上海市浅层地下水环境地球化学背景值研究

文章就文章在简要介绍上海市浅层地下水水文地质条件的基础上,就上海市浅层地下水环境地球化学调查的方法进行了论述。针对浅层地下水环境背景值进行分析,指出本市浅层地下水环境的主要污染类型属综合性有机污染。     

Effect of reducing groundwater on the retardation of redox-sensitive radionuclides

Laboratory batch sorption experiments were used to investigate variations in the retardation behavior of redox-sensitive radionuclides. Water-rock compositions were designed to simulate subsurface conditions at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), where a suite of radionuclides were deposited as a result of underground nuclear testing. Experimental redox conditions were controlled by varying the oxygen content inside an enclosed glove box and by adding reductants into the testing solutions.     

Numerical analysis of thermal fracturing in subsurface cold water injection by finite element methods

Integration of poromechanics and fracture mechanics plays an important role in understanding a series of thermal fracturing phenomena in subsurface porous media such as cold water flooding for enhanced oil recovery, produced‐water reinjection for waste disposal, cold water injection for geothermal energy extraction, and CO₂ injection for geosequestration. Thermal fracturing modeling is important to prevent the potential risks when fractures propagate into undesired zones, and it involves the coupling of heat transfer, mass transport, and stress change as well as the fracture propagation. Analytical method, finite element method, and finite difference method as well as boundary element method have been used to perform the thermal fracturing modeling considering different degrees and combinations of coupling. In this paper, extended finite element method is employed for the thermal fracturing modeling in a fully coupled fashion with remeshing avoided, and the stabilized finite element method is employed to account for the convection‐dominated heat transfer in the fracturing process with numerical oscillation circumvented. With the thermal fracturing model, a hypothetical numerical experiment on cold water injection into a deep warm aquifer is conducted. Results show that parameters such as injection rate, injection temperature, aquifer stiffness, and permeability can affect the fracture development in different ways and extended finite element method and stabilized finite element method provide effective tools for thermal fracturing simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火星轨道器次表层探测雷达的水冰探测

在地球上,水是生命存在的基础之一.大量证据表明火星表面曾经存在液态水,而目前的火星表面环境不支持液态水的长期存在.因此,水可能以不同的状态赋存于火星的次表层.寻找火星次表层的水一直是火星探测的关键科学目标之一.次表层探测雷达,如探地雷达、探冰雷达,是了解地下物质结构的有效方法,近年来在地外天体上得到大量应用.在过去十余...     

Association of dissolved radionuclides released by the Chernobyl accident with colloidal materials in surface water

The association of dissolved ⁹⁰Sr, ^239,240Pu and ²⁴¹Am with natural colloids was investigated in surface waters in the Chernobyl nuclear accident area. A 4-step ultrafiltration (UF) study (<1 kilodaltons (Da), 1–10 kDa, 10–100 kDa, 100 kDa<) showed that 49–83% of ^239,240Pu and 76% of ²⁴¹Am are distributed in colloids of the two size fractions larger than 10 kDa (nominal molecular weight limit of the filter, NMWL), while ⁹⁰Sr was found exclusively (85–88%) in the lowest molecular size fraction below 1 kDa (NMWL) for the Sahan River water at the highly contaminated area close to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP). Consistent results were obtained by 2-step fractionation (larger than and smaller than 10 kDa (NMWL)) for river and lake waters including other locations within about 30 km away from ChNPP. It is likely that Pu and Am isotopes were preferentially associated with dissolved organic matter of high molecular size, as suggested by the fact that (i) only a few inorganic elements (Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Mn, Al) were found in the colloidal size ranges, and (ii) the positive correlation between dissolved organic C (DOC) concentrations and UV absorbance at 280 nm, a broad absorption peak characteristic of humic substances (HS) was found. A model calculation on the complexation of Pu and Am with HS as an organic ligand suggests that the complexed form could be dominant at a low DOC concentration of 1 mgC L⁻¹, that is commonly encountered as a lower limit in fresh surface water. The present results suggest the general importance of natural organic colloids in dictating the chemical form of actinides in the surface aquatic environment.     

