四川泸定地区岩土体类型与地质灾害

岩土体为地质灾害的活动主体。地质灾害的孕育、发生和成灾等,都是岩土体的不同活动形式的反映。不同岩土体具有不同的物理、力学及水理性质,其可能产生的地质环境问题也不同。在进行灾害预测评价时,必须充分考虑不同岩土体与地质灾害的关系。     

Crystalline Rock Aquifers: Their Occurrence,Use And Importance

Only recently has significant attention been paid to groundwater in hard rocks. The reason is probably the normally limited yield of water wells in such lithologies. Their importance for water-supply has increased, especially in the Third World, during recent years. In shield areas in temperate regions, hard rocks have been important for rural water supply for a long time. The relatively new attention to hard rock hydrogeology is also due to the fact that crystalline rocks are vulnerable to acidification and that several countries plan to use deep repositories in crystalline rocks for spent nuclear fuel. Added to this, new hydrogeological investigation methods for fractured aquifers have come into use in pre-investigations for rock installations. This paper gives a brief overview of the occurrence and properties of aquifers in crystalline rocks, and also examines some practical aspects of their use.     

渤海海峡跨海通道工程地质条件初步分析

渤海海峡跨海通道工程的前期研究一直停留在规划层面,系统性的工程地质勘察工作基本是空白。本文通过资料搜集、现场调查、海上钻探、海洋物探、室内试验等手段,重点围绕跨海通道沿线工程地质特征、特殊岩土性质、不良地质作用和主要工程地质问题等开展了系统研究。研究表明:(1)海峡通道内海底第四系覆盖层厚度深浅不一,邻近岛屿附近埋藏较浅,海峡腹地、峡道中部厚度较大;老铁山水道中央位置处覆盖层最厚,附近ZK1钻孔深度达到186.3m,仍未见基岩;(2)通道沿线地层岩性主要有石英片岩、变质砂岩、长石砂岩、片麻岩等,岩性较为坚硬,岩体基本分级以Ⅲ~Ⅳ级为主;(3)沿线特殊岩土有填筑土、新近黄土、软土和泥质膨胀岩4类,不良地质作用有危岩落石、人为坑洞、有害气体和地震地质灾害等;(4)工程地质问题主要有跨越断裂带和海底隧道突涌水两方面,隧道突涌水风险集中在断裂破碎带附近。研究成果对科学论证渤海海峡跨海通道工程建设方案具有重要意义。     

大兴安岭战备村地区航磁特征及在地质调查中的应用

以大兴安岭战备村地区1∶5万区域地质矿产调查为例,阐述了磁法技术如何快速有效地指导和开展填图工作。研究区磁场可划分为:特高值磁场、高值磁场、紊乱磁场、条带状磁场、正负抖动磁场、平缓正磁场、平缓负磁场和环状磁场等8种。除玛尼吐组及燕山期侵入岩具有正的中等航磁异常外,基性和酸性火山岩既具有负的低磁异常,又具有正的高磁异常特征。基于此,结合区域地质,识别出了塔木兰沟组与梅勒图组的基性岩地层和火山机构、满克头鄂博组和白音高老组酸性火山岩地层及火山机构,建立了早侏罗统战备村组酸性火山岩地层,并得到了后期山地工程和岩石地球化学分析结果的验证。     

高放废物地质处置黏土岩处置库围岩研究现状

世界上很多国家都对处置库的可能围岩进行了详细研究。通过对比,认为花岗岩、黏土岩、岩盐比较适合作为处置库围岩,而黏土岩由于具有自封闭性、渗透率低等其他岩石类型不可比拟的优点,因而将黏土岩作为高放废物地质处置库围岩越来越受到各国的关注。文章同时介绍了瑞士、法国、比利时等国家在黏土岩中所进行的大量研究,均认为在黏土岩中处置高放废物和乏燃料是安全的。文章还对黏土岩处置库概念设计、黏土岩处置库围岩地下实验室研究,以及我国开展黏土岩处置库研究的意义等进行了综述。     

Engineering geological characterization of low strength anisotropic rocks in the Himalayan region for assessment of tunnel support

A detailed engineering geological assessment of low strength (6–35 MPa) anisotropic rocks at an ongoing Hydroelectric Project in the Himalayan Region has been carried out. The project (the Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Project) will have one of the world's largest and longest water conducting systems, consisting of a 10.15 m diameter and 27.3 km long head race tunnel, a 942 000 m³ underground desilting complex and a 20 × 49 × 216 m powerhouse cavern in the area. Because these constructions are made in low strength metamorphosed anisotropic rocks like quartz mica schists, biotite schists and muscovite schists, it seemed necessary and worthwhile to undertake a comprehensive study of such rocks. The studies include petrographic and petrofabric analyses of the rocks, geo-mechanical properties, rock stress measurements, rock mass classification using the Q-System and data concerning joint geometry, joint roughness and joint strength. The use of mapped geological and geotechnical data along with the experimental and modelling studies have helped to better understand the behaviour of these rocks in underground openings.     

