Detrital iron-ore deposits in the Iron Ore Group of rocks,northern Orissa,eastern India

Detrital iron deposits (DID) are located adjacent to the Precambrian bedded iron deposit (BID) of Joda near the eastern limb of the horseshoe-shaped synclinorium, in the Bonai–Keonjhar belt of Orissa. The detrital ores overlie the Dhanjori Group sandstone as two isolated orebodies (Chamakpur and Inganjharan) near the eastern and western banks of the Baitarani River, respectively. The DID occur as pebble/cobble conglomerates containing iron-rich clasts cemented by goethite. Mineralogy, chemistry and lamination of these clasts are similar to that found in the nearby BID ores. Enrichment of trace and rare-earth elements in the DID relative to the BID is attributed to their concentration during the precipitation of cementing material. The detrital iron orebodies formed when Proterozoic weathering processes eroded pre-existing BID outcrops located on the Joda Ranges, and the resulting detritus accumulated in the paleochannels. In situ dissolution in association with abundant organic material produced Fe-saturated groundwater, which re-precipitated as goethite within the aggraded channel to cement the detritals. Growth of microplaty hematite in the goethite matrix suggests some level of subsequent burial metamorphism.     

Bayan Obo Controversy: Carbonatites versus Iron Oxide‐Cu‐Au‐(REE‐U)

The Bayan Obo Fe‐REE‐Nb deposit is the world’s largest rare earth element (REE) resource and its genesis has been the subject of much debate for many years. The most popular are the carbonatite‐related and hydrothermal Fe oxide‐Cu‐Au‐(REE‐U) genetic models. Comparisons of geologic setting, lithology, mineral assemblages, metal associations, geochemistry (particularly REE and light REE/heavy REE ratios), fluid chemistry and isotopics indicate that the Bayan Obo deposit shares features of both types, which are classified differently; that is, the carbonatites model is host‐rock based, while the Fe oxide‐Cu‐Au‐(REE‐U) model is essentially mineral assemblage and metal association based. A speculative classification scheme is tentatively put forward to link the two models, but many questions remain for further studies.     

几种氧化锰矿物的合成及其对重金属的吸附和氧化特性

以改进或优化的方法合成土壤中常见的几种氧化锰矿物,对其形貌、结构、组成和表面性质进行表征,研究其对几种重金属的吸附和对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化特性及与其结构和表面性质的关系。结果表明,合成的水钠锰矿、钙锰矿、锰钾矿和黑锰矿均为单相矿物,具有典型的形貌特征。水钠锰矿、钙锰矿和锰钾矿的PZC较低,分别为1.75、3.50和2.10,其表面可变负电荷量的大小顺序为水钠锰矿≥锰钾矿>钙锰矿;黑锰矿的PZC较高,表面可变负电荷量远低于其他3种矿物。供试矿物中,水钠锰矿对Pb2 、Cu2 、Co2 、Cd2 和Zn2 等重金属的吸附能力最强,黑锰矿的吸附能力最弱,除黑锰矿吸附更多的Cu2 外,供试氧化锰矿物对Pb2 的吸附量最大。氧化锰矿物对重金属的吸附受重金属的水解常数和矿物的表面负电荷的影响较大,它们均影响氧化锰矿物表面诱导水解作用及吸附离子形态。供试氧化锰矿物对Cr(Ⅲ)氧化能力和氧化过程中Mn2 释放量不同,受矿物结构、氧化度、表面性质以及结晶度等因素影响,氧化能力顺序为水钠锰矿>锰钾矿>钙锰矿>黑锰矿,最大氧化量分别为1330.0、422.6、59.7和36.6mmol/kg。     