Model of colloidal transportation of radionuclides by groundwater

The transportation of colloidal radionuclides by groundwater was subject to theoretical analysis. The far field of radioactive contamination of the underground environment (liquid waste pumping sites or storage of solidified waste) is dominated by pseudocolloids, i.e., colloidal particles of natural origin contaminated with radionuclides upon contact of groundwater with radioactive materials. Properties of real pseudocolloids were analyzed at sites of radioactive contamination of the underground environment. Based on a probabilistic approach, we developed a mathematical model of pseudocolloid transportation by groundwater, taking into account the difference in size of colloidal particles and the occurrence of nonradioactive natural particles with a similar composition in the groundwater. It is proved that nonuniform dimensions of the particles considerably affect the water transportation rate.     

地铁隧道施工引起地层位移规律的探讨

目前对城市隧道开挖所引起的地表以下地层的位移规律的认识还很不充分，长期以来只有定性地认识。英国学者Mair等人（1993年）根据在黏土中的有限实测资料，基于预测地表位移的Peck公式，考虑了沉降槽宽度随深度变化，从而提出了地表以下的位移计算公式。他们的研究成果被广泛引用，但是由于其仅适用于黏性土，且假定地表处沉降槽宽度参数为0.5，因此在应用上受到很大的限制。在Mair公式的基础上，着重讨论了沉降槽宽度参数随地层深度的变化趋势，并提出了修正计算公式，不仅可以考虑地表沉降槽宽度参数与0.5相差较大的情况，还适用于砂类土地层，因此比Mair公式具有更广泛的适用性。     

Formation of iron-containing colloids by the weathering of phyllite

The formation of colloids during the weathering of phyllite was investigated by exposing ground phyllite to Milli-Q water. Secondary mineral colloids of 10¹–10² nm were detected in significant concentrations. At pH of about 8.5, the solution concentration of these colloids reached up to 10 mg/L (however, acidification to pH 4.0 prevented the formation of the colloids). The mineralogical composition of the secondary mineral colloids is assumed to be a mixture of ferrihydrite, manganese oxyhydroxides, aluminosilicates, amorphous Al(OH)₃ and gibbsite with possible additions of iron silicates and␣iron-alumino silicates. The colloids were stable over longer periods of time (at least several weeks), even in the presence of suspended ground rock. Direct formation of iron-containing secondary mineral colloids at the rock–water interface by the weathering of rock material is an alternative to the well-known mechanism of iron colloid formation in the bulk of water bodies by mixing of different waters or by aeration of anoxic waters. This direct mechanism is of relevance for colloid production during the weathering of freshly crushed rock in the unsaturated zone as for instance crushed rock in mine waste rock piles. Colloids produced by this mechanism, too, can influence the transport of contaminants such as actinides because these colloids have a large specific surface area and a high sorption affinity.     

浅埋煤层开采隔水层位移规律相似模拟研究

以陕北榆树湾井田为地质原型,采用柔性隔水层物理相似模拟试验,初步得出了该井田顶板岩层及粘土隔水层在开采影响下的破坏规律,发现顶板基岩关键层仍然是隔水层稳定性控制的关键,指出隔水层下沉梯度T_S为控制隔水层导水裂隙出现的指标。     

