广西人影作业指挥手机短信发送平台的研制

结合“广西人工影响天气火箭、高炮实时作业指挥系统”，研制短信发送平台，发送人影作业预警指令，并建立相关数据库。     

广西人影作业指挥系统短信平台的改进

在"广西人工影响天气火箭、高炮实时作业指挥系统"短信发送平台的基础上,实现短信接收和读取回执功能.     

飞机增雨"飞信"平台的建立

利用增雨作业飞机的空地无线数传技术结合有线互联网通信传输技术,在SP短信接入方式的基础上,建立了飞机增雨"飞信"平台,实现在增雨飞机上的PC机与地面手机之间的短信发送和接收.     

省级Tm,Ts转报系统简介

省级ＴｍＴｓ转报系统简介李学敏（山西省气象台０３０００６）省级Ｔ＿ｍＴ＿ｓ转报系统，于１９９３年３月正式联机组网运行，转报系统的正式运行，实现了对多条线路电文接收、发送、收集编制等处理。通过定时启动功能，可完成系统指定时刻的各种作业，提高了微机对各种...     

利用modem实现AV广州航空报文传真在线发送

介绍了使用C++语言调用Wiindows操作系统传真服务,实现个人计算机在线发送传真的一种方法,解决了目前AV广州航空报文一直使用传真机手工发送报文的问题,在报文传输业务中表现良好,而且可以作为其他资料传输辅助网络通道。关键词:计算机应用;航空报文;传真在线发送     

利用PowerBuilder发送Lotus Notes邮件

通过探讨使用外部编程语言对Lotus Notes数据库的控制,并结合人影业务产品发送模块的实例进行阐述,从而为实现Lotus Notes邮件发送程序的简化,提高业务办公效率.     

泰罗斯-N气象卫星APT低分辨率云图定位网格的制作

美国泰罗斯—N气象卫星自1978年10月13日进入轨道以来,已于同年11月6日投入业务使用。它每日白天轨道以四个通道发送高分辨率可见光和红外云图各两张;同时以1通道(0.55—0.9μ)、4通道(3.55—3.93μ)发送低分辨率可见光、红外云图各1张。每日晚上轨道以3、4通道发送高分辨率红外云图两张;以4通道发送低分辨率红外云图一张。目前许多台站都已自己改装了118传真机,使其有120转/分的转速和较好的电流补偿曲线,以正常接收卫星发送的低分辨率可见光和红外云图。     

介绍办公自动化信息传输及管理系统

办公自动化信息传输及管理系统由文件快速查看、回执文件发送、上行文件发送、下行文件发送、文件整理等模块组成，操作灵活简便，对于减少重复劳动，提高办公效率，准确、快速处理各种公文信息起到很好的作用。     

天气加密报传输程序的编制

2001年4月起,省气象局要求各县气象局停止单独发送天气加密报,改由市气象局统一收集后发送省气象局.为了便于操作,编写了此程序.     

气象灾害预警广播系统集成技术

介绍了突发气象灾害预警台的建设背景、系统平台的构成、采用的技术路线和关键技术、预警台的特点和应用。研究突发灾害预警台集成化,通过采用无线广域广播系统和预警电话机组建突发灾害预警台,使无线广域广播系统既可发送中文信息,也可发送语音信息,并能有效地解决同频干扰,实现同频接力发送,保证中文信息和语音信息快速、准确、可靠地广播和接收。     

气候变化影响与适应问题的谈判进展

 从《气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）第一次缔约方会议到目前为止，几乎历次会议都涉及气候变化影响与适应的谈判内容，但谈判进展甚微。通过综述《公约》谈判进程中与适应气候变化有关的主要决定，分析了适应气候变化影响与适应问题谈判的制约因素，最后提出了我国在气候变化影响与适应问题谈判中应持的立场。     

Thirty years on: Planetary climate planning and the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee

On the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, this principal supra-national institution remains paramount to the project of planetary climate planning and governance. Reflections on this anniversary should serve to recall the contestations through which this foundational institution was formed, and the delegate dynamics that continue to be reproduced in its wake. The contentious debates and political dynamics that afflicted the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee tasked with crafting the Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as dissension in the periphery, remain as relevant today as they were three decades ago. Reprising these dynamics through detailed historical and archival analysis, this article excavates the negotiations of the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, which met in 5 sessions during 1991–1992. The aim is to identify key fault-lines and conflicts in the lead-up to the finalization of the 1992 Convention, in order to demonstrate whose epistemic and normative commitments came to be reflected in the final outcome and to show how the legacy of this process endures to date. I seek to render visible actors and proposals peripheralized in the formation of planetary climate governance to extrapolate normative boundaries and proffer heterodox lessons from the margins.     