细微矿物拉曼成像分析技术与方法研究

岩矿鉴定是各类地质工作开展的基础,其鉴定水平和质量直接影响着工作的深入程度和研究程度。传统鉴定方法受人员自身经验水平、光学显微镜分辨率等因素的影响较大,对于现今需要研究的细微稀有矿物、细粒沉积岩矿物等很难准确地识别鉴定。而依托高精密大型仪器的技术方法多数对样品制备有特殊要求,不利于样品的再利用,诸如扫描电镜、电子探针等在高倍数反射光下探寻、观测特定的细微透明矿物也存在一定的不足。本文将激光拉曼高分辨大面积快速成像方法（StreamLineHR）运用于两块标准岩石光薄片的全区域大面积扫谱,准确识别出其中透明矿物有碱性长石、斜长石、石英、普通角闪石、黑云母、方解石、榍石、磷灰石、锆石和绿帘石,不透明矿物有磁铁矿,部分矿物间存在紧密伴生的情况（如石英与长石、榍石与角闪石）和次生蚀变的情况（如长石碳酸盐化蚀变为方解石）。并以此为基础进行了含量统计,将其分别定名为细粒角闪石英二长闪长岩与细粒黑云母斜长角闪岩。实验过程中,荧光效应,类质同象类矿物（长石、角闪石）峰位相似性和蚀变矿物峰位偏移会对矿物识别、谱图解析造成干扰,可结合矿物镜下光性特征来解决。另外,面扫步长设置越小,分析精确度越高,时间成本也会相应增加,应用时需兼顾考虑。该方法实现了对细微矿物便捷、直观、准确的大范围快速识别鉴定,可弥补传统岩矿鉴定和其他技术方法的不足,拓展了拉曼光谱法在地质工作中的应用范围。     

具磷灰石假象绿松石的岩石矿物学及谱学特征

采用x射线粉晶衍射（XRD）、博里叶变换红外光谱（FTI码以及拉曼光谱等方法对安徽马鞍山具磷灰石假象的绿松石进行了研究。结果表明：其主要矿物组成为绿松石,保留了磷灰石六边形的形态特征。XRD~U试的特征谱线d值为36745～36748（111）、29008～29025（123）、34247～34293（2101、32709～32781（113）、61626～61781（011）3020130～20162（301）,与绿松石的标准衍射谱线基本致。红外光谱测试分析表明：3510～3465cm。间的谱带归属绿松石0（OH）的伸缩振动,3300～3070cm’间的谱带归属为绿松Nu（M-H。O）伸缩振动,1210-1012cm’间的谱带归属为绿松石U3口O。）ira缩振动,在838cm。附近的吸收谱带归属为绿松石6（OH）弯曲振动,655-480cm。间的谱带归属为绿松石u4（P04）弯曲振动。拉曼光谱测试分析表明：3466cm’附近的尖锐拉曼谱峰归属于绿松石（OH）基团的伸缩振动所致,宽缓的拉曼谱峰3281cm’~03078cm’归属于绿松石中水合络离子的伸缩振动,798cm’谱峰则是由于OH的弯曲振动所致。     

Suitability of Mn‐ and Fe‐Rich Reference Materials for Microanalytical Research

Manganese‐ and iron‐rich materials are of major geoscientific and economic interest, many of which contain microscopic features that provide valuable information. To obtain accurate results, a homogeneous microanalytical reference material for calibration is needed. Several researchers have used the Mn‐ and Fe‐rich RMs, JMn‐1, NOD‐A‐1, NOD‐P‐1 and FeMn‐1, for this purpose; therefore, they were tested in this study to determine their suitability for microanalysis. Their homogeneity was investigated by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) with two different types of lasers (nano‐ and femtosecond), with spot and line scan analyses and with different operating parameters, such as spot size, pulse repetition rate and fluence. As the established manganese nodule RMs revealed inhomogeneities for picogram to microgram test portions, we also investigated the new synthetic Fe‐ and Mn‐rich RM, FeMnOx‐1. FeMnOx‐1 was found to be homogeneous for large (ø 40 μm: 2% RSD repeatability) and small (ø 8–10 μm: 10% RSD repeatability) spot sizes. This homogeneity is in the range of the homogeneous NIST SRM 610 and GSE‐1G reference glasses. Furthermore, FeMnOx‐1 revealed a large‐scale homogeneity within uncertainties of a few per cent, using test portions in the ng range, when measuring four individual mounts of this material.     

