长江口中华鲟保护区海洋环境监测浮标站点的优化设计

长江口是众多洄游性鱼类重要的栖息场所,其复杂的环境条件影响着该水域水生生物的生长和繁殖过程。海洋环境监测浮标能够对诸多环境要素进行长期、连续、实时和大范围的监测,是现代海洋环境自动观测系统中的重要组成部分。为在长江口中华鲟自然保护区及其邻近水域组建合理有效的浮标监测网络,本研究基于海上实测调查数据,使用普通克里金法模拟了多种环境要素的空间分布,在此基础上比较了分层随机采样设计中不同分层方案和站点数量变化对监测效果的影响,结果显示：(1)盐度要素在层数为3的分层随机采样方法中采样精度更高,水温、溶解氧和化学需氧量要素在层数为2的采样设计中采样效果更好;(2)站点数越多,相对误差越集中并趋向于0,并当站点数多于30时,采样估测准确性逐渐趋于稳定;(3)各季节中,秋季盐度要素中层数为2的采样准确性更高;与其他3季以及总体相对误差结果相比,冬季化学需氧量要素的采样效果比其他3个季节要差。在今后长江口中华鲟自然保护区水域组建环境监测浮标网络时,建议采用3层的分层随机采样作为盐度监测的分层标准,且站点数量要大于50个;使用2层的分层随机采样作为其他多种水文环境要素监测的分层标准,且站点数量要大于30个。     

Analysis of the development and causes of formation of Eucampia zoodiacus red tide in Xiamen Harbor

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基于物联网的近海岸水质监测平台方案设计

近年来,海洋生态环境保护逐渐受到社会的重视,海洋环境监测活动与研究开展得越来越频繁。其中,水质监测是重点研究的内容之一,而水质在线监测方式可解决传统人工定点釆样监测时效性不足的问题。本文基于物联网（Internet of Things, IoT）技术,设计了一种实用的近海岸水质在线监测方案。该方案整合了具有通信距离远、抗干扰能力强的LoRa(Long Range Radio)无线通信技术、传感器技术、Web技术以及微信小程序技术,可实现近海岸水质监测数据的实时采集、处理、传输、存储、共享、展示、管理和控制,满足近海岸水质监测、渔业养殖监测和海洋牧场监测等多种近海固定点监测应用的需求。此外,本文还对设计的方案进行了原型系统实现与系统测试,结果表明设计方案可支持以无线方式对近海岸区域水质的智能化和长期性远程监测,有效改善了现有近海在线系统存在的监测距离较近、成本高、布设不够灵活和抗干扰性较差等不足。     

Performance evaluation of fixed-station sampling design for a fishery-independent survey with multiple objectives

Fixed-station sampling design was widely used in fishery-independent surveys because of its characteristics of convenient sampling station setting, but the non-probabilistic(fixed) nature made it more uncertainty of drawing inferences on population. The performance of fixed-station sampling design for multispecies survey has not been evaluated, and we are uncertain if the design could detect the temporal trends of different populations in multispecies fishery-independent survey. In this study, s...     

Monitoring meiobenthos using cm-, m- and km-scales in the Southern Bight of the North Sea

Meiobenthos at the mouth of the Grevelingen and Oosterschelde Estuaries in the Southern Bight of the North Sea was monitored using meiobenthic abundance and nematode community structure. Hierarchical sampling included 54 subsamples nested within 18 cores within six stations within two transects. The spatial patterns of the meiofaunal populations and communities are presented in cm-scale (among subsamples), m-scale (among cores), km-scale (among stations) and 10 km-scale (between transects). The variance components analysis of meiofaunal abundances showed that km-scale and 10 km-scale represented 63–90% of total variance while m-scale and cm-scale provided only 10–37%. Different communities were found among stations rather than among cores or subsamples by detrended correspondence analysis ordination and clustering analysis. The main assemblage of meiofauna occurred at the km-scale. Nematode diversity was more powerful than meiofaunal abundance in detecting spatial variation at all scales. However, at least two replicates are required for monitoring when sampling using a 10 cm² subsampling core.     