城市下垫面空间格局对社区尺度内涝过程的影响模拟

为研究城市下垫面空间格局对社区尺度内涝过程的影响, 构建社区尺度下的8种不同城市下垫面空间格局, 并建立相应的城市内涝数值模型, 模拟6种不同重现期(2 a, 5 a, 10 a, 20 a, 50 a, 100 a)设计降雨条件下内涝过程; 基于不同下垫面和降雨情景下的内涝数值模拟结果, 分别从内涝淹没特征值、时空变化过程、水动力特性等方面开展分析。结果表明: ①城市下垫面空间格局对社区尺度内涝淹没特征值、淹没时空变化过程和内涝积水流速分布均有一定影响; ②设计降雨重现期为2 a、5 a、50 a和100 a时, 不同城市下垫面空间格局间的积水总量峰值、积水面积峰值、区域最大积水深差别显著, 重现期为10 a和20 a时, 无明显差别; ③内涝积水较大流速分布主要集中在道路交汇处, 在本研究构建的情景中, 最大流速的差值占比为31.9%;④在8种不同城市下垫面空间格局中, 环形放射型格局在应对内涝方面更具弹性。本研究可为城市下垫面空间管控和城市内涝形成机理研究提供科学参考。     

Stratigraphic correlation of subsurface geologic data by computer

Manual, semiautomatic, and fully automatic procedures for correlating subsurface data are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the use of electric-log data, including that of the dipmeter log, in this discussion. The Holgate method is described for its use in fine-tuning or refining gross correlations. A procedure for creating a matrix map for empirically establishing correlation between sets of data is described, and idealized models are shown.This paper was presented at the 38th Session of the International Statistical Institute, Washington, D.C., 10–20 August 1971.     

Behavior of uranium under conditions of interaction of rocks and ores with subsurface water

The behavior of uranium during interaction of subsurface water with crystalline rocks and uranium ores is considered in connection with the problem of safe underground insulation of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Since subsurface water interacts with crystalline rocks formed at a high temperature, the mineral composition of these rocks and uranium species therein are thermodynamically unstable. Therefore, reactions directed toward the establishment of equilibrium proceed in the water-rock system. At great depths that are characterized by hindered water exchange, where subsurface water acquires near-neutral and reducing properties, the interaction is extremely sluggish and is expressed in the formation of micro- and nanoparticles of secondary minerals. Under such conditions, the slow diffusion redistribution of uranium with enrichment in absorbed forms relative to all other uranium species is realized as well. The products of secondary alteration of Fe- and Ti-bearing minerals serve as the main sorbents of uranium. The rate of alteration of minerals and conversion of uranium species into absorbed forms is slow, and the results of these processes are insignificant, so that the rocks and uranium species therein may be regarded as unaltered. Under reducing conditions, subsurface water is always saturated with uranium. Whether water interacts with rock or uranium ore, the equilibrium uranium concentration in water is only ≤10^?8 mol/l. Uraninite ore under such conditions always remains stable irrespective of its age. The stability conditions of uranium ore are quite suitable for safe insulation of SNF, which consists of 95% uraninite (UO₂) and is a confinement matrix for all other radionuclides. The disposal of SNF in massifs of crystalline rocks at depths below 500 m, where reducing conditions are predominant, is a reliable guarantee of high SNF stability. Under oxidizing conditions of the upper hydrodynamic zone, the rate of interaction of rocks with subsurface water increases by orders of magnitude and subsurface water is commonly undersaturated with uranium. Uranium absorbed by secondary minerals, particularly by iron hydroxides and leucoxene, is its single stable species under oxidizing conditions. The impact of oxygen-bearing water leads to destruction of uranium ore. This process is realized simultaneously at different hypsometric levels even if the permeability of the medium is variable in both the lateral and vertical directions. As a result, intervals containing uranyl minerals and relics of primary uranium ore are combined in ore-bearing zones with intervals of completely dissolved uranium minerals. A wide halo of elevated uranium contents caused by sorption is always retained at the location of uranium ore entirely destroyed by weathering. Uranium ore commonly finds itself in the aeration zone due to technogenic subsidence of the groundwater table caused by open-pit mining or pumping out of water from underground mines. The capillary and film waters that interact with rocks and ores in this zone are supplemented by free water filtering along fractures when rain falls or snow is thawing. The interaction of uranium ore with capillary water results in oxidation of uraninite, accompanied by loosening of the mineral surface, formation of microfractures, and an increase in solubility with enrichment of capillary water in uranium up to 10^?4 mol/l. Secondary U(VI) minerals, first of all, uranyl hydroxides and silicates, replace uraninite, and uranium undergoes local diffusion redistribution with its sorption by secondary minerals of host rocks. The influx of free water facilitates the complete dissolution of primary and secondary uranium minerals, the removal of uranium at the sites of groundwater discharge, and its redeposition under reducing conditions at a greater depth. It is evident that the conditions of the upper hydrodynamic zone and the aeration zone are unfit for long-term insulation of SNF and high-level wastes because, after the failure of containers, the leakage of radionuclides into the environment becomes inevitable.     

