride, sulfate and nitrate concentrations: on average only 1/4 to 1/3 of the solutes could be attributed to chemical weathering. Two petrologic units characterize the river basin: granites and metasediments. The waters collected within metasediment units are distinct from those in granite terrain by a higher magnesium concentration. On that basis, it could be estimated that the Rio Vouga, when leaving the mountainous part of the basin, has for some 2/5 a signature determined by chemical weathering in the metasediments. The dominant primary minerals subject to chemical weathering are plagioclase (Pl) and biotite (in granite) or Pl and chlorite (in metasediment). Kaolinite, gibbsite and vermiculite are the major weathering products where annual precipitation (P) > 1000 mm y⁻¹, and kaolinite, vermiculite and smectite where P was lower. Using an algorithm based on the ratio of dissolved silica to bicarbonate, the contributions of chemical weathering of primary minerals could be unraveled. The results show that in granite the export rate (as mol ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ wt%mineral⁻¹) of oligoclase (Pl with An_10–30) was 5.0 ± 2.6 and of biotite 3.2 ± 2.6, while in metasediment these rates for albite (Pl with An_0–10) are 16.5 ± 8.9 and for chlorite are 0.5 ± 0.5. The observed decrease of dissolved silica in surface waters relative to springs was ascribed to (summer) uptake by aquatic biota.     

黄河源区早更新世含植物化石地层的发现及意义

通过对扎根加陇早更新世湖相地层(1919.6kaB.P.)、棒咯涌K5号钻孔早更新世河湖相地层(1135.9～945.4kaB.P.)、野牛河西岸早更新世河湖相地层(1548.2～765.4kaB.P.)以及产于扎根加陇早更新世湖相地层中的植物化石、各剖面孢粉资料的分析,获知黄河源区早更新世早期为亚热带山地针叶林植被景观,地层中木本植物花粉占绝对优势,以针叶植物云杉属、松属、冷杉属、铁杉属为主,是源区动植物发育的鼎盛时期;进入早更新世晚期初,乔木植物花粉迅速减少乃至全部消失,草本植物花粉大幅度增加。晚期末,孢粉出现贫化,以草本植物花粉为主,呈现荒漠草原植被景观。提出了现今黄河源区生态地质环境的形成是地质演化的必然结果。     

早更新世以来青藏高原隆升作用在塔里木盆地腹地的响应

自约55Ma印度-欧亚板块碰撞,青藏高原经历持续挤压,发生多次阶段性隆升作用.晚新生代以来强烈隆升作用不仅造就了青藏高原北部强烈的构造变形效应,还引起了大规模的干旱化.位于塔里木盆地腹地(N38° 40.911′,E80°18.484′)的玛扎塔格褶断带东西向延伸约300km,南缘发育出露连续、完全的早更新世地层,岩性主要以灰黄色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩为主,含有薄层粗砂岩及砾岩.本文延展了原来研究剖面,共采集古地磁样品90块共9个采点.系统热退磁结果揭示出了正反极性,高分辨率的磁性地层学及野外磁化率研究确定研究剖面时代约为2.2～0.1Ma,对玛扎塔格整个剖面地层的年龄控制提供了限定.利用MS2磁化率仪对野外剖面现场测量,采集209米695点数据.通过与深海氧同位素比对分析,说明磁化率结果不仅较好揭示了全球气候变化,还精确记录了约1.8Ma、1.2Ma、0.9Ma、0.65Ma等多期构造活动,并且直接证明年龄约0.05Ma的地层发生了较强构造变形.青藏高原早更新世以来隆升过程具有脉冲特征,约0.9Ma的强烈隆升使主体达到冰冻圈,起到的屏障效应使塔里木盆地开始较快速干旱化,同时为黄土高原提供了更多风尘物质和增强了对粉尘的搬运能力,导致巨厚的粗粒上砂岩层L9形成.     