底拖网渔具的采样设计对三疣梭子蟹资源量指数估算的影响

在渔业资源调查中,采样方案直接影响资源量估算的准确性,对采样方案进行优化可以提高调查数据的质量。基于2007年使用单拖网渔船在长江口——杭州湾及其邻近海域调查获得的数据,模拟出该海域三疣梭子蟹的资源数量及各季节的分布情况,作为“真值”,模拟计算不同采样方案调查获得的三疣梭子蟹资源量并与“真值”进行比较,评估不同方案的采样效果。本文利用计算机模拟了定点采样、简单随机采样、分层定点采样和分层随机采样四种采样方法,其中,定点采样和简单随机采样分别设置了9个、16个和24个采样站位,分层定点采样和分层随机采样设置了16个采样站位。三疣梭子蟹对拖网渔具的反应距离受年龄、季节和底质等条件的影响,因此,设置了1.5m,3m和5m三种反应距离。结果表明：分层采样设计优于不分层采样,简单随机采样优于定点采样。模拟结果的准确度随着采样站位数量的增加而提高,例如,定点采样方案中,9个站位时相对估算误差（REE）的最大值为163.43%,最小值为49.40%,而24个站位时REE的最大值和最小值分别是38.62%和4.15%。随着反应距离的增加,REE值和相对偏差的绝对值（RAB）逐渐降低。三疣梭子蟹的资源密集区和资源密度方差大的季节对模拟结果具有显著影响,因此,掌握该区域的资源密度情况或者进行预调查都能使采样设计方案更加合理。本研究可为底拖网渔具对三疣梭子蟹及其他物种的采样设计提供参考。     

港湾海洋环境监测站位布设方法研究——以象山港为例

本文在水质污染物扩散模拟的基础上结合港湾生物、水质、水团、水动力等分区特征,确定港湾监测代表单元,结合质心点计算方法,建立港湾海洋环境监测站位优化布局方法,并在象山港进行示范。结果表明:(1)象山港作为典型半封闭港湾,水交换能力较差,水团分布相对均匀,根据无机氮、活性磷酸盐水质模拟结果及港湾生态分布特征,象山港分成9个区,各区内主要水质指标及生物生态特征基本一致。(2)采用质心点计算方法,在象山港9个区及区间(分界线)共设置16个代表性站位,各站位可作为象山港落潮时无机氮、活性磷酸盐、温、盐、生物等指标的监测站位;(3)站位优化验证结果表明,优化前后2组数据之间无显著性差异,说明优化后的16个监测站位能较好地代表象山港海域的生态环境质量,其所表征的监测信息量与现有监测站位的信息量等效。     

Optimum sampling interval for evaluating ferromanganese nodule resources in the central Indian Ocean

A study to estimate manganese nodule abundance (weight of nodules in kg/m²) was carried out in a small area of the abyssal plains covering a one-degree square block in the central Indian Basin. Abundance was assessed at various intervals by progressively reducing the grid spacing. Sampling the corners of the 1° survey block (approximately110-km spacing), i.e., four stations with 5-7 free-fall operations (sampling locations) in each case, indicated a nodule abundance of 3.50 kg/m². By reducing the sampling spacing to four grid units (0.5° survey blocks) and sampling the entire block at eight stations (25 locations), the average abundance of the block was 3.36 kg/m². Further reduction of the grid to 0.25° survey blocks and sampling in 16 grid units (70 sampling locations) increased the abundance to 4.41 kg/m². For 64 grid units in the one-degree block (sampling in 0.125° survey blocks), a substantially higher value was recorded, i.e., 5.31 kg/m² or about 1.5 times the abundance obtained at a 1° spacing. Adding 25 more stations in 0.0625° survey blocks (intervals of sampling locations approximately 500 m) resulted in a negligible change in abundance, the average value of the one-degree block being 5.23 kg/m². These data demonstrate that, for estimating nodule resources in the region, it is important to adopt a close-grid sampling strategy, so that areas with lower abundance can be relinquished and areas with higher abundance can be confidently identified. To ascertain exact nodule abundance for mine-track selection, it may be sufficient to restrict detailed grid surveys to areas with marked variations in topography and nodule abundance, rather than carrying out such detailed (albeit less cost effective) surveys at a very narrow spacing (0.0625°) over the entire pioneer area.     