Palynofacies,Organic Thermal Maturation and Source Rock Evaluation of Nanka and Ogwashi Formations in Updip Niger Delta Basin,Southeastern Nigeria

For the deep underground pump house complex engineering geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out. The area was investigated through detailed engineering geological mapping, exploratory drilling, in-situ stress measurements and laboratory testing. Surface mapping was done on 1:500 scales with 0.5 m contour interval and drill holes logging was done on 1:100 scale. The rock mass properties, i.e. joint sets, weathering grade, RQD etc. of the rock masses to be encountered during the excavation of cavities have been analyzed in detail. Core samples from the exploratory drill holes drilled at the surge pool and pump house area were tested for physico-mechanical properties of rocks in the laboratory. To evaluate the stress regime at the proposed underground pump house complex area, stress measurements were carried out by hydrofracturing method inside the borehole. The mapping details indicated that cavities will be excavated through fresh, coarse to very coarse grained, hard and jointed granites. The average depth recorded of fresh rock from the surface was 15.7 m. The uniaxial compressive strength of the rock mass range from 221 to 246 MPa. The orientation of the long axis of the cavities recommended is N150°. Classification of rock mass using Tunnelling Quality Index Q is attempted and the values are range from 3.58 to 16.40.     

New approach of gradient profiling for tracking of low resistivity shallow fracture in hard rock area for groundwater exploration

The resistivity survey for the study of subsurface hydrogeology is a continuously evolving science, which either adopts different techniques or combination of techniques to standardize the approach. The gradient profiling is done in the presence of horizontal electric field which is one of the techniques to locate the low resistivity response within the hard rock formations. This low is obtained due to presence of inhomogeneity in the host rocks. The attempt has been made to develop the concept of parallel gradient sub-profile, formulation and computation of geometrical factor, and demonstration through an actual field example in the hard rock area. The present study clearly shows that the region of low resistivity zone can easily be delineated to select a point for conducting geoelectrical sounding for knowing the information about its depth, thickness, and resistivity which are necessary requirements for ground water exploration. It can be inferred from the above study that parallel gradient sub-profile with respect to main gradient profile is useful tool for delineating low resistivity zone due to presence of fractured sandstone rocks saturated with groundwater which can be exploited.     

强渗漏与坚硬岩层组合条件下旋挖钻机施工工法研究

通过对强渗漏与坚硬岩层组合条件下桩基工程旋挖钻机施工技术的探索,总结出高压旋喷防渗漏与旋挖钻机牙轮筒钻和截齿取心筒钻交叉钻进入岩联合成孔施工工法,并在工程中成功应用。在处理大直径入坚硬岩层钻孔灌注桩方面效果明显,技术先进,有明显的社会效益和经济效益。     

基于高分遥感数据的东南亚跨境区重大工程扰动滑坡灾害分布规律研究浅析

本文主要以2019年的高分一号卫星(以下简称GF-1)遥感数据为基础,同时收集了1990年、2000年、2010年的ETM数据用以辅助遥感解译工作,查明了东南亚跨境区境内28×10⁴ km²范围内重大工程分布情况,发现研究区重大工程活动主要为水电(水利)工程、交通工程,还有一些矿山工程活动。查明了重大工程扰动滑坡的最新发育分布状况,发现区内对人居环境构成直接威胁的滑坡多达1373处,其中水电工程诱发625处,交通工程诱发723处,矿山工程诱发22处,口岸工程诱发3处。与地质环境的相关分析表明,区内重大工程扰动滑波多发育在海拔0～3000 m之间,坡度25°以上的人类活动频繁的阳坡,岩性主要为软岩、硬岩及软硬相间的工程地质岩组。     

川藏铁路廊道板块缝合带对软岩分布的控制效应及其工程影响

软岩长期以来都是工程建设中重点关注的对象,在具有高地应力、高温、高水压等复杂环境特点的川藏铁路廊道更是不可忽视的难题,但目前区域软岩的发育分布特征及其工程效应还未有深入的研究.本文在铁路廊道及邻区地质填图成果的基础上,结合岩体结构调查、岩石回弹测试以及微观分析,发现缝合带对软岩发育有着明显的控制效应.取得如下认识:(1...     

