Anatomy of a river drainage reversal in the Neogene Kivu–Nile Rift

The Neogene geological history of East Africa is characterised by the doming and extension in the course of development of the East African Rift System with its eastern and western branches. In the centre of the Western Rift Rise Rwanda is situated on Proterozoic basement rocks exposed in the strongly uplifted eastern rift shoulder of the Kivu–Nile Rift segment, where clastic sedimentation is largely restricted to the rift axis itself. A small, volcanically and tectonically controlled depository in northwestern Rwanda preserved the only Neogene sediments known from the extremely uplifted rift shoulder. Those (?)Pliocene to Pleistocene/Holocene fluvio-lacustrine muds and sands of the Palaeo-Nyabarongo River record the influence of Virunga volcanism on the major drainage reversal that affected East Africa in the Plio-/Pleistocene, when the originally rift-parallel upper Nile drainage system became diverted to the East in order to enter the Nile system via Lake Victoria. Sedimentary facies development, heavy mineral distributions and palaeobiological controls, including hominid artefacts, signal a short time interval of <300–350 ka to complete this major event for the sediment supply system of the Kivu–Nile Rift segment.     

大兴安岭诺敏河第四纪火山岩分期:岩石学、年代学与火山地质特征

大兴安岭北段诺敏河第四纪火山24座,分布于诺敏河及其支流毕拉河和甘河支流奎勒河,火山岩分布面积约600km2。诺敏河火山岩均属于钾质系列火山岩(K2O含量2%～4%,且K2O>Na2O-2%),类似于邻区五大连池-科洛钾质火山岩,具有来自类似的富钾地幔源区。但诺敏河火山岩的K2O含量明显低于五大连池-科洛火山岩的K2O含量(一般4%～6%)。东北地区和内蒙东部处于中亚造山带东段,从古生代到新生代,多重构造-岩浆活动导致火山岩源区地球化学非均一性和火山岩的多样性。根据本文提出的火山岩K-Ar年龄(2.3～0.128Ma)及火山地质特征,可将诺敏河第四纪火山岩分为四期。早期(早更新世)火山活动主要沿诺敏河和奎勒河流域分布,火山产物多被晚期沉积物或火山产物所覆盖。中更新世保留的火山锥体及熔岩流是诺敏河第四纪火山产物的主体,表明是第四纪火山活动的高潮期。晚更新世-全新世火山活动限于毕拉河流域,典型的四方山火山和马鞍山火山是该时期火山活动的代表作,保留了较完好的火山地质地貌特征。从火山产物的时空展布,推测诺敏河第四纪火山活动有从东向西发展的趋势。     

The geology and petrology of the Hannington Trachyphonolite formation,Kenya Rift Valley

Field, petrographical and geochemical studies of a group of late Pleistocene, alkaline and mildly peralkaline trachytic and trachyphonolitic lavas from the northern Kenya Rift have been undertaken. A large number of flows were erupted from widely dispersed centres to form an extensive volcanic shield within the floor of the rift. The major element composition of most rocks was substantially modified during crystallisation, but other data show that differentiation within the suite was the result of protracted feldspar fractionation of a trachytic magma with intially very low abundances of residual trace elements.     

Geochemical trends in the alkali basaltic suite of the Assab range (Ethiopia)

Two groups of rocks are distinguished in the Assab volcanic range (Afar) on the basis of their petrology. The first one is a typical alkaline suite with high Li, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th and U concentrations. A second subalkaline group may be related to a parental basalt characterized by low trace-element concentrations and intermediate in character between alkali and tholeiitic basalt.U and Th concentrations of the analyzed Assab basalts, as well the reported values for the alkali and transitional basalts of the East African Rift and the Afar depression, are higher than values reported for similar basalts from oceanic and continental environments.     

Structural position of the Pleistocene Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site in the Dead Sea Rift zone

Newly discovered outcrops of the middle Pleistocene Benot Ya'aqov Formation are strongly disturbed due to recent tectonic activity along the Dead Sea Rift. The lacustrine-fluviatile sediments of this formation comprise the littoral facies of a paleo-lake that occupied the adjacent Hula Basin. Acheulian artifacts, found embedded in the formation, have typical African characteristics. The geographical position of the site (the northern extension of the East African Red Sea Rift System) is important for understanding hominid diffusion from Africa to Eurasia.     