Late Mesozoic Ore‐forming Events in the Ningwu Ore District,Middle‐Lower Yangtze River Polymetallic Ore Belt,East China: Evidence from Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotopic Compositions of the Granodioritic Stocks

Late Mesozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rocks and related iron deposits, known as porphyry iron deposits in China, are widespread in the Ningwu ore district (Cretaceous basin) of the middle–lower Yangtze River polymetallic ore belt, East China. Two types of Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks are exposed: one is dioritic rocks closely related to iron mineralization as the hosted rock, and the other one is granodioritic (-granitic) rocks that cut the ore bodies. To understand the age of the iron mineralization and the ore-forming event, detailed zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotope measurement were performed on granodioritic stocks in the Washan, Gaocun-Nanshan, Dongshan and Heshangqiao iron deposits in the basin. Four emplacement and crystallization (typically for zircons) ages of granodioritic rocks were measured as 126.1±0.5 Ma, 126.8±0.5 Ma, 127.3±0.5 Ma and 126.3±0.4 Ma, respectively in these four deposits, with the LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb method. Based on the above results combined with previous dating, it is inferred that the iron deposits in the Ningwu Cretaceous basin occurred in a very short period of 131–127 Ma. In situ zircon Hf compositions of εHf(t) of the granodiorite are mainly from ?3 to ?8 and their corresponding 176Hf/177Hf ratio are from 0.28245 to 0.28265, indicating similar characteristics of dioritic rocks in the basin. We infer that granodioritic rocks occurring in the Ningwu ore district have an original relationship with dioritic rocks. These new results provide significant evidence for further study of this ore district so as to understand the ore-forming event in the study area.     

Ore Geology,Fluid Inclusion,and S‐ and Pb‐Isotopic Constraints on the Genesis of the Chitudian Zn‐Pb Deposit,Southern Margin of the North China Craton

The Chitudian Zn‐Pb ore deposit, Luanchuan, Henan province, was recently discovered in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The Zn‐Pb orebodies are hosted in the Proterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, occurring as veins in interbedding fracture zones mainly in a WNW‐ and partially in a NS‐direction. The Zn‐Pb ores are characterized by banded, massive, and breccia structures, coarse crystal grains, and a simple mineral composition mainly of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, dolomite, and calcite. In addition to the vein type orebodies, there are Mo‐ and Zn‐bearing skarn orebodies in the northwest of the Chitudian ore field. Four types of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite were recognized in the Chitudian Zn‐Pb ores, including aqueous, aqueous‐CO₂, daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous, and daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous‐CO₂ inclusions, with aqueous inclusion being most common. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions from the main mineralization stage are from 290°C to 340°C, and the salinities mainly from 3.7 to 14.8 wt% NaCl equivalent. In addition to CO₂, CH₄ and H₂S were detected in the vapor phase and HS^‐ in the liquid phase of the fluid inclusions by Laser Raman spectroscopy. The δ³⁴S_V‐CDT values of ore sulfides from the Chitudian deposit range from ?0.32‰ to 8.30‰, and show two modal peaks in the histogram, one from 1‰ to 4‰, and the other from 5‰ to 7‰. The former peak is similar to that of porphyry‐type Mo‐W deposits in the area, whereas the latter is relatively close to the sulfur in the strata. The ore sulfur may have been derived from both the magma and the strata. The Pb‐isotopic compositions of the ore minerals from Chitudian, with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 17.005 to l7.953, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.414 to 15.587, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 37.948 to 39.036, are similar to those of Mesozoic porphyries in the Chitudian ore field, suggesting that the ore‐forming metals were mainly derived from the Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. The Chitudian Zn‐Pb deposit is interpreted to be a distal hydrothermal vein‐type deposit, which was genetically related to the proximal, skarn‐type Mo ore deposits in the region.     