近海生态系统动力学研究中浮游植物采样及分析策略

从理论上对于海洋游植物生态系统动力学中的监测与调查方法进行初步探讨。对浮游植物的采样站位的时空选择、采样方式、样品分析、数据同化和数据库形成等方面进行了讨论。建议在最小化、完整化和标准化的原则下进行近海浮游植物生态系统动力学的策略分析及采样设计，为更好地进行中国海域浮游植物的调查和监测提供理论依据。     

Distribution gradients of ichthyoplankton in an East African mangrove creek

As part of an investigation into the role of East African mangrove creeks as fish spawning and nursery areas, nocturnal ichthyoplankton sampling was carried out at five stations in Tudor Creek, Mombasa, Kenya, from September to November 1985. Throughout the creek, the salinity was close to that of seawater at about 35‰, but from the mouth to the upper creek there were gradients of increasing temperature and turbidity, and decreasing depth and dissolved oxygen concentration. Pelagic eggs and larvae of fish considered to be creek residents and creek non-residents were distinguished. Gradients of decreasing egg and larval abundance (particularly of non-residents), and of decreasing diversity of recognized types, were apparent from the mouth towards the upper creek. Such a distribution suggests that the mangrove system is not an important spawning or development area for the earliest life-history stages of non-resident species. The existence of the gradients also has implications both for sampling at fixed stations in tidal waters, and for investigating the existence of circatidal and semilunar spawning cycles in fish.     

渤海水质监测站位优化研究

以2000年-2010年无机氮、活性磷酸盐和化学需氧量这三个主要污染因子趋势性监测数据为基础,采用水质空间稳定性评价、监测站位时空重要性评价以及站位网络优化设计等技术方法,对渤海2010年原有的海洋环境趋势性水质监测站位进行优化调整,为渤海海域水质的时空变化趋势评价,提供更为有效、客观的支撑。     

基于无人船的水质监测及控制系统设计

针对执行水质监测任务过程中固定浮标监测站单点监测存在局限性、船载观测人员取样耗时耗力等问题,本文设计了一种搭载多点、分层自动采水取样装置的智能无人船水质监测系统,可实现目标水域的多点、分层连续水质数据测量及取样。该智能无人船具备基于快速随机树(Rapid Random Tree)算法的自主避障和快速路径规划功能,解决了现有无人船技术存在的多障碍自主路径规划难等问题。同时,本设计结合了ARM9控制芯片、M5310无线传输模块,通过可视化的显示界面和远程WEB访问的功能,大大提升了科研人员及时处理特殊情况便捷性。通过实验测试及比对分析,证明本设计具有智能高效、稳定可靠等优点,能够满足职能部门对于水质监测工作的需要。     

采样频次对渔业资源调查物种丰富度估计的影响

合理的调查采样设计可有效降低调查成本、获取高质量的调查数据.为深入理解采样频次对渔业生物物种丰富度估计的影响,本文基于2009-2010年胶州湾近岸水域逐月张网的渔业调查数据,采用计算机模拟重抽样方法,比较了简单随机抽样和两种分层随机抽样方案下不同采样频次在物种丰富度估计方面的表现.研究表明,三种采样方案下的物种丰富度...     

Data quality check procedures of an operational coastal ocean monitoring network

Field oceanographic and meteorological data are required for ocean engineering. In response to the requirement of field data, an operational coastal ocean monitoring network was established around Taiwan coast, including nine deep-water data buoys, one shallow-water pile station, 10 coastal weather stations and 10 tide stations. Data quality check procedures are necessary to ensure the accuracy of measurements. This paper presents the data quality check procedures on ocean wave data which includes automatic and manual check procedures. The checking criteria are derived using statistical theory in this paper. In addition, a sea-state-dependent algorithm is presented in this study in order to derive checking criteria of time-continuity check. It is showed to have better performance of picking up suspicious data than using fixed threshold process. This data quality check program is now used on the operational monitoring network.     

黄海夏季不同取样网具渔获物组成比较分析

根据 2 0 0 0年夏季双拖渔船和“北斗”号专业调查船对应站位拖网调查资料 ,进行了两种不同取样网具情况下渔获物组成的比较分析 ,结果表明 :渔船的单位扫海面积渔获量、几种重要种类的长度范围、平均个体长度、5 0 %选择长度、重量计优势度均高于“北斗”号 ,而渔获种类数则少于“北斗”号 ,且两者种类组成相似性较低 ,仅为 0 .4 5 8;而且“北斗”号的底层、近底层鱼类和无脊椎类占总渔获量的比例高于渔船 ,这主要是由于渔具的选择作用造成的。结果说明应用渔船针对渔业生产进行的渔业资源监测 ,对带鱼、小黄鱼、鱼等重要生产种类是适合的 ,能够反映其资源量状况 ,但对群落结构、生物多样性等生态系统水平上的研究却存在着明显的不足     