Integrating biophysical and socio-economic evaluations to improve the efficacy of adaptation assessments for agriculture

This paper demonstrates how biophysical and socio-economic assessments of adaptation options can be integrated to test the effectiveness of options and anticipate social risks and potential barriers to adoption. We present the approach by combining a model analysis with a multiple-criteria evaluation of 12 adaptation options by graziers from the Australian rangelands. Our results show that strategies to manage stocking rates and pasture spelling are likely to be effective in improving climate resilience in the rangelands and are easy-to-implement, short-term solutions. Improving land condition is found to have the greatest potential long-term benefits, but was not considered by the graziers to be feasible or effective due to perceived difficulties of implementation. Areas of concordance identified in the assessments may be used to engage with stakeholders and build a foundation for incorporating climate change considerations into management and policy. The approach also highlights discordant views within the assessments that may result from differing management objectives, adaptive capacity and climate-risk perception. These factors are potential impediments to adaptation. The integrated assessment approach enables adaptation strategies and policy recommendations to be developed that have greater relevance to individual stakeholders, and supports capacity building to facilitate the most effective adaptation actions.     

Multiple exposures and dynamic vulnerability: Evidence from the grape industry in the Okanagan Valley, Canada

This paper assesses the vulnerability of grape growers and winery operators in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia to climate variability and change, in the context of other sources of risk. Through interviews and focus groups, producers identified the climatic and non-climatic risks relevant to them and the strategies employed to manage these risks. The results show that the presence of multiple exposures affects the way in which producers are vulnerable to climate change. Producers are vulnerable to conditions that not only affect crop yield, but also affect their ability to compete in or sell to the market. Their sensitivity to these conditions is influenced in part by institutional factors such as trade liberalization and a “markup-free delivery” policy. Producers’ ability to adapt or cope with these risks varies depending on such factors as the availability of resources and technology, and access to government programmes. Producers will likely face challenges associated with the supply of water for irrigation due to a combination of climatic changes and changing demographics in the Okanagan Valley, which in turn affect their ability to adapt to climatic conditions. Finally, adaptations made by producers can change the nature of the operation and its vulnerability, demonstrating the dynamic nature of vulnerability.     

大气环流模式中动力框架与物理过程的相互响应

用大气环流模式CAM3.1和IAP AGCM4.0对模式中动力框架与物理过程之间的相互作用及响应关系进行了初步探讨。选用理想的物理过程（Held-Suarez强迫）及完整物理参数化方案,分别对两个模式积分了60 d。试验表明,动力框架与物理过程之间的相互响应在低纬对流层和高纬对流层中上层有着较大的区别。在低纬对流层,动力框架及物理过程产生的温度倾向都有着较大的变率,对总的温度倾向的变率均有较大的贡献,且二者之间为相互补偿的反相关关系;在高纬对流层的中上层,总的温度倾向的变化主要依赖于动力框架的贡献,物理过程造成的倾向变化很缓慢,可近似地看做定常的强迫,且物理过程产生的温度倾向与动力框架产生的温度倾向之间为正位相的响应关系。此外,还对各个物理参数化方案之间的相互作用及响应关系进行了分析。结果表明,在所有过程中,湿过程所引起的温度倾向的变化最为显著,对总的物理过程倾向的贡献也最大;在高纬地区,长波辐射冷却也有较大的变率;短波辐射加热率及垂直扩散加热率的变化相对较小;长波辐射冷却和短波辐射加热之间为近似负反馈的响应关系。     

Understanding the causes and consequences of differential decision-making in adaptation research: Adapting to a delayed monsoon onset in Gujarat,India

Weather variability poses numerous risks to agricultural communities, yet farmers may be able to reduce some of these risks by adapting their cropping practices to better suit changes in weather. However, not all farmers respond to weather variability in the same way. To better identify the causes and consequences of this heterogeneous decision-making, we develop a framework that identifies (1) which socio-economic and biophysical factors are associated with heterogeneous cropping decisions in response to weather variability and (2) which cropping strategies are the most adaptive, considering economic outcomes (e.g., yields and profits). This framework aims to understand how, why, and how effectively farmers adapt to current weather variability; these findings, in turn, may contribute to a more mechanistic and predictive understanding of individual-level adaptation to future climate variability and change. To illustrate this framework, we assessed how 779 farmers responded to delayed monsoon onset in fifteen villages in Gujarat, India during the 2011 growing season, when the monsoon onset was delayed by three weeks. We found that farmers adopted a variety of strategies to cope with delayed monsoon onset, including increasing irrigation use, switching to more drought-tolerant crops, and/or delaying sowing. We found that farmers’ access to and choice of strategies varied with their assets, irrigation access, perceptions of weather, and risk aversion. Richer farmers with more irrigation access used high levels of irrigation, and this strategy was associated with the highest yields in our survey sample. Poorer farmers with less secure access to irrigation were more likely to push back planting dates or switch crop type, and economic data suggest that these strategies were beneficial for those who did not have secure access to irrigation. Interestingly, after controlling for assets and irrigation access, we found that cognitive factors, such as beliefs that the monsoon onset date had changed over the last 20 years or risk aversion, were associated with increased adaptation. Our framework illustrates the importance of considering the complexity and heterogeneity of individual decision-making when conducting climate impact assessments or when developing policies to enhance the adaptive capacity of local communities to future climate variability and change.     

