喀斯特地区瀑布效应产生的自然水软化过程

在喀斯特地区,水流过瀑布后硬度会发生降低,这种现象一般称为瀑布效应,其中包括汽化,射流和低压作用。瀑布效应会引起两种河水物理性质的变化,即气水界面面积和涡流的增加。为了弄清瀑布效应和这些物理性质变化是否会减少水的硬度,本研究设计并进行了一系列的试验。通过改变气水界面面积试验,发现界面面积越大,导电率降低的速率越快,由此造成Ca2+的沉淀。利用自行设计的气泡生成器进行试验,发现有气泡发生的地方,水的硬度降低很快。试验还发现,从射流器喷出的超饱和溶液的硬度快速减小,而pH值增大。鸭河和滴水岩瀑布的实际观测证实,有汽化现象发生的地方,水的硬度降低很快,钙沉淀的平均速率也最高。     

Hydrological analysis of Skradinski Buk tufa waterfall (Krka River,Dinaric karst,Croatia)

The paper analyses complex hydrological behaviour of Skradinski Buk, the tufa waterfall, formed on the downstream part of the Krka River located in the coastal part of the Croatian Dinaric karst. This waterfall is the central point of the Krka National Park (KNP) proclaimed in 1985. Skradinski Buk is the seventh, final and the largest tufa barrier on the Krka River. Morphology of Skradinski Buk is composed of 17 unevenly distributed steps and dozens of small depressions. Natural waterfall morphology strongly influenced the complex waterfall hydrological regime. Additionally, hydrological regime is disturbed by the operation of the hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) Jaruga. This paper analyses characteristic (minimum, mean, maximum) annual water levels and discharges monitored at two hydrological stations (Skradinski Buk Gornji-SBG and Nacionalni Park-NP). SBG controls the inflow of water into the waterfall, while the NP is established in order to control the use of water from the HEPP Jaruga operation. It is concluded that the HEPP Jaruga does not comply with the agreement signed between the KNP and the HEPP Jaruga. The goal of the paper is to give detailed hydrological analysis of the Skradinski Buk, which should play the crucial role in the protection of this wonderful and very vulnerable phenomenon.     

Experimental study of headcut erosion in cohesive soils under different consolidation types and hydraulic parameters

Headcut is a change in stream channel elevation, where there is concentrated flow. Most of the past studies focus on non-cohesive soils, although many problems on the streams occur because of cohesive beds and banks. In this study, eight samples of cohesive soils, with a different composition of silt and clay, for different waterfall heights and flow velocity under long- and short-term natural consolidation conditions were tested. In one of the tests, a sand layer was settled on the headcut bed to investigate its impact on headcut erosion. By increasing clay content, the headcut will remain vertical as it moves backward. Result showed that the effect of clay content reduction was more noticeable under the long-term consolidation condition. In general, the effect of clay percentage variation on the measured parameters is much higher than the effects of waterfall height or flow velocity, and the effect of consolidation type and adding a sand layer on the measured values is much higher than the effect of clay percentage variation on the waterfall height and flow velocity.     

水利工程对岩溶水体碳循环的影响

为认识水利工程建设对岩溶库区温室气体排放的影响,本文对岩溶区水利工程破坏岩溶水体DIC的稳定性、增加温室气体排放以及水利工程建设所带来的水体富营养化问题进行了初步总结。结果表明,水利工程不仅打破了岩溶水体DIC的自身稳定性,加速水体无机CO2逸出过程,导致CaCO3发生沉淀,而且还通过改变岩溶水动力条件、加速温室气体排放等途径来提高岩溶水体的碳储存、转移、形成与分解过程。与此同时作者还建议:(1)尽快开展岩溶水体温室气体排放的定性分析与定量计算工作,并与不同排放源的温室气体释放效应进行对比;(2)温室气体排放的估算须建立在岩溶碳循环研究基础上,从时间和空间尺度上分析影响岩溶水体温室气体排放过程的关键因素,并把岩溶水体温室气体排放纳入整个岩溶生态系统的生命周期中进行考虑。      