Diagnosis of vertical velocities with the QG Omega equation: a relocation method to obtain pseudo-synoptic data sets

The quantification of vertical motion and vertical fluxes is essential in our ability to predict and tolerate climate change. However, diagnostic estimations might be affected by the errors arising from the necessary compromise between spatio-temporal resolution and cost of hydrographic surveys. Observations of a numerical ocean model have been made in order to test the accuracy of different sampling strategies and their possible a-posteriori corrections. A simple first-order correction method, computing a pseudo-synoptic data set from a non-synoptic data set and involving a geostrophic relocation of the stations is shown to correct significantly the synopticity error in hydrographic data, derived QG vertical motion and vertical temperature fluxes. Sensitivity analyses also show that the lack of synopticity is more critical than other factors, including the sampling resolution, the level of no-motion and the analysis.     

Modbus在生物采样电子监控系统中的应用

针对深海生物幼体采样的需要,提出一种基于Modbus协议的电子监控系统.首先介绍了Modbus通信协议,并重点研究了Modbus主从机的软件设计.设计实现了电子监控系统的软硬件部分.文章设计的监控系统将电子监控引入深海生物幼体采样,并实现了Modbus规约的网络化控制.系统大大提高了采样系统各部件的工作效率和稳定性,低功耗模式的设计也延长了采样系统的工作时间,一定程度上缓解了海底设备电力不足的困境.系统也适用于普通渔场生物拖网的控制.     

Measurement of temporal and horizontal variations in <Superscript>222</Superscript>Rn activity in estuarine waters for tracing groundwater inputs

We measured the time-series variations in ²²²Rn activity at a fixed station in the Yeongsan River Estuary (YRE), Korea, where the upstream water is obstructed by an artificial dam, during November 18–24, 2008, and conducted a horizontal ²²²Rn survey in the Seomjin River Estuary (SRE), Korea, during December 16–18, 2008. In the YRE, we observed constantly low levels of ²²²Rn activity over the sampling period, relative to the summer in 2008. The ²²²Rn variations and ²²²Rn mass-balance modeling results indicate that the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the YRE was relatively low and constant over the sampling period and that the temporal SGD variations were not related to tides or to the water elevation in the dam upstream. This low and constant SGD appears to be due to the lower water level in the dam relative to the local sea level during the study period, resulting in the SGD mostly from the surrounding land areas rather than from the dam. In the SRE, higher ²²²Rn activities were observed at upstream stations of the river (salinity: <5) and decreased as the salinity increased, but there were marked increases of ²²²Rn, together with dissolved inorganic silicate (DSi), at stations close to the river mouth (salinity: ～33). This suggests that the river has major groundwater inputs from the two extreme upstream and downstream areas. Because most chemical flux estimations via river discharge do not account for groundwater inputs from the downstream high-salinity zone, our results suggest that there is an important unaccounted source of river-driven chemical fluxes. Overall, our study shows that the continuous ²²²Rn monitoring system provides high-resolution information on SGD over different locations and times.     

特种监测网解算中IGS站选取的探讨

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件处理2011年特种监测网的观测数据,将IGS站的选取分10种方案进行试验,计算结果从基线长度变化、测站坐标、NRMS、基线重复率等方面进行了比较。得出利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件处理该特种监测网时的几点建议:建议选取IGS站为GPS网提供参考框架;IGS站选取的数量不一定最多,但空间上应尽量均匀分布;选取7个IGS站时得到较高精度的结果。在日后处理此类型的特种监测网时对IGS站选取具有一定的参考价值。     

象山港海域海洋环境监测站位优化及验证分析

根据象山港海域2011年专项研究项目监测站,结合赤潮监控区站、趋势性监测站等50个测站,运用普通克立金方差分析法,对研究区现有海洋环境监测站位进行分析,优化后获得38个测站。再采用统计学中的T检验方法,对站位优化前后象山港海域环境监测数据进行方差分析,经统计检验,2组数据之间无显著性差异,说明优化后的38个监测站位所表征的监测信息量与现有50个监测站位的信息量等效,可作为今后的常规监测站位。