适应气候变化的国际行动和农业措施研究进展

针对气候变暖采取稳健的适应措施已成为国际社会共识。该文综合了当前适应气候变化的国际谈判进展及已有的农业适应气候变化措施,指出适应资金严重不足,技术研发、应用与转让难以实施,以及适应气候变化行动实施能力的不足严重制约着适应气候变化行动的有效实施;关于农业适应气候变化的技术措施仍缺乏系统的理论研究与应用示范。在此基础上,提出了未来中国农业适应气候变化需要重点开展的研究任务,即农业气象灾变过程的新特点及其风险管理, 农业适应气候变化的大数据决策管理系统研发及适应气候变化的农业气候区划与减灾保产技术研究,以切实推进农业适应气候变化,为确保国家粮食安全与农业可持续发展提供支撑。     

Gender,ethnicity and vulnerability to climate change: The case of matrilineal and patrilineal societies in Bamenda Highlands Region,Cameroon

Intersectionality is gaining credence in explaining the complexities in rural women’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This study is framed on the assumption that rural women are likely to be affected differently by climate change due to cultural differences. The life history approach was utilised to conduct empirical research in the Bamenda Highlands Region, Cameroon on ethnicity and differential effects of climate change among female farmers in the communities of Kom and Oku representing a matrilineal and patrilineal communities respectively. The research found that single and married women in both matrilineal and patrilineal societies experienced similar patterns of vulnerability relating to socio-economic and cultural discrimination stemming from patriarchal dominance. However, the study also highlighted that contrary to other communities women are not more economically empowered under matrilineal systems than their counterparts in patrilineal societies. In contrast, widows in patrilineal societies were found to have more autonomy in the control of land and other resources than those in matrilineal societies. The study contributes to growing interest in the cultural dimensions of vulnerability to climate change and recommends the inclusion of cultural perspectives in the design and implementation of adaption policies, programs and actions.     

Shocks to fish production: Identification,trends, and consequences

Sudden disruptions, or shocks, to food production can adversely impact access to and trade of food commodities. Seafood is the most traded food commodity and is globally important to human nutrition. The seafood production and trade system is exposed to a variety of disruptions including fishery collapses, natural disasters, oil spills, policy changes, and aquaculture disease outbreaks, aquafeed resource access and price spikes. The patterns and trends of these shocks to fisheries and aquaculture are poorly characterized and this limits the ability to generalize or predict responses to political, economic, and environmental changes. We applied a statistical shock detection approach to historic fisheries and aquaculture data to identify shocks over the period 1976–2011. A complementary case study approach was used to identify possible key social and political dynamics related to these shocks. The lack of a trend in the frequency or magnitude of the identified shocks and the range of identified causes suggest shocks are a common feature of these systems which occur due to a variety, and often multiple and simultaneous, causes. Shocks occurred most frequently in the Caribbean and Central America, the Middle East and North Africa, and South America, while the largest magnitude shocks occurred in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Shocks also occurred more frequently in aquaculture systems than in capture systems, particularly in recent years. In response to shocks, countries tend to increase imports and experience decreases in supply. The specific combination of changes in trade and supply are context specific, which is highlighted through four case studies. Historical examples of shocks considered in this study can inform policy for responding to shocks and identify potential risks and opportunities to build resilience in the global food system.     

Methods and approaches to modelling the Anthropocene

The ‘Anthropocene’ concept provides a conceptual framework that encapsulates the current global situation in which society has an ever-greater dominating influence on Earth System functioning. Simulation models used to understand earth system dynamics provide early warning, scenario analysis and evaluation of environmental management and policies. This paper aims to assess the extent to which current models represent the Anthropocene and suggest ways forward. Current models do not fully reflect the typical characteristics of the Anthropocene, such as societal influences and interactions with natural processes, feedbacks and system dynamics, tele-connections, tipping points, thresholds and regime shifts. Based on an analysis of current model representations of Anthropocene dynamics, we identify ways to enhance the role of modeling tools to better help us understand Anthropocene dynamics and address sustainability issues arising from them. To explore sustainable futures (‘safe and operating spaces’), social processes and anthropogenic drivers of biophysical processes must be incorporated, to allow for a spectrum of potential impacts and responses at different societal levels. In this context, model development can play a major role in reconciling the different epistemologies of the disciplines that need to collaborate to capture changes in the functioning of socio-ecological systems. Feedbacks between system functioning and underlying endogenous drivers should be represented, rather than assuming the drivers to be exogenous to the modelled system or stationary in time and space. While global scale assessments are important, the global scale dynamics need to be connected to local realities and vice versa. The diversity of stakeholders and potential questions requires a diversification of models, avoiding the convergence towards single models that are able to answer a wide range of questions, but without sufficient specificity. The novel concept of the Anthropocene can help to develop innovative model representations and model architectures that are better suited to assist in designing sustainable solutions targeted at the users of the models and model results.