冈底斯西段第四纪钾质火山岩的发现及赛利普组的建立

冈底斯西段赛利普一带分布有大面积的钾质火山岩,以前曾被划归上新世一早更新世赛利普群。作者对这套火山岩地层进行了详细野外调查并重新测制了火山岩地层剖面,在该套火山岩下伏及层间湖相碎屑沉积层中获得ESR年龄0．268Ma与0．349Ma。岩石学、岩石化学研究表明,这套火山岩是以安粗质熔岩为主的钾玄岩系列一钾质碱性玄武岩系列火山岩,岩石类型及岩石组合稳定,岩层产状平缓,岩石新鲜,层位相对清楚,故将其命名为赛利普组,属第四纪早一中更新世。这一发现对研究冈底斯构造带新生代以来岩浆活动、构造演化,进而探讨青藏高原隆升机制有着重要的地质意义。     

广西北海涠洲岛晚更新世火山活动引起的地震同沉积变形构造

广西北海涠洲岛晚更新世湖光岩组为一套火山碎屑沉积,同期火山岩发育。在靠近火山口的地区,湖光岩组发育一系列地震成因的同沉积变形构造,包括:地震微断裂(张扭性地震微断裂、张性地震微断裂、共扼性地震微断裂和阶梯状地震微断裂)、微褶皱纹理、落石沉陷构造和砂泥岩脉。分析认为这些同沉积-变形构造是由同期火山活动引起的地震作用形成的。     

青藏高原北部巴颜喀拉与东昆仑地区新近纪以来火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因

青藏高原北部巴颜喀拉构造区和东昆仑构造区,新生代火山岩形成于中新世、上新世和更新世,岩性为碱玄岩、玄武粗安岩、粗面安山岩（或安粗岩）、粗面岩、粗面英安岩、流纹斑岩和流纹岩。火山岩的分布与区域深大断裂的位置关系密切,与下伏地层之间均为角度不整合接触。火山岩为钙碱性、高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列。根据最新的火山岩年代资料和分布特征,研究区火山岩可划分为三个大的区域：①可可西里·鲸鱼湖地区,以可可西里湖北为中心向“四周”时代逐渐变新;②木孜塔格．银石山地区,以银石山西南为中心向“四周”时代逐渐变新;③黑石北湖地区。三个区域相比较,其火山岩的范围与规模从东向西变小,时代从东向西变新。微量元素的K、Rb、Ba、Th活动性元素及La、Ce轻稀土元素富集明显,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损。流纹斑岩和流纹岩具强的负Eu异常,δEu的变化范围为0．04～0．39,其他岩石具有弱的负Eu异常,δEu值为0．61～0．95,经球粒陨石标准化,稀土分布曲线均为右倾负斜率轻稀土强烈富集型。从微量元素特征和稀土元素特征判断具有岛弧火山岩的成分特征。研究区从东向西火山岩从酸性到中基性演化,伴随这一规律各类岩石Na2O和K2O的平均值总体呈减小的趋势,TiO2、Al2O3、TFe、MnO、MgO、CaO、P2O5、δSr、Sr／Y、∑BEE、δEu、La／Yb平均值呈增加趋势,对于同一类火山岩,MgO随时代变新含量降低。部分火山岩的Sr、Nd同位素反映出富集Ⅱ型地幔（EMⅡ）的地球化学特征。包体特征显示,具有少量浅源包体,又具有深源包体。研究区火山岩形成于大陆内部,可能是在青藏高原自中新世以来的隆升过程中形成的,可能与青藏高原岩石圈减薄或大陆内部的俯冲过程有关。     

大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山分期: K-Ar年代学与火山地质特征

大兴安岭中部哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山区分布有34座火山,这些火山总体呈北东向带状分布,火山岩分布面积约400 km2,岩性主要为碱性橄榄玄武岩.根据火山地质特征,结合火山岩K-Ar测年结果,哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山可进一步划分为早、中、晚更新世和全新世4期.早更新世火山岩,由于被后期火山岩覆盖,主要分布于火山区周边和出露在河谷中.中更新世火山活动最强,不论火山数量(27座)还是熔岩流规模都超过该区第四纪火山的一半以上.晚更新世时期火山活动趋弱,火山活动范围缩小,只局限于小范围区域.全新世火山活动又进入新的高峰期,强爆破式喷发和规模宏大的熔岩流,以及保存完好的熔岩流地貌是全新世火山之特点.     