The stratigraphy and chronology of the fluvial sediments at Warsash,UK: implications for the Palaeolithic archaeology of the River Test

This paper reports new fieldwork at Warsash which clarifies the terrace stratigraphic framework of the Palaeolithic archaeology of the region. Sections were recorded in former gravel pits and at coastal locations, supplemented by the use of ground penetrating radar and luminescence dating techniques. The region’s extensive borehole archive was also analysed to produce a revised terrace stratigraphy at Warsash and for the Test valley as a whole. At Warsash, some of the sediments previously identified as the Mottisfont/Lower Warsash Terrace are reassigned to the Hamble, Belbin/Upper Warsash and Ganger Wood/Mallards Moor Terraces. A luminescence dating programme, using test procedures not utilised in earlier dating studies in the region, yielded age estimates for the Hamble and Mottisfont/Lower Warsash Terraces at Warsash and also highlighted the complicated nature of the fluvial sediments of the River Test, suggesting that published luminescence ages for these deposits should be treated with some caution. This study indicates that the data used to construct terrace stratigraphies also requires careful assessment. The use of bedrock height and sediment thickness data produces more coherent long profile correlations than those produced by terrace surface data alone. The revised terrace stratigraphy provides the framework for the Palaeolithic archaeology at Warsash and clarifies correlations within and between archaeologically important sediments of the Test Valley, enabling it to contribute to discussions on the Lower-Middle Pleistocene settlement history of southern Britain.     

Elemental and isotopic geochemistry in the hydrothermal area of Chaves,Vila Pouca de Aguiar (northern Portugal)

Chaves thermal waters (76°C) are the most important external manifestations of low-temperature geothermal systems occurring in Portuguese mainland. They are related to crystalline granitic rocks. This paper describes the use of the environmental isotopic composition (oxygen-18, deuterium, and tritium) of hot and cold waters of the Chaves area as an important hydrogeological tool to solve specific problems arising in the appraisal of the geothermal resources of the area (e.g., origin and age of waters, recharge area, and underground flow paths).¹⁸O and D analyses seem to confirm the meteoric origin of Chaves thermal waters. The local altitude dependence of meteoric waters was determined by¹⁸O and D analyses of superficial and shallow groundwaters of the Chaves plain and its bordering mountains. Chaves thermal waters seem to be related to meteoric waters, infiltrated on the highest topography areas (Bolideira granitic outcrop NE Chaves), that percolate at great depth and emerge in a discharge area at lower altitude (Chaves plain). Chaves thermal waters showing little oxygen-18 shift and low tritium concentrations could be considered external manifestations of an old geothermal system in which the isotopic water-rock interaction is adjusted to equilibrium.     

长白山区二道白河流域早更新世玄武质熔岩的成因

采用岩石化学和同位素分析方法,研究了二道白河流域早更新世玄武质熔岩的成因。玄武质熔岩由钠质拉斑玄武岩和钾质粗面玄武岩、玄武质粗面安山岩组成。它们的REE分配形式比较相近,表明它们来自共同的源区。Sr、Nd、Pb同位素示踪表明,二道白河流域早更新世玄武质熔岩岩浆源区接近于似原始地幔。它们的Mg#=100Mg O/(Mg O+Fe O)低于中国东部新生代玄武岩原始岩浆的Mg#(60~68),Ni(27.76×10-6~200.6×10-6)低于原始地幔,Rb/Sr(0.05~0.09)、Ba/Rb(15.64~264)高于原始地幔,说明这些岩石不是源自原始地幔。玄武质熔岩的DI变化于42~67,具有高Ca、高Sr、Eu正异常,微量元素图解显示玄武岩保留部分熔融趋势,粗面玄武岩、玄武质粗安岩具有结晶分异趋势,岩浆上升过程中发生了不同程度的地壳混染作用。玄武质熔岩的Nb/Ta之比为14.8~15.8,与勘察加半岛深俯冲带火山类似。Nb/Ta-(Na2O-K2O)关系图解显示研究区玄武质岩浆的形成与俯冲板片的部分熔融有关。