中国近海海区污损生物研究现状及展望

近海海区通常是指离岸3n mile以上或水深超过25m的水域(Relini et al.，1994)；海洋污损生物是海洋环境中栖息或附着在船舶和各种水下人工设施上，对人类经济活动产生不利影响的动物、植物和微生物的总称，它不仅是影响海洋设施安全与使用寿命的重要因素，也是人类开始接触海洋时所关注的问题。本文就污损生物对海洋结构物的影响和我国近海污损生物研究的进展状况、存在问题等方面进行了综合论述，并对未来几年内为研究方向和重点进行了探讨，以期为下一阶段研究工作提供一些具有参考价值的依据和建议。     

黄、渤海污损生物生态特点及研究展望

综合分析了黄、渤海污损生物的种类组成、数量大小、分布状况和季节变化等特点,并与邻近海区污损生物群落进行了比较.分析结果表明,黄、渤海海域所出现的污损生物均为温带种或广温种,污损生物群落结构和数量随季节发生明显变化,夏季种类最多、数量最大,秋、春季次之,冬季则很少有污损生物附着.此外,还从恢复生态学和生态数学模型角度对下一阶段污损生物生态研究重点进行了初步探讨,以期为进一步的污损生物防除工作和海洋生态基础研究提供参考和建议.     

珠江口东南近海海区污损生物研究

为研究珠江口东南近海海区污损生物状况,于1986年5月至1987年6月,在香港东南约114和160km,水深为95和113m处布设了两个生物浮标站,并对距香港约172km,水深为115m处的Marex水文气象浮标上的污损生物群落进行调查.此次调查共采集和鉴定出污损生物78种,其中在浸海只有3个月的试板上,主要有柄蔓足类、水螅和藻类,优势种是细板条茗荷、茗荷和直杯螅.至于浸海时间达6～12个月的浮标(包括沉标)及锚链系统,其上还有相当数量的多种双壳类软体动物、无柄蔓足类和苔藓动物等硬性污损生物附着.在种类垂直分布方面,污损生物群落组成随深度发生明显变化.     

近海污损生物的调查方法

近海海区污损生物调查有浮标挂板法和海上设施采样法，由于近海海区污损生物调查工作的特殊性和艰难性，笔者提出了利用已有的海上设施，尤其是固定式平台来积累近海污损生物资料，以便进行生态学研究。     

广东电白浮标污损生物生态研究

本文根据1985年对广东电白沿岸浮标进行污损生物调查的结果,报道了该海域污损生物的种类组成、附着厚度、覆盖面积和湿重。共获得92种生物,优势种是Balanus reticulatus和Brahcidontes variatiIis。大部分浮标都完全被污损生物所覆盖,附着厚度为8-15mm,湿重3.8-14.7kg/m2。浮标侧面、底部及尾管内的污损生物群落有一定的差别。位于港内、港口和港外的浮标,其污损生物群落也不同,布放于海中一年的浮标,污损生物群落已接近顶级,二年浮标的污损生物群落有所衰退。     

东沙群岛西部海区污损生物研究

海洋污损生物系指海洋环境中附着或栖息在船舶和各种人工设施上、对人类经济活动产生不利影响的动、植物和微生物，是影响海洋设施安全与使用寿命的重要因素之一。根据其形态结构上是否具备石灰质外壳或骨架，可分为硬性污损生物和软性污损生物两种，前者包括双壳类软体动物、无柄蔓足类和苔藓虫等生物，后者则为海藻和水螅等种类。海洋污损生物对大型海洋结构物的危害主要通过增大构件直径和表面粗糙度，增强对波浪和海流的阻力，从而造成结构物静力载荷和动力载荷增加。此外，导管架表面所附着的生物还会妨碍水下作业，甚至损坏潜水设备。 为适应我国海洋石油工业发展的需要，近十多年来科研人员对南海北部近海海区人工设施的污损生物状况进行了系统调查，并陆续发表了有关研究成果(严涛等，1997，1998，1999，2000)。然而，在珠江口东南、东沙群岛以西远离大陆和岛屿的深水海区，有关污损生物资料至今未见报道。本文根据实海调查结果，详细论述了该海区人工设施上的污损生物状况，以期丰富人类的海洋生态学知识，并为该海区海洋结构物的设计、保养和维修提供科学依据。     

中国近海裸鳃类两新纪录种

裸鳃类是重要的底栖生物类群．部分裸鳃类栖息在码头、养殖网箱、浮标、船底等人工设施上的污损生物群落中．该种生境的裸鳃类国内鲜有报道．2004年11月至2007年9月期间,作者多次在福建省近海污损生物中采集到两种裸鳃类标本．结合其外部形态和内部齿舌形态,鉴定它们为东方伪二列鳃（Pseudobornella orientalis）及透明脊突海牛（Okenia pellucida）．这两种裸鳃类在我国近海均属首次纪录．     