旅游活动对巴马水晶宫洞穴环境及碳酸钙沉积物景观的影响

巴马县水晶宫洞内次生化学碳酸盐（钙）沉积物景观丰富,类型多样,有石钟乳、石幔、石瀑布、石笋、石柱、石盾等特色景观;尤其是近期仍在发育的洞顶鹅管、卷曲石、石花和石毛等是国内外较为罕见的洞穴奇景。自2007年水晶宫开发以来,对巴马水晶宫洞穴环境及碳酸钙沉积物景观等进行了监测,发现洞穴内流水、滴水、池水数量点减少; 洞穴温度升高、湿度降低,CO2浓度增加,空气负离子浓度减小以及普遍滋生(藻类、苔藓、蕨类等)灯光植物和洞穴景观表面的污染与变色污染、老化等现象。依据洞穴环境变化规律,提出有利于洞穴环境保护以及景观修复的相关措施,为科学合理保护开发旅游洞穴提供重要的科学依据及广泛的应用前景。      

洞穴滴(流)水的双重(滴－侵蚀、沉积)作用——以桂林盘龙洞为例

洞穴滴水主要来源于大气降水的入渗,是岩溶洞穴内的低能量的渗流水,它受控于水- 土- 岩的相互作用。本文通过对桂林盘龙洞滴水一个水文年的动态监测表明,洞穴滴水对大气降水的响应较快,其所记录的滴水特性直接反映大气降水的物理、化学特征,并系统地记录了滴水溶- 侵蚀和沉积过程,以及与生态环境和石漠化的演化历史。常年性滴水的动态监测,揭示在夏半年( 5- 10月)是新碳酸盐的主要沉积时段,表现出新碳酸盐的沉积具有与雨热同季的特点。暴雨或季节性滴水基本保持了雨水的物理化学特性,滴水量大,滴速快,因而具有较强的溶- 侵蚀作用,导致盘龙洞石笋Pa、Pb、Pc 形成后被溶- 侵蚀的体积分别达339872 cm3、13 680 cm3 和33 792 cm3; 在冬半年,常年性滴水由于滴速和滴量较小,其溶- 侵蚀性较弱;而在夏半年,由于滴水的饱和度高,沉积量大,往往将在冬半年形成细微的滴溶蚀凹坑或孔穴填平补齐。      

岩溶溪流的脱气作用及碳酸钙沉积--以重庆市南川区柏树湾泉溪流为例

以一定间距监测水体中pH、电导率、溶解氧等水化学参数及HCO₃-、Ca2+等阴阳离子浓度,揭示了重庆市南川区柏树湾泉及其下游溪水的水化学的空间特征。泉水出露地表后,CO₂溢出导致溪流水的水化学特征沿流程发生有规律的变化,并促使溪水达到过饱和状态而产生明显的碳酸钙沉积。研究结果表明,脱气作用导致溪水的HCO₃-浓度、Ca2+浓度、电导率（EC）和CO₂分压沿流程逐渐递减,pH值及常见碳酸盐矿物的饱和指数逐渐升高。泉水出露时水中CO₂浓度与自由大气之间的浓度梯度是影响脱气速率的主要因素,但溪渠的水力坡度也对脱气速率也有一定影响。地下水出露至泉口处的脱气程度,是影响溪流碳酸钙沉积的决定性因素。旱季泉水流量较小,泉口处脱气程度较大,并且溪水的Ca2+浓度含量较高,再加上溪流沿途的水体扰动加速CO₂溢出,以及溪渠内的枯枝落叶和其他物质的吸附等,皆有利于碳酸钙沉积。     

水库水气界面温室气体通量监测方法综述

水库水体中的有机碳,经过水中微生物代谢分解,生成甲烷、二氧化碳等温室气体,通过扩散、气泡等方式,经由水气界面排向大气.目前国外对水库水气界面的温室气体通量监测已经发展了静态箱法、梯度法、倒置漏斗法、TDLAS法以及涡度相关法等.综述了以上监测方法的原理、应用、优缺点及适用范围,从水体、陆地和气候环境方面分析了影响水气界...     