Petrogenesis of a basalt-comendite-pantellerite rock suite: the Boseti Volcanic Complex (Main Ethiopian Rift)

Petrological and geochemical data for basic (alkali basalts and hawaiites) and silicic peralkaline rocks, plus rare intermediate products (mugearites and benmoreites) from the Pleistocene Boseti volcanic complex (Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa) are reported in this work. The basalts are slightly alkaline or transitional, have peaks at Ba and Nb in the mantle-normalized diagrams and relatively low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7039–0.7044). The silicic rocks (pantellerites and comendites) are rich in sanidine and anorthoclase, with mafic phases being represented by fayalite-rich olivine, opaque oxides, aenigmatite and slightly Na-rich ferroaugite (ferrohedenbergite). These rocks were generated after prolonged fractional crystallization process (up to 90–95 %) starting from basaltic parent magmas at shallow depths and fO₂ conditions near the QFM buffer. The apparent Daly Gap between mafic and evolved Boseti rocks is explained with a model involving the silicic products filling upper crustal magma chambers and erupted preferentially with respect to basic and intermediate products. Evolved liquids could have been the only magmas which filled the uppermost magma reservoirs in the crust, thus giving time to evolve towards Rb-, Zr- and Nb-rich peralkaline rhyolites in broadly closed systems.     

云南腾冲火山岩岩石学特征

腾冲火山岩群是我国著名的新生代火山岩群之一。岩相学特征表明，该火山群为典型的钙碱性系列玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩弧火山岩组合。它喷发于晚上新世—晚更新世，但这一时期腾冲地区已为大陆板内环境，腾冲弧火山岩的形成至少在俯冲作用停止以后60Ma，属于一种滞后型弧火山。     

琼北火山活动分期与全新世岩浆演化

琼北火山活动始于始新世以来，早第三纪火山岩以夹层隐伏于不同时期的地层中。本文新提供的琼北火山岩K-AT年龄和砂岩捕虏体热释光年龄，从年代学上确定了琼北存在全新世火山喷发活动。琼北地表火山岩从早到晚分为6期：蓬莱期(中新世)、金牛岭期(上新世)、多文岭期(早更新世)、东英期(中更新世)、道堂期(晚更新世)、雷虎岭期(全新世)。雷虎岭期又分为早晚两个亚期：雷虎岭亚期和马鞍岭亚期，它们分别属于橄榄拉斑玄武岩和石英拉斑玄武岩。火山岩稀土元素、微量元素和Sr，Nd，Pb同位素地球化学特征揭示，岩浆来自亏损地幔(DMM)和富集岩石圈或亏损地幔(DMM)与俯冲洋壳两种不同的地球化学组分混合源区。橄榄拉斑玄武岩是相对原始的地幔岩浆。橄榄拉斑玄武岩岩浆经约10％橄榄石分离结晶可以形成石英拉斑玄武岩浆。岩浆上升过程中未受明显的陆壳混染。     

The origin and geochemical evolution of the Woodlark Rift of Papua New Guinea

Geochemical, isotopic, and geochronologic data for exhumed rocks in the Woodlark Rift of Papua New Guinea (PNG) allow a tectonic link to be established with the Late Cretaceous Whitsunday Volcanic Province (WVP) of northeastern Australia. Most of the metamorphic rocks in the Woodlark Rift have Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 1.7 to + 6.2) similar to the Nd isotopic compositions of rocks in the WVP (ε_Nd = + 1.3 to + 6.6; Ewart et al., 1992), and contain inherited zircons with 90 to 100 Ma U–Pb ages that overlap the timing of magmatism in the WVP. None of the metamorphic rocks in the Woodlark Rift have the highly evolved Hf and Nd isotopic compositions expected of ancient continental crust. Magmas were erupted in the WVP during the middle Cretaceous as eastern Gondwana was rifted apart. The protoliths of felsic and intermediate metamorphic rocks in the Woodlark Rift are interpreted to be related to the magmatic products produced during this Cretaceous rifting event. Some mafic metamorphic rocks exposed in the western Woodlark Rift (eclogites and amphibolites) are not related to the WVP and instead could have originated as basaltic lavas crystallized from mantle melts at (U)HP depths in the Late Cenozoic, or as fragments of Mesozoic aged oceanic lithosphere.Isotopic and elemental comparisons between basement gneisses and Quaternary felsic volcanic rocks demonstrate that felsic lavas in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands did not form solely from partial melting of metamorphic rocks during exhumation. Instead, the isotopic compositions and geochemistry of Quaternary felsic volcanic rocks indicate a significant contribution from the partial melting of the mantle in this region. When combined with geophysical data for the western Woodlark Rift, this suggests that future seafloor spreading will commence south of Fergusson Island, and west of the present-day active seafloor spreading rift tip.     