Molecular characterization of uranium(VI) sorption complexes on iron(III)-rich acid mine water colloids

A mixing of metal-loaded acid mine drainage with shallow groundwater or surface waters usually initiates oxidation and/or hydrolysis of dissolved metals such as iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al). Colloidal particles may appear and agglomerate with increasing pH. Likewise chemical conditions may occur while flooding abandoned uranium mines. Here, the risk assessment of hazards requires reliable knowledge on the mobility of uranium (U). A flooding process was simulated at mesocosm scale by mixing U-contaminated acid mine water with near-neutral groundwater under oxic conditions. The mechanism of U-uptake by fresh precipitates and the molecular structure of U bonding were determined to estimate the mobility of U(VI). Analytical and spectroscopic methods such as Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge and the U L_III-edge, and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were employed. The freshly formed precipitate was identified as colloidal two-line ferrihydrite. It removed U(VI) from solution by sorption processes, while surface precipitation or structural incorporation of U was not observed. EXAFS data suggest a mononuclear inner-sphere, edge-sharing complex of U(VI) with ferrihydrite in the absence of dissolved carbonate. By employing a novel EXAFS analysis method, Monte Carlo Target Transformation Factor Analysis, we could for the first time ascertain a 3-D configuration of this sorption complex without the necessity to invoke formation of a ternary complex. The configuration suggests a slightly tilted position of the adsorbed unit relative to the edge-sharing Fe(O, OH)₆ octahedra. In the presence of dissolved carbonate and at pH ∼8.0, a distal carbonate O-atom at ∼4.3 Å supports formation of ternary U(VI)-carbonato surface complexes. The occurrence of these complexes was also confirmed by ATR-FTIR. However, in slightly acidic conditions (pH 5-6) in equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂, the U(VI) sorption on ferrihydrite was dominated by the binary complex species Fe(O)₂UO₂, whereas ternary U(VI)-carbonato surface complexes were of minor relevance. While sulfate and silicate were also present in the mine water, they had no detectable influence on U(VI) surface complexation. Our experiments demonstrate that U(VI) forms stable inner-sphere sorption complexes even in the presence of carbonate and at slightly alkaline pH, conditions which previously have been assumed to greatly accelerate the mobility of U(VI) in aqueous environments. Depending on the concentrations of U(VI) and carbonate, the type of surface complexes may change from binary uranyl-ferrihydrite to ternary carbonato-uranyl-ferrihydrite complexes. These different binding mechanisms are likely to influence the binding stability and retention of U(VI) at the macroscopic level.     

Effect of diagenesis on clay mineralogy and organic matter in the Tunisian southern subsurface