琵琶潭瀑布岩溶沉积物生物多样性研究

为了探索瀑布岩溶沉积物中生物多样特征, 2006年12月对贵阳市琵琶潭瀑布岩溶沉积环境进行了野外生态学调查,采集样品和标本25份。经室内初步分析和鉴定, 该瀑布岩溶沉积物中含有5大生物多样性类群共33个物种,它们是蓝细菌( Cya no bacteria) 2个种,原生动物( Pr oto zoan) 12个种,绿藻( Green algae ) 1个种,硅藻( Dia toms) 10个种和苔藓植物( Bry ophy tes) 8个种。生物多样性在琵琶潭岩溶沉积形成中的地质生态学贡献主要表现在: ( 1)生物表面为淡水碳酸钙晶体提供了附着基础; ( 2) 绿色植物光合作用转移了二氧化碳,有助于碳酸钙沉积;( 3)生物群落为瀑布岩溶沉积提供了骨架; ( 4) 生物群落在一定程度上控制和影响了岩溶沉积形态。      

袁河流域水环境容量分析的设计水文条件计算

设计水文条件是流域水环境容量分析的重要前提,然而在一些小流域,水文站点相对较少,给设计水文条件计算带来一定难度。本文采用区域化方法,以袁河流域为例,根据其现有的水文站及其毗邻锦江流域水文站的水文资料采用一元线性函数建立了设计流量和集水面积的关系,采用幂指函数Y=aQb分别建立了流量与流速、平均水深及河宽的关系。根据建立的模型对袁河流域各控制断面的设计流量、设计流速、平均水深及河宽进行了计算,从而为水文站较少流域设计水文条件的计算提供了范例。     

平水期东洞庭湖主要入湖口藻类群落结构特征对环境因子的响应

为了更深入的了解流速、水深等水文条件对湖泊浮游藻类分布特征的影响,选择平水期东洞庭湖为研究对象,研究了该湖泊7个不同断面处的浮游生物群落结构特征、生物量、生物多样性等多方面的内容,并结合湖泊水体环境指标调查,深入分析了环境因子对浮游植物优势种群分布的影响规律。结果表明,就2017年平水期东洞庭湖的调查而言,湖泊水体流速的大小对优势种群的浮游藻类密度影响较大,水体流速越大,优势种的浮游植物密度越小;平水期的东洞庭湖中较小的水量和流速,加上充足的营养,容易导致湖泊水体水质变差;不同的浮游植物优势种群的分布受各种环境因子影响的程度不同。     

Influence of waterfall aeration and seasonal temperature variation on the iron and arsenic attenuation rates in an acid mine drainage system

Dramatic seasonal changes in water chemistry and precipitate mineralogy associated with acid-mine drainage (AMD) in the waterfall and creek sections of the Chinkuashih area, northern Taiwan were investigated. Special attention has been paid to the kinetic effects of seasonal temperature variation and waterfall aeration. Precipitation of schwertmannite associated with removal of metals and As are indicated by delicate growth microstructures on precipitate surfaces, X-ray diffraction data, and downstream reductions of metal and As concentrations. Geochemical modeling suggested a downstream increase of the degree of saturation/supersaturation with respect to schwertmannite in the waterfall section, which can be attributed to high Fe²⁺ oxidation rates. The waterfall section was characterized by high rates and model rate constants of Fe²⁺ oxidation (6.1–6.7 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 2.7–2.9 × 10⁻² s⁻¹) and Fe (schwertmannite) precipitation (1.7–2.1 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 3.5–4.1 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹). A high As sorption rate (4.7–6.3 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹) and low As distribution coefficient (7.9–11.8 × 10⁻⁹ mol⁻¹ L) were observed. The creek section showed up to 1–2 orders of magnitude slower rates and lower rate constants than the waterfall section and had seasonal variations comparable to those in areas polluted by AMD elsewhere. The summer rates were 4–5 times higher than the winter rates in the creek section, and are largely attributed to a temperature effect. In contrast, the seasonal differences in rate and rate constant were small in the waterfall section. Several factors associated with the waterfall aeration in addition to elevated temperature and As concentration enhanced Fe and As attenuation in the waterfall section. The waterfall effects on Fe precipitation rate were enhanced when the flow rate was large in the winter. Despite the remarkable removal of metals and As by the rapid precipitation of As-bearing schwertmannite, large effluent loads of potentially hazardous contaminants including As, Cu and Zn discharged to the sea in the Chinkuashih area.     