川藏交通廊道黏土化蚀变岩发育特征及其对大型滑坡的促滑作用

黏土化蚀变岩是在岩浆期后热液作用或后期水热作用下形成的具有不良工程地质性质的特殊地质体.在野外调查、黏土矿物测试和物理力学试验分析的基础上,阐述了川藏交通廊道黏土化蚀变岩的形成条件、区域分布特征、地质特征及蚀变程度的判据,以白格滑坡为例揭示了黏土化蚀变岩对大型滑坡的促滑作用.结果表明,黏土化蚀变岩的区域分布受活动断裂、热液作用和地层岩性控制,常沿侵入岩脉、断裂带、岩浆岩节理密集带、侵入岩体与其他岩层的接触带等部位发育,其蚀变程度按蚀变系数可划分为微蚀变、弱蚀变、中等蚀变和强蚀变4个等级,在干湿交替和松弛条件下极易发生崩解、软化,中等-强蚀变的岩体抗剪强度低.黏土化蚀变岩对滑坡的促滑作用主要体现在强度弱化效应、岩体结构劣化效应及失稳滞后效应3个方面,是促进构造混杂岩带深切河谷斜坡失稳、形成大型滑坡不可忽视的重要因素.      

川藏铁路鲜水河构造带地质选线研究

川藏铁路康定过境段线路穿越了鲜水河活动构造带,存在高烈度地震与活动断裂、高位崩滑流、高陡岸坡失稳、高地应力岩爆和大变形、高地温、高压突涌水等系列重大工程地质问题,是全线地震和地质风险最大的一段,现有的选线经验借鉴困难,定线难度大。该段选线过程历时数十年,在不断摸索中选取了地质风险相对可控的三道桥设站-折多塘露头-折多山垭口越岭的可实施方案。本文通过系统梳理鲜水河构造带地质选线成果,总结出在构造活跃区地质选线应遵循区域稳定性选线-明线工程地质灾害选线-地下工程“极难处理”工程地质问题选线-不良地质综合选线-地质横断面选线等5个阶段逐渐深入的顺序。在遵守基本选线原则的同时,各阶段应充分考虑“构造、岩性、地下水”等3大地质基本要素,针对深大断裂构造应遵循“优先避让,其次正穿”、针对岩性应遵循“优先避开工程性质极差的特殊岩性(可溶岩、蚀变岩、构造软岩等),其次选择强度和完整性适中的岩性,并坚持走硬不走软”、针对地下水应遵循“岩溶水发育区应尽量减短水平循环带长度,地下水发育区尽量靠边走高实现顺坡排,地热异常区应走在低温廊道”的原则。该研究成果可为川藏铁路金沙江缝合带、嘉黎构造带以及规划中的滇藏铁路选线提供借鉴。     

缓倾软硬岩互层边坡变形破坏机制模型试验研究

以宜巴高速公路沿途彭家湾软硬岩互层边坡为工程依托,依据地质分析及相似理论建立缓倾软硬岩互层边坡室内模型,采用开挖试验及和注水软化试验来模拟实际中的工程开挖（或河谷下切）和雨水浸润软化过程,研究缓倾软硬岩互层边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明：在开挖及雨水软化两种工况下,该类软硬岩互层边坡的变形模式都是前期的滑移拉裂变形和后期的整体蠕滑变形,破坏模式是以深部软层为滑动面的整体滑移;硬岩层与软岩层的变形情况略有不同,硬岩层以整体蠕滑变形为主,而软岩层以滑移拉裂变形为主;深部软岩层的状态变化对边坡的整体稳定性影响非常关键;工程开挖（河谷下切）及雨水入渗都会对该类缓倾软硬岩互层边坡的稳定性有重要影响,开挖导致的临空面及微裂隙是滑坡发生的基础,水是滑坡发生的条件和诱因。     

绍兴中心城区工程地质特征及场地工程建设适宜性评价

根据时代、成因类型、物理力学性质,绍兴中心城区岩土层可划分为10个工程地质层。以地貌、岩土层性质与结构组合类型及是否存在第二硬土层、砂砾土或基岩等桩基持力层为依据,划分出1个低山丘陵区基岩岩组、1个山麓沟谷区低压缩松散岩组、1个平原区高压缩松散岩组及其4个亚组。采用"点面结合、由点到面"的定量评价方法,开展建筑地基(场地工程建设)适宜性评价,划分出场地工程建设适宜区、较适宜区和适宜性差区。     

Characterization and use of tropical gravels for pavement construction in West Africa