This study aims to follow the effect of the diagenetic transformations on the clayey fraction and the organic matter of the Tunisian southern sub-surface. 61 samples from oil well named NWA-1 were recuperated for series of analyses. This study follows a comparative approach between the mineralogical, geochemical and petrographic studies. To discuss results from a statistical viewpoint, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied in order to find out any correlation between different components. The associated minerals quartz, feldspar, calcite, pyrite, anhydrite, gypsum, dolomite and olivine are also detected. These associated minerals remove by-products by the illitization reaction. The Index of Crystallinity (IC) of illite shows that, except some anomalies, the studied samples are between the epizone and the anchizone. Downward, samples show the effect of diagenetic processes and weak signs of low-grade metamorphism. As regards to the organic matter, values of Tmax range between 333°C and 463°C. On the other hand, potential hydrocarbon compounds (S2) show low values compared to those of (S1); but they maintain a similar variability from 0.63 to 21.12. SEM observations and X-ray microanalyses supported the formation of authigenic micro-quartz. The PCA of clay minerals, chemical components, and the depth shows three different populations. Feldspar, chlorite and quartz make up a population positively correlated with the depth. The second population seems to be indifferent to depth variation; it is made up of two sub-populations: the population of illite, gypsum and anhydrite, which is obtained by a counter clock rotation of depth population; and the population of pyrite, kaolinite, olivine phyllosilicate, which is obtained by an anticlockwise rotation of depth population. Third, the population of smectite, calcite and dolomite is inversely proportional to the depth variation. On the other hand, the PCA of TOC, Tmax, HI, S1, S2 and the depth make up a homogenous statistical population following the depth evolution.     

Controls on Fe reduction and mineral formation by a subsurface bacterium

The reductive dissolution of FeIII (hydr)oxides by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) could have a large impact on sediment genesis and Fe transport. If DIRB are able to reduce FeIII in minerals of high structural order to carry out anaerobic respiration, their range could encompass virtually every O₂-free environment containing FeIII and adequate conditions for cell growth. Previous studies have established that Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, a known DIRB, will reduce crystalline Fe oxides when initially grown at high densities in a nutrient-rich broth, conditions that poorly model the environments where CN32 is found. By contrast, we grew CN32 by batch culture solely in a minimal growth medium. The stringent conditions imposed by the growth method better represent the conditions that cells are likely to encounter in their natural habitat. Furthermore, the expression of reductases necessary to carry out dissimilatory Fe reduction depends on the method of growth. It was found that under anaerobic conditions CN32 reduced hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), a poorly crystalline FeIII mineral, and did not reduce suspensions containing 4 mM FeIII in the form of poorly ordered nanometer-sized goethite (α-FeOOH), well-ordered micron-sized goethite, or nanometer-sized hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) crystallites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that all minerals but the micron-sized goethite attached extensively to the bacteria and appeared to penetrate the outer cellular membrane. In the treatment with HFO, new FeII and FeIII minerals formed during reduction of HFO-Fe in culture medium containing 4.0 mmol/L P_i (soluble inorganic P), as observed by TEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. The minerals included magnetite (Fe₃O₄), goethite, green rust, and vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O]. Vivianite appeared to be the stable end product and the mean coherence length was influenced by the rate of FeIII reduction. When P_i was 0.4 mol/L under otherwise identical conditions, goethite was the only mineral observed to form, and less Fe²⁺ was produced overall. Hence, the ability of DIRB to reduce Fe (hydr)oxides may be limited when the bacteria are grown under nutrient-limited conditions, and the minerals that result depend on the vigor of FeIII reduction.     

Effect of Zob-Ahan effluent water on ground water quality

Even though, application of industrial effluent water may alleviate the irrigation water shortage in dry regions such as Iran, but uncontrolled discharge into environment and agricultural land may cause unirreversible harmful damage to environments. Therefore, application of industrial effluent water should consider the environmental consequences such as soil, ground water and food contamination. In this study the effect application of Zob-Ahan effluent water for irrigation water and seepage from evaporation ponds on the chemical composition of surrounding well-water were seasonally investigated from April to March in 2003. The water from the selected well was sampled and analyzed for pH, EC, nitrate, hardness, TSS, TDS, and cations including Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, anions including SO4^2-, CO3^2-, HCO3^-, Cl^-, and heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn . The results were compared with standard levels for ground water resources, irrigation water, and direct human consumption. The result shows that the ground water in the vicinity of effluent water application fields and evaporation ponds is contaminated and the concentrations of NO3, Cl and Fe are higher than standard permissible levels for ground water resources. For irrigation or discharge into absorption well the heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe are limiting.