K—Ar Geochronology and Evolution of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in Eastrn China

Cenozoic volcanic rocks widespread in eastern China constitute an important part of the circum-Pacific volcanic belt.This paper presents more than 150K-Ar dates and a great deal of petrochemical analysis data from the Cenozoic volcanic rocks distributed in Tengchong,China‘s southeast coast,Shandong,Hebei,Nei Monggol and Northeast China.An integrated study shows that ubiquitous but uneven volcanic activities prevailed from the Eogene to the Holocene,characterized as being multi-eqisodic and multicycled.For example,in the Paleocene(67-58Ma),Eocene(57-37.5Ma),Miocene(22-18,16-19Ma),Pliocene(8-3Ma),and Early Pleistocene-Middle Pleistocene(1.2-0.5Ma) there were upsurges of volcanism,while in the Oligocene there was a repose period.In space,the older Eogene volcanic rocks are distributed within the region or in the central part of the NE-NNE-striking fault depression,while the younger Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks are distributed in the eastern and western parts.Petrologically,they belong essentially to tholeiite-series and alkali-series basalts,with alkalinity in the rocks increasing from old to youg.The above regularities are controlled by both global plate movement and regional inherent tectonic pattern.     

新疆阿吾拉勒山西段下二叠统陆相火山岩岩石地球化学特征、成因及构造背景

新疆阿吾拉勒山西段是伊犁石炭-二叠纪裂谷的重要组成部分,本文对该区下二叠统典型的双峰式玄武岩-流纹岩组合进行了系统的岩相学和岩石地球化学研究。岩石整体高Na2O、高Al2O3、低TiO2、富碱。玄武岩富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、LREE和P,亏损高场强元素Th、U、Ta、Nb。粗面斑岩和流纹斑岩富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、LREE、高场强元素Th、Zr、Hf,亏损Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti和P。玄武安山玢岩的蛛网图与粗面斑岩和流纹斑岩较为一致,但少量元素的特征与玄武岩相似。玄武岩浆来源于弱亏损地幔,并受到了下地壳物质的混染,而玄武安山玢岩、粗面斑岩和流纹斑岩则可能来源于地壳物质的部分熔融。双峰式火山岩的形成可能与上地幔玄武岩浆的底侵作用有关。裂谷演化导致的陆相火山活动持续到早二叠世晚期达到顶峰,中二叠世以后,构造环境由拉伸转为挤压,裂谷演化趋于终止。该区石炭纪末-早二叠世的裂谷活动与整个天山地区晚古生代的构造演化背景具有一致性。     

长白山天池老虎洞期火山活动地质特征及成因意义

长白山天池火山老虎洞期火山活动发生在更新世晚期白头山组碱性粗面岩喷发之后,火山活动的产物主要为玄武岩质火山碎屑岩和少量玄武岩质或粗面岩质熔岩;老虎洞组火山岩的稀土元素地球化学特征介于早期玄武岩和气象站组碱流岩两者之间,将二者有机地联系在一起,使整个天池火山岩的演化趋势更加清晰。老虎洞组火山岩的存在充分证明了天池火山的粗面岩类与该区早期的大量玄武岩具有成因联系。长白山天池火山活动的成因并非简单地用西太平洋板块的俯冲作用所能解释的。     

腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山活动

对腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山,尤其是具有最新活动的黑空山、打鹰山和鞍山进行了比较系统的Ｋ－年龄分析。去除样品中含有过剩氩的斜长石斑晶和橄榄石斑晶以后获得了一系列准确的基质Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄;根据火山活动的时空变化把腾冲火山活动分为三个期。第一期为上新世晚期,火山活动集中于火山区的西北和东南两端;第二期为早更新世期间,火山活动向腾冲盆地中心迁移和扩展,活动规模和分布面积最大;第三期为早更新世末期至全新世,     