Ore Genesis for Stratiform Ore Bodies of the Dongfengnanshan Copper Polymetallic Deposit in the Yanbian Area, NE China：Constraints from LA-ICP-MS in situ Trace Elements and Sulfide S–Pb Isotopes

The Dongfengnanshan Cu polymetallic deposit is one representative deposit of the Tianbaoshan ore district in the Yanbian area, northeast(NE) China. There occur two types of ore bodies in this deposit, the stratiform ore bodies and veintype ones, controlled by the Early Permian strata and the Late Hercynian diorite intrusion, respectively. Due to the ambiguous genetic type of the stratiform ore bodies, there has been controversy on the relationship between them and veintype ore bodies. To determine the genetic type of stratiform ore bodies, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) in situ trace elements and S–Pb isotope analysis have been carried on the sulfides in the stratiform ore bodies. Compared with that in skarn, Mississippi Valley-type(MVT), and epithermal deposits, sphalerite samples in the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit are significantly enriched in Fe, Mn, and In, while depleted in Ga, Ge, and Cd, which is similar to the sphalerite in volcanic-associated massive sulfide(VMS) deposits. Co/Ni ratio of pyrrhotites in the stratiform ore bodies is similar to that in VMS-type deposits. The concentrations of Zn and Cd of chalcopyrites are similar to those of recrystallized VMS-type deposits. These characteristics also reflect the intermediate ore-forming temperature of the stratiform ore bodies in this deposit. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides are similar to those of VMS-type deposits, reflecting that sulfur originated from the Permian Miaoling Formation. Lead isotope compositions indicate mixed-source for lead. Moreover, the comparison of the Dongfengnanshan stratiform ore bodies with some VMStype deposits in China and abroad, on the trace elements and S–Pb isotope characteristics of the sulfides reveals that the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit belong to the VMS-type, and have closely genetic relationship with the early Permian marine volcanic sedimentary rocks.     

高温下合成包裹体中流体水分子氢键的拉曼光谱分析

在合成包裹体腔中，用显微激光拉曼探针原位分析了高温下纯水和含气体CO2的流体中水分子的氢键作用。研究结果表明，随着温度升高，流体中水分子的氢键作用不断减弱，但纯水在最高的测量温度400℃，含CO2的流体在520℃都还存在着比较强的氢键作用。含CO2的流体比相同温度下纯水的氢键作用弱，并且当气相与液相混溶成为纯液相后，它的氢键与温度的关系明显出现了转折，温度对氢键的影响比均一前小。     

Metallogeny of the Baiyangping Lead‐Zinc Polymetallic Ore Concentration Area,Northern Lanping Basin of Yunnan Province,China

The Lanping Basin in the Nujiang‐Lancangjiang‐Jinshajiang (the Sanjiang) area of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is an important part of eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. This basin hosts a number of large unique sediment‐hosted Pb‐Zn polymetallic deposits or ore districts, such as the Baiyangping ore concentration area which is one of the representative ore district. The Baiyangping ore concentration area can be divided into the east and west ore belts, which were formed in a folded tectogene of the India‐Asia continental collisional setting and was controlled by a large reverse fault. Field observations reveal that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary strata were outcropped in the mining area, and that the orebodies are obviously controlled by faults and hosted in sandstone and carbonate rocks. However, the ore‐forming elements in the east ore belt are mainly Pb‐Zn‐Sr‐Ag, while Pb‐Zn‐Ag‐Cu‐Co elements are dominant in the west ore belt. Comparative analysis of the C‐O‐Sr‐S‐Pb isotopic compositions suggest that both ore belts had a homogeneous carbon source, and the carbon in hydrothermal calcite is derived from the dissolution of carbonate rock strata; the ore‐forming fluids were originated from formation water and precipitate water, which belonged to basin brine fluid system; sulfur was from organic thermal chemical sulfate reduction and biological sulfate reduction; the metal mineralization material was from sedimentary strata and basement, but the difference of the material source of the basement and the strata and the superimposed mineralization of the west ore belt resulted in the difference of metallogenic elements between the eastern and western metallogenic belts. The Pb‐Zn mineralization age of both ore belts was contemporary and formed in the same metallogenetic event. Both thrust formed at the same time and occurred at the Early Oligocene, which is consistent with the age constrained by field geological relationship.     