石岛海域污损生物生态学研究

2016年3月-2017年3月在石岛海域进行了污损生物挂板实验,综合分析了该海域污损生物的种类组成、群落结构和季节变化等特点,并与邻近海区污损生物群落进行了比较。本次调查共发现污损生物21种,分析结果表明,石岛海域污损生物群落结构和数量随季节发生明显变化,夏季种类最多、丰度最大,秋、春季次之,冬季则很少有污损生物附着。根据CLUSTER分析结果,可将月板分为三个群落组,温度较凉爽的4月、5月和10月为一个群落组,温度最高的6月、7月、8月和9月为一个群落组,其余月份温度最低,为一个群落组,SIMPROF分析检验表明,各群落组间具有显著差异,且特征种各有不同。丰度/生物量比较曲线表明,在季板和年板中,只有夏季板的污损生物群落结构不稳定,这与小型节肢动物的爆发性增殖有关。和邻近海域相比,调查海域生物量偏低,但污损生物随季节变化趋势基本相同。     

南海北部近海污损生物中的多毛类

报道了南海北部近海污损生物中多毛类的组成及其分布。采集的多毛类种类共４８种，隶属于１７科３６属，其中管栖多毛类１１种，主要种类及华美盘管虫，内齿盘管虫，三崎旋鳃虫；游走多毛类３７种，主要种类是多齿沙蚕，多齿全齿沙蚕、多疣拟海鳞虫。还讨论了污损生物多毛类的分布与污损生物群落之间的关系。     

污损生物附着对杂交鲍生长与存活的影响

于2010年11月至2011年4月,在福建平海湾海域开展了污损生物附着对杂交鲍Haliotis discus hannai生长和存活的影响研究.结果显示,鲍壳上污损生物种类主要是网纹藤壶Balanus reticulatus、三角藤壶B. trigonus、褶牡蛎Alectryonella plicatula和翡翠贻贝Perna viridis,具有明显的热带、亚热带海域污损生物群落特点.对照组与去污处理组之间成活率无显著性差异,去污作业短期内会对鲍类生长产生负面影响.壳缘部位被生物附着污损的鲍类,其生长率有所降低,这可能与壳缘处附着的污损生物会堵塞鲍鱼呼吸孔有关,妨碍其呼吸和排泄等代谢活动正常进行.     

中国沿海水产设施污损生物特点及防除途径

海洋污损生物的附着会影响养殖设施与外部环境的水体交换、增加外载荷和缩短网箱使用寿命,并与养殖贝类和藻类争夺附着基和饵料,甚至直接附着在养殖对象上影响其生长发育.综述了中国沿海水产养殖设施污损生物的特点及常用防除方法,从海洋生物天然防污作用机制、污损生物附着机理、优势种发育生物学及生态习性等方面,初步探讨了新型防污途径及其应用前景.     

海南岛西南部莺歌海水域生物污着的研究

1986年5月—1988年4月在海南岛西南部莺歌海水域布设4个浮标调查站，以了解该海区生物污着状况。结果表明，该海区污着生物群落的厚度及生物量主要取决于双壳类软体动物和无柄蔓足类等硬性污着生物，而海藻、水螅、苔藓虫及有柄蔓足类则是生物污着的重要种类。此外，随着离岸距离的增加，污着生物群落的种类组成及数量也发生相应变化。     

Floating and fixed artificial habitats: Spatial and temporal patterns of benthic communities in a coral reef environment

While natural marine habitats with motion capabilities, e.g., kelps and seaweeds, have been studied alongside their associated fouling communities, little is known of the effect of motion on the communities of floating artificial habitats such as buoys, rafts, and pontoons, particularly in tropical systems. Hydrodynamic features greatly differ between floating and fixed artificial substrata, which in turn affect the structure of their associated communities. This study tested the hypothesis that floating and fixed artificial installations in a tropical reef system (Eilat, Red Sea) would support different benthic communities throughout space and time. Specifically, we examined differences in communities recruited onto settlement plates between floating and fixed installations deployed at three different sites, along a two-year monitoring period. The three sites exhibited distinct differences in species assemblages between the monitoring dates (6, 12, 18 and 24 months post deployment), mainly between the first and the last two dates. The average level of dissimilarity between floating and fixed installations increased over time at all sites. Over 50% of the dissimilarity between the floating and fixed installations resulted from five taxonomic groups i.e., bryozoans, bivalves, barnacles, sponges, including the amount of bare space on the settlement plates. The contribution of these groups to the dissimilarity changed both temporally within each site, and spatially among sites. The observed differences were related to the hydrodynamic characteristics of floating and fixed habitats, interacting with biotic features such as predation, successional processes and seasonality; and abiotic features including small-scale spatial changes, light, and position in the water column.     