桂林漓江水体溶解无机碳迁移与水生光合碳固定研究

河流溶解无机碳含量昼夜变化主要受碳酸盐反向沉积、水生光合利用和脱气作用控制,被水生光合利用的溶解无机碳是岩溶碳汇的组成部分,脱气作用比例的大小是影响碳汇稳定性的决定因素。本文以漓江中游省里—冠岩之间15 km长河段为研究对象,开展昼夜高分辨率水化学自动化监测与高频取样,分析水生植物光合作用利用HCO3-1及相关钙沉降过程。结果表明,监测河段水生光合利用的无机碳转化通量为859 kgC?d-1,单位流程光合作用溶解无机碳转化量和钙沉降量分别为2.06 t?（d?km）-1和0.78 t?（d?km）-1。光合作用与钙沉降消耗DIC约占总转化量的70 %,以光合有机碳和CaCO3形式储存于河床,成为岩溶碳汇组成部分。无机碳转化量约占输入DIC总量的6.0 %（其中1.7%以CO2形式返回大气）,说明夏季低水位期间强烈的水生植物光合利用溶解无机碳,可有效遏制白天水气界面CO2脱气过程发生,低脱气比例证实漓江水体的溶解无机碳还是比较稳定的。      

δC profiles along growth layers of stalagmites: Comparing theoretical and experimental results

The isotopic carbon ratio of a calcite-precipitating solution flowing as a water film on the surface of a stalagmite is determined by Rayleigh distillation. It can be calculated, when the -concentration of the solution at each surface point of the stalagmite and the fractionation factors are known. A stalagmite growth model based entirely on the physics of laminar flow and the well-known precipitation rates of a supersaturated solution of calcite, without any further assumptions, is employed to obtain the spatial distribution of the -concentration, which contributes more than 95% to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The δ¹³C profiles are calculated along the growth surface of a stalagmite for three cases: (A) isotopic equilibrium of both CO₂ outgassing and calcite precipitation; (B) outgassing of CO₂ is irreversible but calcite precipitation is in isotopic equilibrium. (C) Both CO₂ outgassing and calcite precipitation are irreversible. In all cases the isotopic shift δ¹³C increases from the apex along the distance on a growth surface. In cases A and B, calcite deposited at the apex is in isotopic equilibrium with the solution of the drip water. The difference between δ¹³C at the apex and the end of the growth layer is independent of the stalagmite’s radius, but depends on temperature. For case A, it is about half the value obtained for cases B and C. In case C, the isotopic composition of calcite at the apex equals that of the drip water, but further out it becomes practically identical with that of case B. The growth model has been applied to field data of stalagmite growth, where the thickness and the δ¹³C of calcite precipitated to a glass plate located on the top of a stalagmite have been measured as function of the distance from the drip point. The calculated data are in good agreement to the observed ones and indicate that deposition occurred most likely under conditions B, eventually also C. A sensitivity analysis has been performed, which shows that within the limits of observed external parameters, such as drip rates and partial pressure of carbon dioxide P_CO2 in the cave, the results remain valid.     

Evidences of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Leakage During the Last Deglaciation: The Need to Understand Deep-ocean Carbonate Chemistry of the Arabian Sea

It is generally accepted view that the ventilation of Southern Ocean during the last deglaciation was the key factor in atmospheric CO₂ rise. Further, other sites were identified, like the western equatorial Pacific, the Sub-Antarctic Atlantic and the eastern equatorial Pacific. Now there are evidences that CO₂ was also released from the eastern Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea is unique in characteristic, being land locked from the North and affected by monsoon winds and seasonal reversing circulations. Furthermore, the CO₂ outgassing noticed during deglaciation makes it an interesting region to understand if the outgassing occurred from the deeper waters and hence led to any rise in deepwater \([\rm{CO}_3^{2-}]\).     

中国西北内陆盆地水分垂直循环及其生态学意义

中国西北内陆盆地中的地下水系统,对维系其浅表水分、热量、盐分均衡以及地表的生态平衡、土壤的资源属性和局部地域气候相对稳定性具有不可或缺的调节作用,这种调节作用是通过饱和带水、包气带水(土壤水)、近地表大汽水和植物体内水("四水")之间的垂直循环来实现的.目前的相关研究主要侧重于地下水与地表植被类型间对应关系的统计分析,较少涉及水分运移的机制;而以水分垂直循环的动力学机制为研究对象的SPAC系统(土壤-植物-大气连续体),则对地下水的重视程度不够,且存在着尺度转换的困难,更为完整的应该是GSPAC系统(地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体).干旱区内陆盆地地下水生态效应的研究需要开展以下的工作:"四水"垂直循环的动力学过程与机制研究,尤其是饱水带-包气带界面水、汽、热转化过程的研究;人类活动影响下地下水系统演化特征的研究,它不仅是实现水分垂直循环研究的最终目的——水资源合理开发利用的中间环节,更是将"四水"垂直循环这一微观水文循环过程与区域水文循环过程相结合,实现尺度转化的关键所在.     