基于红外光谱-拉曼光谱研究山东郯城砂矿的金刚石及包裹体类型

对山东郯城砂矿中的金刚石开展了傅里叶红外光谱和显微激光拉曼光谱的测试,结果显示,红外光谱均可见C—C的本征峰;绝大多数可见氮的吸收峰:双氮的吸收峰、聚合氮的吸收峰和氮片晶的吸收峰;部分可见氢的吸收峰:C—H的吸收峰、C—N的吸收峰和H2O的吸收峰.郯城金刚石以Ⅰa型金刚石为主,有ⅠaA、ⅠaB、ⅠaAB型,而Ⅱa型仅1粒;氮类型包括双氮(A心)、聚合氮(B心)及氮片晶(B'心),说明金刚石中的孤氮(C心)已经转化为双原子氮,但部分双原子氮未完成进一步的聚形.金刚石拉曼峰值集中在1131 cm–1,拉曼位移漂移程度较小,说明金刚石内部应力发生小幅的变化.在郯城金刚石中首次发现柯石英包裹体,出现139 cm–1、152 cm–1、212 cm–1、272 cm–1、328 cm–1、356 cm–1、428 cm–1和529 cm–1左右的拉曼峰值.在1粒金刚石中柯石英包裹体数量多达十余个,直径几μm至几十μm,呈针状、哑铃状、浑圆状和短柱状等多种形态.郯城金刚石中柯石英包裹体的出现,可作为郯城地区存在榴辉岩型金刚石的可靠标志,也佐证了该地部分金刚石的来源可能和洋壳循环或者俯冲过程有关.镁橄榄石包裹体上覆分散的黑色石墨斑点,与山东蒙阴、辽宁和湖南金刚石中的镁橄榄石等不同种类包裹体具有相似特征,推测这些石墨斑点是晶体包裹体形成后,由于外部环境温压条件的变化产生.     

Vibrational states of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in beryl: physical aspects

Single-crystal polarized Raman spectra (3,000–4,000 cm⁻¹ at 3 ≤ T ≤ 300 K) were measured for synthetic alkali-free and natural beryl, Be₂Al₃Si₆O₁₈·xH₂O, to determine the behavior of H₂O molecules of both Type I and Type II in the cavities. At low temperature, the H₂O molecules of Type I displace from the center of cavity and give rise to very weak hydrogen bonding with the host lattice. The H₂O Type I translational motion is characterized by substantial anharmonicity and looks like a motion of “a particle in the box” with a frequency of 6.3 cm⁻¹. Water Type II is characterized by a free rotation with respect to the C ₂ molecule axis, and it makes possible the water nuclear isomers (i.e. ortho- and para-) to be observed at low temperature.

U–Pb geochronology and Raman spectroscopy of zircons from the granites in the Xihuashan and Tieshanlong Deposit: Implications for W‐Sn mineralization in Southern Jiangxi Province,South China

The Xihuashan and Tieshanlong tungsten deposit is an important large quartz vein‐type W‐polymetallic deposit in the southern Jiangxi Province, eastern Nanling Range. Zircon U–Pb analyses of representative ore‐forming granites from the Xihuashan and Tieshanlong tungsten deposit yield ages of 146.3 ± 2.9 Ma and 146.0 ± 3.8 Ma, respectively. According to the zircon Raman spectroscopy, these granitic rocks are disturbed by different degrees of hydrothermal alteration, whereas most zircons exhibit primary oscillatory zoning and Th/U ratios in the range of magmatic zircon, which means the analysis results represent the crystallization age of metallogenetic granitic assemblages. In combination with regional geological data, it is suggested that the Late Jurassic is probably another important episode of granitic magmatism and W‐Sn mineralization in southern Jiangxi Provinces, even South China.     