吕四洋附着生物与钻孔生物生态研究

吕四洋位于黄海南端,是我国的主要渔场之一,调查和研究本海区附着生物的附着季节、群落组成和数量变化,不仅在海洋附着生物生态学研究上有重要意义,而且也是防除必需掌握的生物学资料.我们在调查研究中国沿海主要港湾的附着生物中,把吕四洋列为调查点,并于1977年9月-1978年8月在吕四水文平台进行挂板试验.同时还对吕四水文平台水泥桩上的附着生物的垂直分布,和两个灯浮上的附着生物进行定性、定量的调查.试验的材料和方法基本上是按照海洋调查规范进行的,只挂底层试验板,分月板、季板和年板.本试验承国家海洋局吕四海洋站的大力协助.     

Influence of submersion season on the development of test panel biofouling communities in a tropical coast

The effect of test panel submersion season on the colonization of biofouling communities in a tropical coast revealed that the effects of panel submersion time should be taken into consideration for modelling fouling community recruitment dynamics in coastal systems or during the field trials of antifouling coatings. Wooden test panels fitted onto a raft were submerged during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for the development of the biofouling community. Results showed considerable variation in the colonization of fouling communities on test panels submerged during different seasons. Barnacles, tubeworms, ascidians and seaweeds were the major fouling communities that colonized the test panels. The total biomass of the fouling communities that settled on the post-monsoon season panels varied from the initial value of 2.72 g dm⁻² to a maximum of 44.5 g dm⁻². On the panels submerged during monsoon season, the total biomass of fouling communities varied between 0.78 g dm⁻² and 69.9 g dm⁻². The total fouling biomass on the pre-monsoon season panels varied between 2.95 and 33.5 g dm⁻². Barnacles were the initial colonizers on the panels submerged during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Soft-bodied organisms such as ascidians dominated the monsoon season-initiated panel series during the initial period.     

厦门港船蛆Teredo navalis数量的时空变化

本文根据1984年3月至1985年2月在厦门港中挂放杉木、松木和柯木试板,研究该港船蛆Teredo navalis数量的时空变化,并讨论了不同污损生物、水温、盐度等对船蛆密度的影响。     

Artificial reef effect and fouling impacts on offshore wave power foundations and buoys – a pilot study

Little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. While biofouling on marine energy conversion devices on one hand has the potential to be an engineering concern, these structures can also affect biodiversity by functioning as artificial reefs. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. In this study we investigated the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish, as well as fouling assemblages on buoys. We examined the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibenthic colonisation, and made observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans during three years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys. On foundations we demonstrated a succession in colonisation over time with a higher degree of coverage on vertical surfaces. Buoys were dominated by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Calculations indicated that biofouling have no significant effect in the energy absorption on a buoy working as a point absorber. This study is the first structured investigation on marine organisms associated with wave power devices.     

汕头港污损生物生态研究

１９９１年６月至１９９２年５月在汕头港进行污损生物挂板实验，同时调查港区浮标，码头和船底的污损生物，调查方法采用国际海洋调查规范。获１１９种生物，试板７２种，浮标和船底７０中，码头５４种，其中，泥藤壶、网纹藤壶、僧帽牡蛎、翡翠胎贝、太平洋侧花海葵、双枝薮枝螅和双节螅的优势种。     

OTEC cold-water pipe research

Shelf-mounted Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants require installation of cold-water pipes (CWP) on slopes of40degto depths of 1000 m. In addition, tower platforms containing OTEC power systems may be located on lesser sloped terrain near shore and exposed to special environmental loading problems affecting foundation design. Shelf-mounted installations require careful attention to site selection and geotechnical considerations for foundation integrity on sloped surfaces. This paper primarily discusses research associated with cold-water pipe and foundation installations on steep slopes, although research continues on tower platforms located on the shelf. At least five nations are in various stages of development of OTEC systems for island applications. Each of their systems is either shelf mounted or land based and requires that a large diameter cold-water pipe be installed on a steep slope to provide cold water from 1000-m depths. In addition to the installation and deployment of the large cold-water pipe, the most significant problem is the design and installation of suitable foundations that will last for several decades. To date there is very little experience in the offshore industry for large installations on steep slopes. A major scale-model research project is underway on the slopes of the island of Hawaii. A section of pipe 2.4 m in diameter and 24 m long was installed using combination concrete foundations and joints. The pipe and foundations are fully instrumented to measure environmental loading forces due principally to currents and waves. Environmental measurements will also be taken in the test area. The measurement data will be used to validate available analytical models for subsequent use in aiding industry in providing more cost-effective designs for OTEC pipes and foundations.