Tectonic Setting of the Permo-Triassic Chiang Khong Volcanic Rocks, Northern Thailand Based on Petrochemical Characteristics

The inferred Permo-Triassic Chiang Khong volcanic belt is composed of felsic to mafic volcanic rocks and their pyroclastic equivalents. Almost all the least-altered mafic volcanic rocks are lava flows; a few might have occurred as dykes. These mafic volcanic rocks are non-foliated to weakly foliated, and mostly have porphyritic textures. The phenocrysts/microphenocrysts in porphyritic samples are commonly plagioclase, and may include clinopyroxene, olivine, Fe-Ti oxide, apatite and amphibole. The matrix of lava flows ranges texturally from felty to trachytic but a few samples show felty to ophitic/subophitic, and glassy textures, whereas that of possible dyke samples is holocrystalline. The primary matrix constituents are largely plagioclase and variable proportions of clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxide, amphibole, olivine, apatite, quartz, alkali feldspar and/or glass. All the studied samples have been subjected to greenschist-facies regional metamorphism. Chemically, the samples show narrow ranges of least-mobile incompatible-element ratios and range compositionally from dacite to basalt of tholeiitic series. These samples are chemically analogous to those of the Tertiary andesite from Sardinian Rift, Sardinia, Italy, particularly in terms of least-mobile incompatible-element ratios. Accordingly, the studied mafic volcanic rocks are interpreted to have formed in a continental volcanic arc. However, the problem related to the geometry of plate convergence, giving rise to the continental volcanic arc, still exists.     

Plio-Quaternary volcanotectonic activity in the northern sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift: relationships with oblique rifting

Deformation and magmatism within the 90 km wide northern Ethiopian Rift system is concentrated along a narrow zone - the Wonji Fault Belt. Two key areas (the Nazret-Dera and Asela-Ziway areas), located along the eastern margin of the north-northeast to northeast trending Main Ethiopian Rift, have been investigated in order to reconstruct the recent tectonomagmatic evolution of the northern branch of the Main Ethiopian Rift. In these areas, Early Pleistocene volcanic products (Wonji Group) overlie Pliocene volcanic rocks (Eastern Margin Unit). Detailed stratigraphical reconstructions have revealed the presence of several tectonomagmatic units which can be correlated between the two study areas. The stratigraphical and petrological study of these units outlined (1) the bimodal composition (basalts-pantellerites) of the oldest and youngest units and the unimodal character (pantellerites) of the products erupted during the intervening period; (2) the mainly fissural origin of the ignimbrites and oldest basalts; and (3) a mafic/felsic volumetric ratio of 1:5.The geological data suggest that, around the Pliocene-Quaternary boundary, a change in the stress field occurred in this Main Ethiopian Rift sector, passing from a direction of extension roughly orthogonal to the rift shoulders, to oblique rifting related to an east-west trending extension. In this framework the change in the style of volcanism observed in the Nazret-Dera and Asela-Ziway areas can be related to the change of the stress field. A new geodynamic model is presented for the Late Pliocene to Recent evolution of this sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift. According to this model, a large volume of rhyolitic products was erupted during an oblique rifting phase, following a previous period of pure extension. The change in the tectonic regime favoured partial melting of the underplated basalts as a decrease in the pressure and an elevation of isotherms occurred.     

The origin of high bicarbonate and fluoride concentrations in waters of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, East African Rift system

Thermal waters in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley are characterized by high Na, bicarbonate and fluoride concentrations, and near-neutral to alkaline pH. Sodium, bicarbonate and fluoride are positively correlated in the waters. The principal reason for the bicarbonate in the area is the high rate of carbon dioxide outgassing. This, combined with acid volcanics, geothermal heating, low Ca and low salinity, is also one of the causes of high fluoride in this part of the active volcanic zone of the East African Rift. Evaporative concentration is responsible for the high salinity, alkalinity and fluoride in the closed-basin lakes of the region. The waters are undersaturated with respect to fluoride and anhydrite. Calcium tends to be fixed in Ca bearing minerals such as calcite and epidote, which are abundant in the system. Hence, it appears that fluoride is a mobile component in acid volcanic geothermal systems.