Summary Road transportation is increasingly becoming one of the key factors for promoting economic growth in most developing countries. However, transport and road research in the tropics has received relatively little attention. Experiences in road construction in the tropics within the past 50 years or so have established that local materials specifications and pavement construction technologies have to be developed in relation to the climatic conditions. This would involve knowledge of the processes of formation as well as genetic characteristics of the local gravels. Genetic characteristics exert considerable influence on the geotechnical properties and engineering behaviour of local gravels under pavement. The construction technology of the road pavement should take cognizance of the compositional variabilities of the gravel deposits. Construction studies of pavement sections (as well as assessment of the performance of existing roads) built with different gravels formed over different geological formations in specific climatic, and drainage conditions would provide useful data for evolving local gravel specifications for constructing stable and durable pavements. Stage construction of pavements involving the exposure of the various layers to traffic loading and seasonal climatic influences appears to hold promise for formulating strategies for constructing stable, and long-term durable tropical roads. The problem of achieving reproducible laboratory test data under field conditions is perhaps the most challenging aspect of utilizing local gravels for pavement construction in tropical and sub-tropical conditions. It is noted that the stability of pavements in tropical environments depends not so much on the geotechnical properties of the available gravels as on the appreciation by the designers and construction engineers of the relationship between the genetic and laboratory determined characteristics of the gravels on the one hand and the pavement construction technology and local climatic and drainage conditions on the other. This paper is a contribution to development of highway geotechnics for tropical and sub-tropical conditions.     

The lithology of Ogallala gravels and hunter‐gatherer procurement strategies along the Southern High Plains eastern escarpment of Texas,USA

Ogallala gravels are an important lithic material source for stone tool manufacture across the Great Plains. The lithology of eight gravel sample locations along the eastern escarpment of the Southern High Plains has been examined to quantify the composition and variability in Ogallala deposits. In addition, three Ogallala gravel quarry sites have been analyzed to determine how the lithology of Ogallala gravels influenced procurement and tool production strategies. Results indicate deposits of Ogallala gravels differ in their composition related to their position on the landscape, and the types of rocks vary by size and shape. Investigation of the quarry sites has revealed that the lithology of Ogallala gravels had an impact on testing and the initial stages of lithic reduction. Different rock types, however, may have more of an influence on later stages of tool manufacture at nearby campsites and other locations where Ogallala gravels are not as dense. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hazards of mechanized tunnel excavation in H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S bearing ground in Aspar tunnel,Iran

Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide gas (H₂S) is one of the most important engineering geological hazards during tunneling. Its hazards and consequent challenges are very difficult and costly to solve. During site investigation, one of the tasks for engineering geologists is prediction and evaluation of the risk of H₂S gas in the underground spaces. In this study, water conveyance tunnel of Aspar, which was excavated in H₂S-bearing environments, is discussed. The tunnel is excavated in the hydrocarbon formations. Applied experiments suggest that geological formations pertaining to hydrocarbon resources are crucial in formation and reservation of H₂S gas. This paper briefly discusses hazards and geological sources of H₂S, as well as remedial measures for decreasing the risks and problems in excavation of the tunnel. To predict the risk of H₂S gas in the underground spaces, it is possible to use some precursors such as: sulfur springs, organic traces, organic argillaceous rocks, exposure of H₂S odor from fresh surface of rock and smell of H₂S during boreholes drilling. Controlling the inflow of groundwater into the excavation, diluting the concentration of H₂S, training the personnel and utilization of some proper safety equipment have been used to mitigate risks and problems in tunnel excavation.     

双峰式火山岩与块状硫化物矿床

双峰式火山岩不仅是火山成因块状硫化物矿床中最常见的含矿岩石组合，而且也是研究其古成矿地质背景和成矿作用的主要依据之一。笔者收集了我国以及世界一些著名火山成因块状硫化物矿床和矿带的含矿建造资料，其中包括含矿建筑的岩石组合、形成时代和层序、火山岩的岩石组合和岩石化学、产出的大地构造环境等等。整理结果表明，双峰式火山岩是火山成因块状硫化物矿床的最佳含矿岩石组合；它们主要产五各个时期的造山火山岩类，产生了有利成矿组分浓集的巨大热液循环系统及适宜原（海水深度和封闭条件良好的）含矿流体集积的沉陷盆地（裂谷），从而为成群成带的VHMS型矿床的形成提供了有利的地质环境。     

复合钻进工艺在云驾岭复杂地层钻孔中的应用

云驾岭矿区上部黄土中夹杂大量卵砾石,下部地层则因岩浆岩侵入具有岩硬、破碎、漏水、掉块等特性,严重影响钻进效率。为克服卵砾石及硬岩钻进难题,选用多工艺液压钻机YHJ-2000及性能参数比较稳定1150-XH空压机等钻探设备。采用牙轮钻头钻进、气动潜孔锤以及金刚石复合片等复合钻进工艺,并根据地层岩性确定钻孔结构、钻具组合及钻进参数。施工中注意调整泥浆性能,保证泥浆携带岩粉能力。经实践验证,该区采用的钻进工艺和方法,有效地提高了钻效,达到500m/月。