Organic matters and acid‐sulfate alteration in Itomuka mercury mine,Hokkaido, Japan: Implications for the transportation and deposition mechanisms of Hg

In order to examine the transportation and deposition mechanisms of Hg, we investigated the ore and hydrothermal alteration minerals and solid organic matters from Itomuka mercury mine located in the eastern part of central Hokkaido. In addition to the ore minerals, native mercury and cinnabar, quartz, marcasite, alunite, kaolinite, and minor amounts of pyrite and smectite were identified in the Hg ore by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. This mineral assemblage of acid sulfate alteration was likely developed under the conditions of low temperature (≤100°C) and low pH (≤2) in the steam‐heated environment. The H₂SO₄ was produced above the water table by the oxidation of H₂S separated from deep, near‐neutral fluids by boiling. The dominance of native mercury over cinnabar in Hg ore indicates that the greater part of mineralized Hg was transported as Hg⁰ in aqueous solution and vapor with low sulfur fugacity. The solid organic matters found in the Hg ore were analyzed with SEM‐EDS, micro‐XRD, and micro‐Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and these results suggest that the organic matters contributed to keeping the low fO₂ of the Hg‐bearing fluid and transportation of Hg as Hg⁰ in S‐poor condition. Because the solubility of Hg in acidic fluid is low, neutral to alkaline fluid seems to have leached Hg from the basement sedimentary rocks of Hidaka Group which also supplied the organic matters to the fluid. The oxidation and cooling of Hg‐bearing solution and vapor triggered the deposition of liquid Hg as a primary phase.     

Comparing the Success Rate of Raman Spectroscopy and Powder XRD for Routine Mineral Identification

This study provides a measurement of success rate of Raman spectroscopy for mineral identification, and a direct comparison of powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) is provided by applying the same procedure for measuring its success rate against the identical set of samples. Consistent, standardised analytical procedures were applied to a set of fifty‐five minerals, and a success score was assigned to the results of each analytical method for each sample. For each analytical method, an average success rate (on a scale of 0–100) was calculated from these success scores. The success rate measured for powder XRD is 89, while the success rate for Raman spectroscopy came to 77. As the most common analytical challenge in Raman spectroscopy is specimen photoluminescence (PL), an estimate of the impact of technological advances that would eliminate this interference is provided by recalculating the success rate after removing the samples that produced PL interference from consideration. The resulting no‐PL success rate of 90 indicates that the success rate of Raman spectroscopy would be quite comparable to powder XRD if PL interference could be removed from Raman spectra.     

Interpretation of Mineral Zoning in Submarine Hydrothermal Ore Deposits in Terms of Coupled Fluid Flow‐Precipitation Kinetics Model

Major minerals (sulfates, sulfides, quartz) are distributed in different parts of submarine hydrothermal ore deposits. For instance, the abundance of barite increases stratigraphically upwards in the massive orebodies of the Kuroko deposits (black and yellow ores), while quartz is abundant in the lower parts (siliceous ore). The different distribution of barite and quartz in the Kuroko deposits can not be accounted for by thermochemical equilibrium calculations based on the precipitation due to mixing of ascending hydrothermal solutions with ambient cold seawater. In the present study, a coupled fluid flow‐precipitation kinetics model was used to calculate the amounts of quartz, barite, and anhydrite precipitated from a hydrothermal solution mixed with seawater, assuming reasonable values for temperature, precipitation rate, fluid flow velocity, mineral surface area/fluid mass ratio (A/M), and initial concentrations of hydrothermal solution and seawater before mixing occurred. The results indicate that barite precipitates more efficiently than quartz from discharging fluids with relatively higher flow velocity, lower temperatures and under the condition of lower A/M ratios on the seafloor (black ore), whereas quartz precipitates more effectively from solutions with lower flow velocity, higher temperatures and higher A/M ratios beneath the seafloor (siliceous ore) and in the orebody (barite ore, ferruginous chert ore). Anhydrite precipitates in shallow sub‐seafloor environments with lower precipitation rates and higher A/M ratios than barite and higher precipitation rates and lower A/M ratios than quartz. These results explain the observed occurrences of barite, anhydrite, and quartz in the Kuroko deposits. Namely, barite is abundant in black ore and barite ore which formed above the seafloor, anhydrite formed in high‐permeability tuff breccias, and quartz formed in low permeability dacite intrusive bodies in the sub‐seafloor environment.     

Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluid of the Gaoshan Gold-Silver Deposit in the Longquan Area,Zhejiang Province and its Implications for the Ore Genesis

The Gaoshan gold-silver deposit, located between the Yuyao-Lishui Fault and JiangshanShaoxing fault in Longquan Area, occurs in the Suichang-Longquan gold-silver polymetallic metallogenic belt. This study conducted an investigation for ore-forming fluids using microthermometry, D-O isotope and trace element. The results show that two types of fluid inclusions involved into the formation of the deposit are pure liquid phase and gas-liquid phase aqueous inclusions. The homogenization temperature and salinity of major mineralization phase ranges from 156°C to 236°C(average 200°C) and 0.35% to 8.68%(NaCleqv)(average 3.68%), respectively, indicating that the ore-forming fluid is characteristic of low temperature and low salinity. The oreforming pressure ranges between in 118.02 to 232.13'105 pa, and it is estabmiated that the oreforming depth ranges from 0.39 to 0.77 km, indicating it is a hypabyssal deposit in genesis. The low rare earth elements content in pyrites, widely developed fluorite in late ore-forming stage and lack of chlorargyrite(Ag Cl), indicates that the ore-forming fluid is rich in F rather than Cl. The ratios of Y/Ho, Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta of between different samples have little difference, indicating that the later hydrothermal activities had no effects on the former hydrothermal fluid. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of pyrites from country rocks and ore veins are basically identical, with the characteristics of light REE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies, implying that the ore-forming fluid was oxidative and derived partly from the country rocks. The δD and δ18O of fluid inclusions in quartz formed during the main metallogenic stage range from -105‰ to -69 ‰ and -6.01‰ to -3.81‰, respectively. The D-O isotopic diagram shows that the metallogenic fluid is characterized by the mixing of formation water and meteoric water, without involvement of magmatic water. The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Gaoshan gold-silver deposit are similar to those of continental volcanic hydrothermal deposit, and could be assigned to the continental volcanic hydrothermal gold-silver deposit type.     

The effect of Mn on mineral stability in metapelites revisited: new a–x relations for manganese‐bearing minerals

The a–x relations recently presented in White et al. ( 2014 , Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 32, 261–286) are extended to include MnO. This provides a set of internally consistent a–x relations for metapelitic rocks in the MnO–Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O₂ (MnNCKFMASHTO) system. The mixing parameters for the Mn‐bearing minerals were estimated using the micro‐? approach of Powell et al. ( 2014 , Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 32, 245–260). Then the Mn‐end‐member thermodynamic properties were calibrated using a database of co‐existing minerals involving literature data from rocks and from experiments on natural materials. Mn‐end‐members were calibrated for orthopyroxene, cordierite, staurolite, chloritoid, chlorite, biotite, ilmenite and hematite, assuming known properties for the garnet end‐member spessartine. The addition of MnO to phase diagram calculations results in a marked expansion of the stability of garnet‐bearing assemblages. At greenschist facies conditions garnet stability is extended down temperature. At amphibolite facies conditions, the garnet‐in boundary shifts to lower pressure. While the addition of MnO greatly influences the stability of garnet, it has relatively little effect on the stability of other common metapelitic minerals, with the resultant diagrams being topologically very similar to those calculated without MnO. Furthermore, the addition of MnO in the amounts measured in most metapelites has only a small effect on the mode of garnet, with calculated garnet modes remaining smaller than 1% in the P–T range outside its predicted Mn‐free P–T range.     

小秦岭金矿特富矿段的圈定及合理性研究

小秦岭金矿为一超大型的含金石英脉型矿床,石英脉数量多、规模大、品位富,金的分布极不均匀,局部地段常形成特富矿段,对资源量的估算结果影响很大,因而需要对特富矿段进行合理的圈定和估算。资源储量估算时特高品位的确定和处理非常关键,不同处理方法得到的矿体平均品位和资源储量结果之间差别很大,直接影响到对资源量的合理性评价。