贵州马岭河瀑布钙华藻类群落特征及生物岩溶作用

为探讨水流干扰和钙华藻类群落在瀑布钙华形成过程中的作用,于2007年8月对贵州马岭河峡谷天星画廊景区内3条瀑布钙华流水区、浸润区和潮湿区进行了采样,分析其种类组成、群落类型和形态、分布特征等。结果显示:（1）天星画廊景区的瀑布钙华藻类群落类型包括胶质颗粒状、胶质团块状、垫状、绒毡状和粉末状5种类型,钙华藻类以蓝藻占优势,在受水流中等程度干扰的生境中(浸润区)钙华藻类物种多样性和群落多样性较高;（2）钙华藻类群落对瀑布钙华的形成同时存在沉积和溶蚀作用,藻类群落可影响瀑布钙华沉积和溶蚀的方向性;（3）在中等程度水流干扰作用下,钙华藻类群落在瀑布钙华形成过程中以沉积作用为主,在强或弱水流干扰作用下,则以溶蚀作用为主。因此认为:水流干扰程度和藻类群落类型共同作用是控制瀑布钙华形态构造多样化的主要因素之一;水流的中度干扰有利于瀑布钙华的形成。      

短期水文气象资料估算哈尔滨至同江冰厚度

为估算松花江干流哈尔滨至同江段相距660 km的河冰厚度分布,用松花江干流短期实测水文和气象资料,在静态水域斯蒂芬冰厚计算公式基础上,引入水流流速的动能效应。假设河流内水流量相等,建立流速同河流宽度的简单关系,估算了一些调查断面的冰下平均流速;用地表温度资料,对干流域内缺少气象资料的调查断面,在证明结冰期间属于同一天气系统的前提下,用距离平方反比法进行空间插值。最后获得松花江干流河冰厚度统计关系式。用计算的哈尔滨至同江河冰厚度与有限的实测数据比较,发现该方法能够体现人为调节流速对冰生长速率的影响,对计算长距离河冰厚度具有一定精度。     

An experimental study of scale growth rate and flow velocity of a super-saturated caustic–aluminate solution

Scale growth in alumina refineries occurs where supersaturated solutions are in contact with solid surfaces. Whilst some scale formations may prove beneficial in protecting equipment and pipe surfaces from chemical attack or abrasion, more commonly its deposition results in reduced equipment performance and plant productivity. Experiments have shown that the rate of scale growth is 60% higher in concentric reducers (contractions) than it is in adjacent straight pipes. One method of reducing the rate of gibbsite scale growth on the walls of precipitator tanks is to increase the flow velocity of the supersaturated slurry near the wall. For the supersaturated caustic–aluminate slurry encountered at Queensland Alumina Limited, (QAL), the results of this research suggests that a minimum slurry flow velocity of 2.9 m/s near the walls of the tank would reduce the rate of scale growth to zero on the tank walls. The energy required to develop this wall velocity would, however, be both uneconomic and impractical.     

Feasibility study of crystallization process for water softening in a pellet reactor

One of the undesirable characteristics of some groundwater sources is hardness, which has some adverse effects on water pipes, boilers and soap consumption. Therefore several treatment processes have been introduced to remove or reduce the hardness from hard waters. One of the new innovations in this regard is crystallization process. Hardness can be removed from hard waters by growth of calcium carbonate crystals in a fluidized bed reactor called pellet reactor. The design, setting up, starts up and reaching optimal condition for calcium carbonate crystallization process in a pellet reactor which has been initially seeded with sand as a crystal citation can be a successful solution for treatment of hard waters. The chemistry of pellet softening process is essentially the same as conventional softening process, instead of precipitation of calcium carbonate which does not have any useful consumption and must be removed once in a while some how, crystallization process in a fluidized bed reactor produces pure solid grain of calcite. These pellets can be used in some industries and are in fact an economic commodity. For this purpose a pilot was set up as a crystallization reactor and water with total hardness ranging from 150 up to 500 mg/l as CaCO₃ was fed to the system with a flow rate of 24 l/hr. To remove hardness, caustic and soda, lime milk was fed to the system separately at first stage at then together. The formation of CaCO₃ crystals on the surface of sands represented the reduction of hardness. An analysis is made for the characteristics of a softed water resulted from the use of caustic soda, lime milk or both as regent.